Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. د. بســام كحـالــه Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh.

Princess Sumaya Univ.Computer Engineering Dept.

كحـالــه. بســام دDr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya Univ.Computer Engineering Dept.

Chapter 2:Chapter 2:

Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Basic Computer OrganizationBasic Computer Organization

The 5 Classic Components of a Computer

The Basic Hardware/Software Interface

The Stored-Program Concept

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.InstructionsInstructions

Assembly Language Instruction:

Perform: a = b + c

ADD a, b, c ; a b + c

What are ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’?

● The storage concept:

♦ Registers (R1, R2 …)

♦ Memory

Sequence of Instructions:

Perform:

a = (b + c) – (d + e)44 / 19 / 19

11:42 AM11:42 AM

Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.InstructionsInstructions

Design Principle 1: Simplicity Favors Regularity

● Fixed number of operands

● Arithmetic operations on registers only

Design Principle 2: Smaller is Faster

Small number of registers faster hardware

● Fill registers with data

● Not enough registers to hold all data

Simpler hardware

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Memory OperandsMemory Operands

Data Transfer Instructions

● Memory Address (Location)

● Slower than registers

● Lower bandwidth than registers

● Keep commonly used data in registersand avoid Spilling Registers.

Load and Store Instructions

012••

Memory

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.OperandsOperands

Design Principle 3: Make the Common Case Fast

● Constant operands:

Perform a = b + 4

● Immediate operands

Memory

b

4

••

21

22••

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Memory AccessMemory Access

Height and Width

1 KB

4 KB

Address & Data 16 Locations 1 K Locations 1 M Locations

Read & Write

Memory

4301

0001

••

21

22••

1024

8 bit

1 KB

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Stored Program ArchitectureStored Program Architecture

Instructions(Program)

Operands(Data)

Memory1024 x 32

Opcode Operands

Binary Operand

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Memory OrganizationMemory Organization

Byte Access

Word Access

• •20 Byte

21 Byte • •

• •20 Byte Byte Byte Byte

24 Byte Byte Byte Byte • •

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• •20 Byte Byte

22 Byte Byte • •


Mixed Access

● Little Indian

● Odd/EvenAlignment

• •20 Byte Byte

22 Byte Byte • •

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DATADATA

BUSBUS

MSB

LSB


Mixed Access

● Alignment! • •20 Byte Byte Byte Byte

24 Byte Byte Byte Byte • •

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DATADATA

BUSBUS

MSB

LSB

Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Instruction RepresentationInstruction Representation

Instruction Format

Machine Language & Machine Code

Sequence of instructions

Design Principle 4: Good Design Demands Good Compromises

Opcode Operands ADD R1, R2, 47

5 1 2 2F

0101 0001 0010 00101111

5 1 2 2 F

AssemblyLanguage

MachineLanguage

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Operations (Opcodes)Operations (Opcodes)

Arithmetic

● Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Inc, Dec …

Logic

● Shift

♦ Logical & Arithmetic

♦ Right & Left

● Bitwise AND, OR, XOR

● Complement (NOT)

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Operations (Opcodes)Operations (Opcodes)

Shift Operation for Multiplication

● Multiply by 2

♦ Shift Left 1 bit

♦ Unsigned Binary

♦ 2’s Complement

● Multiply by 10

♦ BCD

♦ Shift Left 4 bits

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Control InstructionsControl Instructions

Making Decisions (Conditional Branches)

Perform if (i == j) then a = b + c else a = b – c

i == j ?

a = b + c a = b – c

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Control InstructionsControl Instructions

Transferring Execution

● Unconditional Branch or Jump

● Call Subroutine

● Software Interrupt

••

••

•

••

••••

•••

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Intel Architecture IA-32Intel Architecture IA-32

Year Microprocessor Address Bits Data Bits Transistors

1971 4004 12 4 2,300

1974 8080 16 8 6,000

1978 8086 20 16/8 29,000

1982 80286 24 16/8 134,000

1985 80386 32 32/16/8 275,000

1989 80486 32 32/16/8 1,200,000

1992 Pentium 32 32/16/8 3,100,000

1995 Pentium Pro 32 32/16/8 5,500,000

1997 Pentium II 32 32/16/8 7,500,000

1999 Pentium III 32 32/16/8 9,500,000

2001 Pentium 4 32 32/16/8 42,000,000

2004 Pentium 4 EM64T 64 32/16/8 125,000,000

2008 Core 2 Quad 64 32/16/8 820,000,000

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.

EAX

Intel Architecture IA-32Intel Architecture IA-32

General-Purpose Registers (GPRs)

Segment Registers

Segmented Memory Addressing(Real Mode)

ALAX EAX AX AL

EBX BX BL

ECX CX CL

EDX DX DL

ESI SI

EDI DI

“Base”

“Count”

CS

SS

DS

“Division”

“String Source”

“String Destination”

Also:“Accumulator”

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Intel Architecture IA-32Intel Architecture IA-32

Variable Length Instruction Format

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Princess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & DesignPrincess Sumaya University 22343 – Computer Organization & Design Computer Computer Engineering Dept.Engineering Dept.Chapter 2Chapter 2

Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept. د. بســام كحـالــه Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh.

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