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PRIME TOEIC READING
QUÀ TẶNG TỪ
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NTV
Công ty TNHH
Nhân Trí Việt
Щ
NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TỔNG
HỢP THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ
MINH
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What is TOEIC?
TOEIC is short for Test of English for International Communication. It is an English language test designed specifically to measure
the everyday business English skills of non-native people working in an international environment. It also allows employers to
make hiring decisions, promotions, or transfers depending on job seekers’ qualifications and English language proficiency.
The TOEIC test
The TOEIC test is a paper-and-pencil, multiple-choice assessment. There are 200 questions in total. Before doing the test,
candidates are given an orientation on what is required in the test room.
Below is the structure of the TOEIC test.
Section Task Number of
Questions
Time Maximum
Score
Part 1 Photograph Descriptions 10
Listening Part 2 Questions & Responses 30 45 minutes 495
Comprehension Part 3 Short Conversations 30
Part 4 Short Talks 30
Part 5 Sentence Completion 40
Reading Part 6 Text Completion 12 75 minutes 495
Comprehension Pärt 7 Single Passages 28
Double Passages 20
Total 7 Parts - 200 120 minutes 990
About TOEIC 5
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U n i t \ Testing Points
Pronouns, Possessives
A Subject pronouns
Subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, you, and they. They start a sentence and come before the main verb
in the sentence.
B Object pronouns
Object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and them. They come right after a verb or a preposition in a
sentence.
C Possessives (Possessive adjectives)
Possessive adjectives include my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their. They come before a noun and modify that
noun.
Exercises
1. Mr. Matthews received a call from
conference. (A) he (C) his
(B) its (D) it
2. The floor manager should advise
schedule comes in. (A) they (C) them
(B) their (D) themselves
Key 1.(C) 2.(C)
coworker while in the middle of an important
of the schedule changes as soon as the shift
Adverbs
A Functions
An adverb is usually formed by adding -ly to an adjective. It modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, and a
whole sentence.
B Positions
An adverb comes in different positions in a sentence.
Q before an adjective/adverb: It is extremely difficult to solve the problem.
Q at the beginning of a sentence: Unfortunately, we didn’t receive a raise.
Q right before a verb: They finally reached a firm decision.
Q at the end of a sentence: The man shook his hand violently. E o U
<v ’> u
c fT3
sz c 5
§
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Exercises 1. Because the budget was approved, the designers should be ready to resume their
project.
(A) final
(B) finally (C) finality
(D) finalize
2. The state government
(A) close
(B) closed (C) closely
(D) closing
controls the manufacturing industry to protect consumers.
A Functions
A noun can function as the subject, object, complement, and appositive in a sentence.
B Positions
A noun comes in the position of the subject of a sentence or a clause, the object of a verb or a preposition, after an adject ive,
after a determiner, and in a compound.
Exercises 1. This dictionary lists more than one for the word.
(A) define (C) definition
(B) definite (D) defining
2. should be submitted by the end of the month at the latest.
(A) Apply (C) Applicable
(B) Applications (D) Applied
A Functions
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying it. It can also function as a subject
complement or an object complement in a sentence.
B Positions
An adjective usually comes before or after the noun or pronoun it modifies.
£| Before a noun/pronoun (one, ones) -* They finally reached a firm decision. / This is a new one. Q After be/linking verb ->
They are happy. / They look happy.
Exercises 1. The company is looking for experienced managers whose proposals are
(A) origin (C) originally
(B) original (D) originality
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2. The candidate will receive an invitation for a
(A) formal (C) formalize
(B) formalness (D) formally
dinner honoring Dr. Mark Tyson.
Key 1.(B) 2. (A)
Conjunctions
A Subordinating conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause. Grammatically, that starts a noun clause, and when,
before, after, since, till, if, though start an adverb clause.
B Coordinating conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction joins two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be words,
phrases, or clauses.
Below is the table that lists common connectors together with their uses in English.
Subordinating
conjunctions
Addition
Time
Cause/Result
Purpose
Concession/
Contrast
Condition
before after
while when
since until
as soon as
because/since/as
now that so...(that)
such...(that)
so (that) in order that
although though
even though
whereas while
if
suppose (that) in
case unless
providing/provided
Coordinating
conjunctions
and
for so
but
yet
or (else)
Adverbs
besides
furthermore in
addition
after that
afterwards
consequently
therefore as a
result
Prepositions
nevertheless
nonetheless
however
otherwise
besides
in addition to
after before
in during
at until
since by
on
because of
owing to
as a result of
due to
for
despite in
spite of
in case of in the
event of
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Exercises 1. the price of fuel rose last week, more people used public transportation such as buses and subways.
(A) Although (C) Because
(B) While (D) Before
2. The doctor said one patient remained seriously ill in the hospital the other two had
been released. (A) because (C) despite
(B) since (D) while
(0BEHE1
Conjunctions vs. Prepositions
□ A preposition comes before a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund, whereas a conjunction starts a clause.
Prepositions Conjunctions
in spite of, despite although, though, even though
because of, owing to, because, since, as, for
due to, on account of
during while
without unless
according to according as
in case of in case, if
Exercises 1. his supervisor was on sick leave, Mr. Andrews was entirely alone in the office for one week.
(A) Because (C) Because of
(B) Although (D) During
2. The marketing director decided to spend more on the advertising campaign a recent
slump in profits for the company. (A) although (C) unless
(B) despite (D) during
Key 1. (A) 2. (B)
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Positions of Adjectives & Adverbs with Linking Verbs
& Modals
A Adjectives after linking verbs
Adjectives are used after the verb be and linking verbs such as become, remain, turn or verbs of perception like feel, look,
taste, sound.
B Adverbs between modals and main verbs
An adverb comes between a modal and a main verb in a sentence.
Exercises
1. Robert had to remain during the meeting because he had no idea what was on the
agenda. (A) silent (C) silence
(B) silently (D) silentness
2. The personnel manager said that he would examine all of the applications before the
final decision. (A) close (C) closer
(B) closely (D) closest
Key 1. (A) 2. (B)
Correlative Conjunctions
I Correlative conjunctions connect two equal grammatical items. They come in pairs, and both are used in different places in a
sentence.
Correlative conjunctions include:
either A or B
neither A nor B
not A but B both A
and B
not only A but also B (= B as well as A) between A and B
Exercises
1. my supervisor or I have to participate in the conference in New York.
(A) Either (C) Both
(B) Neither (D) But
2. Neither the state government the tourist bureau expected more tourists to come
from all around the world than last year. (A) or (C) nor
(B) but (D) and
Key 1.(A) 2.(C)
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Agreement Between Subjects & Possessive Adjectives
□ Possessive adjectives must agree in number and gender with their corresponding nouns. e.g. The team wants to improve
its productivity. • its refers to the team.
Exercises
1. The company’s new incentive policy will be announced by the spokesman at board
meeting.
(A) its (C) his
(B) their (D) her
2. Workers can only take vacation time if they notify
advance.
(A) its (C) his
(B) them (D) their
Key 1. (A) 2. p)
supervisors at least a month in
IWH Sentences
A A complete sentence must have at least a subject and a main verb.
B Verbals (to-infinitives, present participles (verb-ing), past participles, gerunds) cannot be the
main verb in a sentence.
Exercises
1. According to the terms of the contract, the project manager
finish the project on time.
(A) express (C) to express
(B) expressed (D) expressing
his commitment to
2. The research results
(A) indicate
(B) indicating
Key 1.(B) 2. (A)
the survey that was conducted last month was effective.
(C) to indicate
(D) indication
Active & Passive Verb Forms
□ The main verb in a sentence must be in the correct active or passive form.
e.g.
Active: They gave us some information.
Passive: We were given some information.
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Exercises
1. The board members are
productivity.
(A) consider (C) considered
(B) considering (D) consideration
2. The economic recession caused by increased interest rates is
(A) discourage (C) discouragement
(B) discouraged (D) discouraging
Key 1. (B) 2. (D)
a change of policy in employee wages in order to increase
investment in Europe.
Comparatives
A The comparative form of long adjectives: more + adjective + than B
The comparative form of short adjectives: adjective-er + than
Exercises
1. In competitive markets, maintaining regular patrons is ones. (A) more (C) as
(B) better (D) well
2. Businessmen seem to have a greater desire for money
(A) than (C) very
(B) as (D) much
Key 1. (A) 2. (A)
important than attracting new
they have ever had before.
Superlatives
A The superlative form of short adjectives: the + adjective-est B The
superlative form of long adjectives: the + most + adjective
Exercises 1. The community center offers the
(A) wide (C) widest
(B) wider (D) more widely
2. Designing the new library was the
(A) so (C) such
(B) most (D) much
Key 1- (C) 2.(8)
variety of products produced locally.
challenging project they had ever worked on.
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■ When we want to emphasize the receiver of an action, not the doer or performer, we use the passive voice. Grammatically,
only transitive and ditransitive verbs can be used in the passive voice.
The form of the passive voice: be + past participle
Exercises 1. According to the policy, the identification numbers should be on the front of the card.
(A) type (C) typed
(B) typing (D) to type
2. Access to the premises during evening hours, so visitors need special permissionto
enter. (A) restricts (C) restricted
(B) is restricting (D) is restricted
A An uncountable noun never has a plural form. It does not follow the indefinite article a/an, either.
B A quantifier such as much, little may be put before an uncountable noun.
C A number cannot be put right before an uncountable noun. We instead have to add a number
+ a countable noun + the preposition “of” to show the quantity of an uncountable noun; e.g.
a cup of, a piece of, a pound of.
D Below are the most common uncountable nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.
information equipment baggage luggage furniture
evidence resistance news permission merchandise
advice weather scenery mail seating
clothing processing access assembly
Exercises 1. The company received some on the new product that was just launched last week.
(A) information
(B) informations
2. The new
(A) equipment
(B) equipments
(C) inform
(D) informative
shipped from Singapore will be the only items on sale this month.
(C) equip
(D) equipped
Key 1.(A) 2. (A)
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Countable Nouns
A A countable noun can have singular and plural forms.
B An article (a/an/the) must be put before a singular countable noun.
C A number may precede a countable noun.
D A quantifier such as many, a few, several may precede a plural countable noun.
Exercises
1. The company has recently created some new , which it will advertise in
newspapers
and magazines soon. (A) medical (C) medicare
(B) medicines (D) medicative
2. The board members won’t see employees unless they have
(A) appointment (C) appointed
(B) appointments (D) appointing
Compound Nouns
I Words can be combined to form compound nouns. They normally have two parts. The second part identifies the object or
person in question. The first part modifies the second part.
Below are common compound nouns in the TOEIC test.
maintenance staff delivery schedule
assembly line research program
attendance record pay increase
employee participation account number
hotel reservation dress code regulation
opening speech (remark) utility charge/utility bill
service desk consumer loan
customer satisfaction customs clearance
customs regulation production facility
customs declaration product availability
production schedule safety standards
product recognition accounting certification
safety precaution media coverage
expiration date insurance coverage
news coverage communication skill
job opening price index
earnings growth profit margin
heating equipment
sales/marketing/advertising/investment strategy
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Exercises
1. Every employee in the Sales Department should be trained to recognize how skills
can increase sales. (A) community (C) communicated
(B) communication (D) communal
2. The state government has subsidized the chemical institute’s program for more than
three years. (A) researcher (C) researched
(B) research (D) researching
Key 1 - (B) 2. (B)
IgSUgfcjUsI Gerunds After Prepositions
B A to-infinitive cannot come after a preposition but a gerund (-ing form of a verb) must be used.
Exercises 1. The residents tried to prevent hazardous waste from its way into a local reservoir.
(A) find (C) finding
(B) to find (D) found
2. The foreign language institute is devoted to finding new methods for every student’s
English ability. (A) improve (C) to improve
(B) improving (D) improved
Key 1.(C) 2. (B)
A A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix -self (or -selves in a plural form) to an object
pronoun or a possessive adjective.
B It is used to show that the object of the verb is the same person or thing as the subject of the
sentence. It is also used to emphasize the subject of the action.
Q Used as an appositive for emphasis
The mayor himself welcomed guests to the hotel.
Q Used as an object of a verb
The boys watched themselves on TV.
C Common expressions
by oneself = alone
for oneself = for one’s own sake; without other’s help of itself =
spontaneously
beside oneself = unable to control oneself because of some strong emotion in spite of oneself =
without intending or expecting to do something
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Exercises
1. Some of the students majoring in English often ask why they chose sucha difficult
subject to major in.
(A) they (C) their
(B) them (D) themselves
2. The director of the department usually deals with all of the paperwork by
(A) she (C) herself
(B) her (D) themselves
Key 1. (D) 2.(C)
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□ The comparison of equality of adjectives or adverbs is formed by as + adjective/adverb + as.
1. The manager himself will deal with the problems as as possible in order not to upset
the boss.
(A) efficient (C) efficiency (B) efficiently (D) more efficient
2. Business in the industry has never been as asit is now.
(A) well (C) better
(B) good (D) best
fK Pre*er»t simpVe
The present simple tense is often used to express habits, repeated actions, states, or the truths. An adverb of frequency like
sometimes, often, usually, every day usually goes with this tense, eg. He takes a shower every day.
B Present perfect
Adverbs that usually go with the present perfect tense:
so far (= up till now) since recently these days for 10 years
in the last (past) few months (days, years...)
&g. We have known her for five years. C Past
simple
Adverbs that usually go with the past simple tense:
last past 2 months ago yesterday previous the other day in + (a time in the past)
&g. I worked for the company a few years ago.
Future simple
El Adverbs that usually go with the future simple tense:
next month in an hour
e.g. She will be 22 years old next year.
Q Expressions showing future time:
be going to be about to be likely to be ready to be due to be willing to
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E Future perfect
Q Form: will + have + past participle Q Adverbs that usually go with the future perfect tense:
by next August by the end of next year by the time + clause
e$. By the end of May, the workers will have gone on strike at least once.
F Past perfect
The past perfect tense expresses the idea that something occurred before an action in the past. It can also show that
something happened before a specific time in the past. e.g. He was told that many manufacturing workers had been fired.
Tenses in Main Clause and Subordinate Clause
I The verb in the subordinate clause may be in any tense when the verb in the main clause is in
the present tense, but when the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, the verb in the
subordinate clause must be in either the past simple or the past perfect tense.
Exercises
1. The university students submitted their reports when the professor in.
(A) come (C) comes
(B) came (D) to come
2. Many economic experts envisioned that the IT-related market its peak by the fourth
Exercises
1. This warranty customers who buy the products coverage for up to two years.
(C) offered
(D) has offered (A) offers
(B) is offering
2. Three more employees to the satellite branch in a month.
(A) will send (C) will be sent
(D) have sent (B) are sending
quarter.
(A) reach
(B) will reach (C) would reach
(D) reaching
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Equivalents of If
□ Connectors that can be used in place of if include: I
i provided (that) providing (that) suppose (that) supposing (that)
in case without once
Exercises
1. interest rates are lowered, manufacturing companies will recover more quickly than expected.
(A) Once (C) Unless
(B) Though (D) While
2. Without the rain, we have had apleasant party in our garden.
(A) can (C) would
(B) need (D) must
Commands or Requests
□ The form of a command is: Verb...
The form of a request is: Please + verb...
Exercises
1. Please your registration card and security number to the Personnel Department in
order to update the file.
(A) send (C) sent
(B) sending (D) to send
2. Whenever you need our help, just us, and we will get the work done quickly and
efficiently.
(A) asks (C) ask
(B) to ask (D) asking
El An infinitive without to is known as a bare infinitive and it always comes after modal verbs.
Exercises
1. Visitors to the museum can the new exhibit which is located on the third floor.
(A) to see (C) sees
(B) seeing (D) see
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2. Every employee should hisor her travel vouchers to the Accounting Department
after returning from a business trip.
(A) submit (C) submitted
(B) submitting (D) submits
To-lnfinitives
I In a to-infinitive, the base form of a verb must come after to.
Exercises 1. Both parties are going to the agreement, which will be in effect as of next month.
(A) implemented (C) implement
(B) implementing (D) implements
2. The supervisor asked all of the employees to energy whenever they are in the office.
(A) conserve (C) conserves
(B) conserved (D) conserving
I The -ing form of a verb must follow the expressions below.
be used to -ing/be
accustomed to -ing
look forward to -ing
object to -ing
be devoted to -ing
contribute to -ing
be opposed to -ing
Exercises
1. Our team members are looking forward to
(A) see (C) seeing
(B) to see (D) be seen
2. The board members and the CEO objected to
session. (A) raise (C) raising
(B) to raise (D) raised
Key 1- (C) 2. (C)
you again.
the issue at the initial negotiation
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ESwj To-lnfinitives After a Passive Verb
B A to-infinitive follows a verb in the passive form.
Exercises
1. You are invited the first press conference for high-tech engineers in Seoul.
(A) attending (C) attend
(B) to attend (D) attended
2. The manufacturing plant is predicted within the next few weeks.
(A) move (C) to move
(B) moving (D) moved
Key 1. (B) 2.(C)
Verbs + Object + To-lnfinitives
□ After the following verbs, a to-infinitive must be used.
advise enable allow ask encourage expect
force persuade permit require request invite
tell urge want cause
Exercises
1. The state government encouraged the local banks the interest rates at the beginning of every
month.
(A) post (C) posted
(B) posting (D) to post
2. My parents and teachers have always advised
me to graduate school.
(A) go (C) to go
(B) going (D) to have gone
Key 1.P 2.(0
The Relative Pronouns Who & Which
A Who
u | Antecedent Subjective case Objective case Possessive case
<u
>
1 person/people who/that whom/that whose
fjj Q Subjective case: The boy who is studying here is my student,
c Q Objective case: The man whom you met was my uncle.
| Q Possessive case: Here is a professor whose class is very informative.
S
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B Which
I Antecedent Subjective case Objective case Possessive case
thing(s) which/that which/that whose/of which
Q Subjective case: I have a pencil which is short.
Q Objective case: The house which she lives in is very expensive. Q Possessive case:
I entered the house whose roof was blue.
C Non-defining relative clause starting with "which”
The non-defining relative clause starting with “which” modifies the whole clause before it.
Exercises
1. The Advertising Department is looking for candidates are qualified to be supervisors.
(A) who (C) which
(B) whom (D) whose
2. The directory provides the names and numbers of participants must not be used for
business purposes. (A) who (C) whose
(B) what (D) which
3. Kimberly dressed carelessly for work, drew unfavorable criticism from her supervisor.
(A) that (C) what
(B) while (D) which
Key 1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D)
I A gerund (+ its object) can be the subject in a sentence and the verb that follows it must be in the singular form.
Exercises
1. new products on a regular basis is important for a company to survive in a competitive market. (A) A launch (C) Launched
(B) Launching (D) Launch of
2. the objective of the program clearly is important to achieve what we want.
(A) Know (C) Knew
(B) Knowing (D) Known
Key 1- (B) 2. (B)
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my Participles as Adjectives
B In English, some past and present participles function as adjectives showing emotions and states, e.g. excited, interested,
pleased, embarrassed, bored, astonished, frightened, exhausted, confused, discouraged, interesting, embarrassing, exciting,
frightening, confusing.
Exercises
1. Molly, a chemical engineer, is really in taking part in the seminar which will be held
this coming Saturday.
(A) interested (C) interesting
(B) interest (D) interests
2. The country’s political situation was , so most foreign investors didn’t want to join the
expansion project.
(A) discourage (C) discouraged
(B) discouraging (D) discouragement
IBWKB Participial Phrases
□ A participial phrase functions as an adverb clause of time, reason, condition, entailment, etc. It is formed by omitting the
conjunction and the subject in the adverb clause [conjunction + subject + verb], and the verb is changed into a present
participle or past participle.
Exercises
1. After , the receipt was handed over to the deliveryman as soon as possible.
(A) sign (C) signing
(B) signed (D) to sign
2. their repairs to the entrance, the repairmen will now begin their work on the sky lounge restroom.
(A) Finish (C) Finisher
(B) Finishing (D) Finished
( 93 That vs. What
□ Both that and what are relative pronouns but before that, there must be an antecedent, whereas what starts a relative
clause that is the object or complement of another clause.
e.g. This is the pencil [that I bought yesterday].
The shop didn’t have [what I want].
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Exercises
1. The investigators are interested in the CEO did in his office yesterday.
(A) that (C) who
(B) what (D) which
2. During the peak season, it is very difficult to get the same airline tickets are usually
easy to get during the off-season.
(A) who (C) that
(B) what (D) whose
Key 1. (B) 2.(C)
Possessive Pronouns
I A possessive pronoun is used to substitute a noun phrase that indicates a possession relation.
Q Possessive adjectives must be followed by a noun.
-> my book, her pencil
Q There is no noun after a possessive pronoun.
-> mine, hers, his, yours
Exercises
1. The watch that Jane found on the street will be if the owner doesn’t claim it in one
week.
(A) she (C) hers
(B) her (D) herself
2. The reserved parking spaces next to the entrance are my manager’s and
(A) my (C) myself
(B) me (D) mine
Key 1. (C) 2. (D)
To-lnfinitives as Objects
□ Below are some verbs that must be followed by a to-infinitive as their object.
agree decide expect wish fail plan
manage refuse afford ask choose want
Exercises
1. My friend decided me some money when I told him thesituation I was in.
(A) to lend (C) by lending
(B) lending (D) lent
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r J
2. Tommy could not graduate from his university since he failed his final examin political
science.
(A) passing (C) passed
(B) to pass (D) passes
ESBSHU
□ Below are some verbs that must be followed by a gerund as their object.
admit avoid consider delay deny
enjoy finish suggest include discontinue
recommend advise reject postpone quit
Exercises
1. When Amber finished her report, she made herself a cup of coffee.
(A) to write (C) wrote
(B) writing (D) written
2. The company is considering the newly developed project in one month.
(A) launch (C) launched
(B) launching (D) to launch
EB8IKI1
The Possessive Relative Pronoun Whose
A The possessive relative pronoun whose both shows a possession relation with the
antecedent and modifies the following noun.
B Its antecedent may be a person or thing, singular or plural, and it is always followed by a
noun.
Exercises
1. I know a great architect
(A) his (C) whom
(B) whose (D) that
2. There is a student main
university.
(A) who (C) whose
(B) he (D) which
32 PRIME TOEIC READING
Key 1:
designs are very bold and original.
goal in his life is to become a politician after graduating from
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Gerunds as Prepositions
B Below are some gerunds that function as prepositions.
regarding considering following
including excluding barring
concerning
Exercises
1. Employees who have any questions our new insurance policy can learn all they want
by participating in the orientation.
(A) regard (C) regarding
(B) to regard (D) regarded
2. At the staff meeting, several employees asked questions the new software that had
just been installed.
(A) barring (C) demanding
(B) following (D) concerning
Key 1.(C) 2. p
Confusing Adverbs
B Below are some adverbs that easily cause confusion about form and meaning.
hard/hardly late/lately
near/nearly clear/clearly
high/highly
Exercises
1. By the end of the month, all of the orders will have been shipped.
(A) near (C) nearby
(B) nearly (D) nearing
2. This new machine is not difficult to operate and requires any maintenance.
(A) hard (C) too
(B) hardly (D) enough
Key 1.(B) 2. (B)
Which/Whichever & Who/Whoever
A The relative pronoun which or who is preceded by an antecedent.
B The relative pronoun whichever or whoever is not preceded by an antecedent.
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Exercises
1. The Personnel Department has provided a manual about new vacation plans for one. (A) who (C) which
(B) whoever (D) whose
needs
2. The team to
Cuba. (A) which
(B) whichever
wins tonight’s game will receive a trophy and an all-expenses-paid vacation
(C) whose
(D) what
Key 1.(B) 2. (A)
For/Of + Object + To-lnfinitive Phrase
A Below are some adjectives that are followed by for in the structure: ~ + for + somebody + to-infinitive
phrase.
easy, difficult, natural, possible, necessary, hard
B Below are some adjectives that are followed by of in the structure: ~ + of + somebody + to-infinitive
phrase.
rude, nice, kind, polite, wise, stupid, foolish, silly, generous
Note: The first structure is more frequently given in the TOEIC test than the second one.
Exercises 1. Your donation made it possible us to continue offering free education to disabled
people. (A) of (C) with
(B) in (D) for
2. The newly installed machine will make it possible the team toincrease its daily output.
(A) for (C) with
(B) of (D) at
Key 1. (D) 2. (A)
Some & Any
A Any/anyone/anything/anybody/anywhere is used in negative statements and questions.
B Some/someone/something/somebody/somewhere is used in positive statements.
e.g. Do you have any money? (question)
-> Yes, I have some money, (positive)
— No, I don’t have any money, (negative)
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C Some is especially used in questions to offer somebody something to eat or drink.
e.g. Do you want some milk?
Exercises
1. No one is scheduled for 1:00 P.M., but there will be
(A) anybody (C) somebody
(B) anyone (D) everybody
stopping by at 2:10 P.M.
2. In the IT industry, '
(A) another (B) other
companies have succeeded while others have failed.
(C) some
(D) any
Conjunctive Adverbs
I Below are some conjunctive adverbs that are used as a way of showing how a sentence or clause is related to what has
already been said.
therefore however otherwise
nevertheless moreover
Exercises
1. The economic vision looks good;
expansion plans. (A) therefore (C) moreover
(B) however (D) nevertheless
2. This package must be received by Mr. Roberts by the end of this month;
to complete the project without it. (A) unless (C) whenever
(B) except (D) otherwise
the investment company is going ahead with its
, he will have
Key 1. (A) 2. (D)
Very & Much
A Very is used as an adverb to modify an adjective or adverb.
B Much and its equivalents such as far, still, even, a lot are used to modify a comparative structure.
Exercises
1. Aluminum is now a
endurance and light weight.
(A) very (C) so
(B) much (D) too
more versatile construction material than before because of its
<L) >
C A3
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(C) lowest
(D) lowers
than those of any other supplier.
Present Subjunctives
SI Form
Note: The present subjunctive is not noticeable in the verb form of the first person, the second person and the third
person plural, but it is clear in the verb form of the third person singular.
Q Use
The present subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain verbs and expressions.
A The present subjunctive is used after the following verbs.
to advise (that) to desire (that) to request (that)
to ask (that) to insist (that) to suggest (that)
to command (that) to propose (that) to urge (that)
to demand (that) to recommend (that)
The present subjunctive is used after the following expressions.
It is best (that) It is imperative (that) It is vital (that)
It is crucial (that) It is important (that) It is a good idea (that)
It is desirable (that) It is recommended (that) It is a bad idea (that)
It is essential (that) It is urgent (that)
Exercises 1. The floor manager that all employees be familiar with the manual of a particular
machine in order to operate it efficiently.
(A) insisted
(B) expressed
(C) explained
(D) thought
2. It is imperative that all members their identification cards when at work.
(A) carried
(B) had carried
(C) would carry
(D) carry
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'\
j0SSB Already/Yet/Still
A Already Q used in positive
statements
Q used with the past perfect and present perfect tenses (had already p.p./have already p.p.) e.g. When she arrived at
the airport, the bus had already departed. She has already applied for the managerial position.
B Yet
Q used in negative statements and questions e.g. Have you finished the report yet?
I have not yet finished the report.
Q used as a conjunction connecting two words, phrases, or clauses e.g. The weather was cold, yet bright and sunny.
Her advice seems strange, yet I believe she’s right.
C Still
Still is used in positive statements for saying that a situation continues to exist up to and including a particular time,
especially when this seems surprising.
e.g. I stilj have to finish it.
Exercises
1. The CEO and the board members have not decided how to cope with the new
problems.
(A) already (C) still
(B) yet (D) before
2. They were putting up decorations when the guests started to arrive.
(A) already (C) yet
m (B) still (D) any more
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B Conditional sentence - Type 2 Q
Form
If + Subject + Verb (past simple), Subject + would/could/might + bare infinitive
Q Use
The conditional sentence - Type 2 is often called the “unreal conditional in the present’’ because it is used for unreal,
impossible or improbable situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. e.g. If he were at
home, I would tell him about it.
Note: The verb ‘to be’, when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as ‘were’.
C Conditional sentence - Type 3 Q
Form
If + Subject + Verb (past perfect). Subject + would/could/might + have + past participle
Q Use
The conditional sentence - Type 3 is often referred to as the “unreal conditional in the past”
because it concerns only past situations withhypothetical results. It is used toexpress a
hypothetical result of a past given situation. e.g. If she had helped me, I could have finished it.
Exercises 1. If Tommy had found the proper ingredients, he Japanese food for us last night.
(A) had cooked (C) cooked (B) would have cooked (D) would be cooking
2. If Julia closer to my office, she could often drop by to visit me.
(A) lived (C) live (B) had lived (D) would live
Key 1.P) 2. (A)
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Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs
Nouns
Functions & Positions of Nouns
I Functions & Positions
Q Functions: A noun can function as the subject, object, complement, and appositive. Q Positions: A noun can
come in any position according to its function in a sentence, e.g. English is an important language, (subject)
We study English as a second language, (object)
The mother tongue of the country is English, (complement)
I signed up for the language course, English, last month, (appositive)
OTOEIC Questions
1. should be made at least two weeks in advance.
(A) Notified (C) Notify
(B) Notification (D) Notifying
2. The floor manager proposed the use of visual aids to enhance the
(A) effective (C) effectiveness
(B) effectively (D) effecting
A n s w e r s o n p a g e 3 0 6
of presentations.
3. The base of Colombia’s economy is the
exports. (A) production (C) productive
(B) producing (D) produced
of coffee beans that accounts for 50% of its
Countable Nouns
A Countable nouns have the following characteristics:
•Countable nouns have two forms: singular (a teacher) and plural (teachers).
• Singular countable nouns cannot be used alone. They must follow a determiner: the book, that English teacher, a wish, my
latest idea
• -s/-es is added to make a plural noun: book - books, school - schools, friend - friends
•Some common nouns have irregular plurals: man - men, woman - women, child - children, foot
■ feet, person - people
• Plural countable nouns do not have a determiner when they refer to people or things as a group e.%. Computers are
very expensive.
Do you sell old books?
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B Below are some countable nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.
regulations relations suppliers standards directives
steps procedures measures an employer statements
features a bonus funds an incentive a charge
a cost an expense a discount a fee a fine
a price a profit a request
— Q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A n s w e r s o n page 306
1. I am writing to you with that you send any business letters and monthly statements
to my private office.
(A) request (C) a request
(B) requesting (D) requested
2. Some new were made last month and then were advertised in newspapers and
magazines, but they are not popular yet. (A) medicines (C) medicine
(B) medical (D) medicare
Uncountable Nouns
A Uncountable nouns are concepts, substances, etc. that cannot be divided into elements; they cannot
be counted, for example: water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat,
flour, soccer, sunshine. They have the following characteristics: • Generally, they cannot be pluralized.
• They work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence.
s Sugar is sweet. s Would you like a
coffee? s The wood is burning.
• They work with expressions such as some, any, enough, this, that, and much.
B Below are some uncountable nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.
money evidence resistance equipment information
advice furniture mail seating baggage (= luggage)
clothing access assembly news weather
machinery merchandise advertising processing permission
o TOEIC Questions Answers on page 306
1. We received some
(A) informative
(B) information
on the new production line last week.
(C) informations
(D) inform
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2. Passengers who lost
their help first. (A)baggage (B)bagging
should check with the Lost-and-Found Department for
(C) baggages
(D) bagged
Compound Nouns
A Definition
A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns
modified by other nouns or adjectives.
e.g. Customer satisfaction is our priority.
B Below are some compound nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.
account number insurance coverage
application form job opening
application fee marketing strategy
attendance record media coverage
communication skill opening speech
advertising strategy pay increase
bank account information price index
consumer loan product availability
customer need product recognition
customer satisfaction production facility
Customer Service Department production schedule
customs regulation profit margin
customs clearance research program
dress code policy safety precaution
employee participation safety procedure
energy efficiency safety standards
expiration date service desk
health plan shipping charge
heating equipment utility bill
hotel reservation utility charge
C Most compound nouns form the plural by adding -s/-es to the second noun.
e.g. grocery stores, seat belts, department supervisors Compound nouns with -s/-es added to the first noun:
customs declaration
savings account
Sales Department
electronics company
telecommunications company
oTOEIC Questions Answers on page 306
1. The process for the position includes an interview with the executives.
(A) applicable (C) applicants
(B) application (D) applied
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2. It will require a much shorter timesince all of the assembly linesin the factory willbe
automated as of next month.
(A) production (C) producing
(B) productive (D) produced
Hundred /Hundreds of, Thousand/Thousands of
A Quantifiers like dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion preceding a noun will
never be in the plural form.
e.g. Three hundreds students are studying in the big classroom, (x)
Three hundred students are studying in the big classroom, (o)
В When a specific quantity is not known, expressions like hundreds of, thousands of are used.
e.g. There were two thousands of people on the street, (x)
There were thousands of people on the street, (o)
Answers on page 306
(oTOEIC Question^
1. They have spent of dollars on improving the house.
(A) thousand (C) thousands
(B) a thousand (D) two thousands
2. The Internet has of uses as a research and information tool for both untrained
amateurs and veteran computer programers.
(A) hundreds (C) sorts
(B) total (D) many
Nouns Preceded by an Article, an Adjective or a Possessive
Adjective
□ A noun comes after an article (a, an, or the), an adjective, or a possessive adjective.
foTOEIC Questions'! Дп„«»м,з»
1. We need to make every effort to maintain our customers’ in our service.
(A) confident (C) confide
(B) confidence (D) confiding
2. The author’s novels are being published with an by the new magazine Heaven Press
this spring.
(A) introduces (C) introductory
(B) introduced (D) introduction
3. Korean banks are expected to step up the important of Japanese financial institutions.
(A) acquire (C) acquired
(B) acquisitions (D) acquiring
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{BD Common Nouns
I Most common nouns are usually given in the TOEIC test. It is a good idea for you to learn their forms and meanings to have
no difficulty in your actual test.
(0 TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306
1- The ______________ at the National Theater was received more enthusiastically by critics.
(A) perform (C) performers
(B) performance (D) performing
2. We are going to begin the of our new line of men’s clothing in April.
(A) produce (C) production
(B) producer (D) producing
3. While many private donors keep the office running, the most helpful ________________________________ has been the
Greenpeace Organization.
(A) contribution (C) contribute
(B) contributor (D) contributing
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Pf Frequently Tested Nouns
• The expansion of the project is expected.
• Any future correspondence should be sent.
• Extreme caution should be exercised.
• The inspection of imported meat is mandatory.
c?f mandatory = obligatory, compulsory
• Enrollment requires permission.
• the reports on anticipated operating costs
• The flight from Chicago will arrive as scheduled.
• take into account
• the application process for the position
The recommendation of the committee will be the key factor.
• The board of directors overwhelmingly approved the increase.
• the announcement made over the public-address system
• the latest economic forecast
• The upcoming film is an adaptation of the book.
• volunteers from the community
• The team consists of talented experts.
• check if we have it in stock
• the documents in duplicate
• schedule lectures on Wednesdays
• reduce the duration
• provide our relocation employees ' give us
one day’s notice
• store policy to offer a complete refund
• complete the registration process
• accept credit cards
• Travelers are advised to bring cash.
• create a warm atmosphere for clients
• have an interest in
• be proud to announce the opening
• resolve an issue
- violate rules
• recall the defective merchandise
■ issue refunds to customers
• improve productivity
• have an opportunity to read and sign
• face hardship initially
• find success
• ease air traffic congestion
• comply with the safety regulations
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X,
• The consultants need accommodations.
• request a hotel closer to public transportation
• submit a request directly to the purchasing director
• develop different versions of resumes
• examine their primary goal
• reach a consensus on a proposal
• present their evaluation of the new system
• express satisfaction with
• have a rewarding discussion
• reach an agreement
• guarantee delivery in seven days
• in the beginning stage of development
• develop the security system in cooperation with
• thanks to his efforts
• We appreciate your small contribution.
• It shows a significant source of
• a revised procedure
• They offer a limited warranty.
• Its profits have risen 16 percent.
• act as temporary director
• a suitable replacement
• common influenza symptoms in older patients
• next year’s production
• address consumers’ concerns
• have a good suggestion
• in order of preference
• come to a conclusion
• focus on immediate results
• within 15 days of purchase
• taxes on certain purchases
• due to a lack of interest
• its new line of products for evaluation
• in complete agreement
• two forms of identification
• for his years of service
• in search of new merchandise
• the reason for treatment
• go through a licensing process
• rapid improvement in technology
• have no effect on car sales in the last quarter
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- be put into effect
• as a result of reductions in music licensing fees
• discuss employee benefits
• increase employee participation
» Increasing worker productivity is important.
• complete the evaluation form
accounting certification
« pay the application fee
• finish customs clearance
• fill out a customs declaration form
• heating and cooling system ’
ask for a pay increase
' pay a utility charge
• improve the production facilities
• set the safety standards
' call the maintenance office
• possess basic computer skills
The emergency equipment is frequently tested.
• Discount tickets for the concert are available.
• handle customer complaints effectively ‘ plan our
advertising strategy
• a meeting for all department supervisors
• a complete schedule and registration instructions
• to improve energy efficiency
< Conference participants will be met at the airport.
■ sales figures for the next two months
• more production problems than analysts expected
• attend an awards ceremony
• apply to an electronics company
• the special advisory committee
generate a lot of interest from the conference attendees
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Adjectives
Functions & Positions of Adjectives
A Functions of adjectives
Adjectives are used to modify nouns and are necessary to make the meanings of sentences clearer or more exact.
B Positions of adjectives Q An attributive adjective comes right before the noun it modifies. e$. He gave me
some advice on a legal case.
Please choose a good book.
Q A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the linking verb. An adjective can also come after
the direct object and function as an object complement modifying that object.
e.g. The homework proves difficult for her.
His proposal made her happy.
Answers on page 306
way to convey your sense of style.
^TOEIC Questions j
1. Adding some decorations to your home is the
(A) perfect (C) perfectly
(B) perfects (D) perfection
2. The newly opened city park offers outdoor activities.
(A) numbering (C) number
(B) numerously (D) numerous
3. It is a very method of heating the building.
(A) economy (C) economist
(B) economical (D) economies
4. The Korean movie was a wonderful film but not exactly a success.
(A) financial (C) finance
(B) financially (D) finances
5. He was so that they offered him the position after the interview.
(A) impress (C) impressive
(B) impression (D) impressing
Ï1
Post-Positive Adjectives
I Post-positive adjectives are adjectives that follow the nouns they modify. Below are some
common adjectives that come after nouns.
alive
alike
alone
afraid
asleep
possible
aware
available
drunk
e.g. She was the most important pianist alive. Man
shall not live by bread alone.
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PTOEIC Questions} Answers on page 306
1. The shareholders voted against the chairman.
(A) presenting (C) presence
(B) present (D) presents
2. The construction companies are advertising luxury apartments for successful young
executives. (A) valid (C) liable
(B) responsible (D) available
QE99 Predicative Adjectives
□ A predicative adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the linking verb.
Q Predicative adjectives follow such linking verbs as be, rise, lie, stand, run, hang, remain, stay, seem,
become, get, grow, come, go, fall, turn.
e.g. Your daughter is pretty.
The national economy still remains unstable.
The long-term loans for small businesses are running short.
Their security system seems reliable.
a Predicative adjectives follow such verbs of perception as look, sound, taste, smell, feel. e.g. The new
project sounds applicable.
QTOEIC Questions) An,.,.»»,«.®
1. Exercising regularly is a key way for you to stay
(A) health (C) healthily
(B) healthy (D) be healthy
2. Employees who are working in the field of semiconductors have to remain to survive
in the tough job market. (A) competition (C) compete
(B) competitively (D) competitive
3. In the field of marketing, it is to developa variety of ways to communicate with clients.
(A) advice (C) advise
(B) advisable (D) advisor
Quantity Adjectives
Adjectives showing the quantity of nouns or pronouns are called quantity adjectives.
A Below are quantity adjectives that precede countable nouns.
many a number of a great many a large number of
several various a variety of few (*few - fewer - fewest)
a few quite a few
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B Below are quantity adjectives that precede uncountable nouns.
much a large amountof a great deal of a little
little (»little - less - least)
C Below are quantity adjectives that precede both countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
a lot of lots of
(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306
1. I went to America last year, and I had problems there because of the language.
(A) little (C) a little
(B) a few (D) much
2. The smaller companies are successful than last year because there are new
regulations that are of great advantage to big companies. (A) few (C) fewer
(B) little (D) less
3. The company received suggestions from the workers.
(A) much (C) a large number of
(B) little (D) a good deal
Q5B The Adjectives High /Low & Large/Small
A Below are nouns that are often preceded by the adjective HIGH or LOW.
cost price rate fare
speed wage standard
Csf objects or things: expensive, inexpensive, cheap B Below are nouns that are often
preceded by the adjective LARGE or SMALL.
salary sale amount income
number family profit change
(oJOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306
1. The price at the store was very , so Idecidedto go to another place across the street.
(A) expensive (C) large
(B) high (D) little
2. Orders for raw materials from construction companies in South America have decreased to a
much level than before since there were many obstacles. (A) less (C) lower
(B) fewer (D) smaller
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QS99 Confusing Adjectives
■ Below are pairs of adjectives that easily cause confusion about their forms and meanings.
considerable considerate
economic economical
successful successive
responsible responsive
sensible sensitive
industrious industrial
healthy healthful
satisfactory satisfied
impressive impressed
jo TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306
1. Korea is expected to increase its assistance to third-world countries because it
considers its relationships with them to be very important. (A) economical (C) economically
(B) economic (D) economy
2. The young executive has an important role at thecompany,and all of his
superiors
believe that he can deal with this large acquisition. (A) successive (C) successful
(B) succession (D) success
3. A number of people attended the event held by the government.
(A) considerate (C) considerable
(B) comprehensive (D) conceivable
QEESB Common Expressions with Adjectives
□ Below are some common expressions with adjectives that are often found in the TOEIC test.
be absent from be eligible + (to do sth)
be accustomed to + (sth/doing sth) be eligible for + (sth)
be acquainted with be emphatic about
be based on be familiar to + (sb)
be bound + (to do sth) be familiar with + (sth)
be commensurate with be ignorant of [about]
be committed to + (sth/doing sth) be responsible for + (sb/sth)
be concerned for [about, with] be qualified for
be conscious of + (sth/doing sth) be subject to
be consistent with be suitable for + (sth/sb)
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—(ÔTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306
1. Ail employees will soon be _____ ___________ for membership at the sports complex in the city.
(A) illegible (C) eligible
(B) permissible (D) allowable
2. The production manager was extremely concerned ___________________________ the production system.
(A) about (C) from
(B) to (D) in
‘Q5SS9' Adjectives Ending in -ly
I Below are some common adjectives ending in -ly that are often found in the TOEIC test.
likely unlikely friendly costly timely
silly lovely yearly monthly weekly
daily manly womanly orderly
e.g. It is costly furniture for a student.
We are likely to meet the deadline.
• likely most nearly means probably
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306
1. The new fashion for this fall which has set a trend is ______________________ __ to continue until the end of the year.
(A) seemed (C) likely
(B) potential (D) safety
2. The raw discs are to sell for $10 or less.
(A) like (C) cost
(B) likely (D) costly
3. All of the members have to take part in the meeting in order to build an community.
(A) order (C) orderly
(B) cost (D) costly
Participles Used as Adjectives
■ Below are some common present and past participles used as adjectives.
exciting tired qualifying
interesting pleased overwhelming
boring experienced challenging
disappointing excited surprised
embarrassing interested concerned
confusing bored dedicated
working impressed
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l#'-
Ä? Frequently Tested Adjectives
be more efficient be critical of customers be eligible to enter the
contest be called progressive be emphatic about be convenient
for
be accessible to the public
Ccf have access to the data
be optimistic about
be as reliable as others
be valid for one year
be secured in a safe place
be reluctant to invest
feel insecure about the current economy
become the strongest force
customers are responsible for
All passengers should be considerate of others.
prove to be profitable
It is essential that
The research remains confidential. = be kept confidential The schedule is
still considered tentative Materials are readily available.
The documents were illegible.
The packaging is not adequate.
remain aware of rapidly changing technology
feel less apprehensive about
the accepted regulations
innovative products
a difficult case
in a timely manner
a rival faction
a broad knowledge of
a bold and original design
both informative and interesting
protective clothing
substantial savings
substantial pay increases
a financial success
probable investors
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• considerable time
• for a nominal fee
• a satisfactory wage level
• the fiscal year
• in the foreseeable future
• existing equipment
• bring a disposable camera
• express their unanimous support
• present persuasive arguments
• expect marginal interest
• need a secretarial service
• give sufficient time
• send the relevant document
• set manageable goals
• remove every stored item
• arrive in damaged condition
• features the most extensive selection
• discuss additional approaches
• seek interested individuals
• use genuine и Electronics accessories
• increase its entire product line
• receive outstanding service
• deserve special recognition
• register for the annual conference
• improved customer relations
• known for his regular editorial column
• solve accidental construction problems
• an expansive view
• a chemical composition
• specific information
• a noticeable effect
• a critical review
• secondary effects of environmental pollution
• a formal dinner
• economic growth
• his local supporters
• a physical fitness program
• most extensive systems
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• applicable sales tax
• carefully screened companies
• the most highly regarded people
• for a limited time
• inaccurate and questionable information
• a valuable reference
• a viable alternative
• a poor performance
• following an unprecedented rise
• an original carton
• an instructional video
• a discount fare for longer routes
• an ideal place
• surrounding cities
• the property of their respective authors
• colorful fireworks displays
• numerous outdoor activities
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Adverbs
f
Functions & Positions of Adverbs
A Functions: Adverbs are words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
B Positions: Adverbs may come in different positions in a sentence.
Q We have had an extremely good year, (before an adjective)
Q Unfortunately, we will not be receiving a prize, (at the beginning of a sentence)
B We finally reached a firm decision, (before a verb)
Q The man shook his hands violently, (at the end of a sentence)
Qj The water leakage problem is now totally under control, (before a prepositional phrase)
foTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306
1, Whenever you have a chance to give a talk in front of a large congregation, be sure to speak
while looking at the audience.
(A) clearly (C) cleaning
(B) cleanness (D) cleaned
2. Before starting to use the device, make sure that the batteries are inserted
(A) correct (C) correctly
P correction (D) correctness
3. Ms. Sandra
was
miss meetings. (A) evident
(B) evidently
not notified about the meeting because she is very careful never to
(C) evidential
(D) evidence
4. Good communication between professors and assistants is
science project. (A) extreme (C) extremeness
(B) extremely (D) extremity
important for the new
Already, Yet & Still
A Already is used in positive statements for saying that a situation started to exist before now or
before a particular time in the past.
have + already + p.p.
e.g. I have already finished the report.
Yet is used in negative statements and questions for talking or asking about something that has
not happened or is not true at a particular time but will probably happen or be true in the future.
have not + yet + p.p.; have + Subject + p.p. + yet?
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e.g. Have you finished the report yet?
I have not yet finished the report.
C Still is used in positive statements for saying that a situation continues to exist up to a particular
time.
e.g. We still request assistance from the authority.
They were still cleaning the house when the guests started to arrive.
(o TOEIC Questions)
1. They have not
again soon. (A) yet
(B) still
Answers on page 3
made a decision about the handbook, but they are going to discuss it
(C) already
(D) soon
2. We expected the package to be delivered early this morning, but it is almost 3 P.M., and we are waiting for it to arrive. (A) once (C) next
(B) still (D) until
3. The engineers
(A) yet
(B) still
fulfilled the clients’ requests for larger display screens.
(C) already
(D) ever
Confusing Adverbs
A hard/hardly e.g. Steve works hard.
Steve hardly works.
B near/nearly e.g. The deadline is drawing near.
The room had been nearly empty all day.
C late/lately e.g. I had to work late yesterday.
I've been feeling ill lately.
D high/highly e.g. He can jump very high.
The book is highly recommended.
E clear/clearly e.g. Stand clear of the doors, please.
You have to pronounce it clearly.
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o TOEIC Questions Answers on page 306
1. The student who is taking the famous lecturer’s class studies very and is always at
the school library. (A) hardly (C) hard
(B) lately (D) clearly
2. By the end of the day, all of the orders had been shipped.
(A) near (C) hard
(B) nearly (D) hardly
3. This software is very easy to use and requires any maintenance.
(A) hardly (C) highly
(B) quite (D) clear
Very & Much
A Very is an adverb preceding an adjective to modify it.
e.g. It was very cold, but we went shopping.
B Much is an adverb preceding a comparative adjective to modify it.
e.g. Our prices are much lower than any other store’s.
<Jf much too + adjective (much modifies the adverb too).
-> The box is much too heavy for students to lift.
o TOEIC Questions
Answers on page 306
1. The prices of this year’s new smartphones are higher than last year’s.
(A) too (C) so
(B) very (D) much
2. Our office space is now small because we have more employees than in the past.
(A) too little (C) too much
(B) little too (D) much too
Too & Enough
A too + adjective + to-infinitive is used to express the idea of so much of a particular quality that something is not possible.
B adjective + enough + to-infinitive is used for saying that someone or something is as good, big, fast, etc. as necessary, or
does something as much as is necessary. e.g. I couldn’t get close enough to see properly.
Note: A to-infinitive phrase, not a gerund phrase, must be used in these two structures.
^The storage room was big enough to fit all of the items, (o)
The storage room was big enough for fitting all of the items, (x)
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o T0EIC Questions Answers on page 306
1. The new project suggested by the consulting company involves attractive to
potential buyers. (A) so (C) almost
(B) very (D) too
much risk to be
2. The design is not good
(A) too little
(B) a lot
EHBB Always
to be presented to the client.
(C) too much
(D) enough
, Ever, Never & Hardly ever 7
A Always is used in positive statements. e.g. He’s always been kind to me.
B Ever
Q used in negative statements: He’s not ever been very kind to you.
Q) used in if-clauses: If he ever behaves badly toward you, let me know.
Q used in comparisons: It’s the finest dress I’ve ever seen.
C Never is usually used in the perfect tenses and put between the verb have and past participle of the
main verb. e.g. He’s never been kind to me.
D Hardly ever is used in positive statements and means "almost never”. e.g. He’s hardly ever kind.
,o TOEIC Questions)
1. This new vending machine is very reliable and
(A) hardly (C) much
(B) just (D) nearly
Answers on page 306 ever needs repairs or
maintenance.
2. He’s been punctual since he started working for the firm.
(A) ever (C) always
(B) hardly (D) hard
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I Frequently Tested Adverbs
B Adverbs that come after verbs
■ speak clearly
• reflect periodically on the approach
• compete strategically in a highly competitive market
• reduce one’s expenses significantly
• rely solely on labor cost cutting
• rely heavily on
• The economy is growing rapidly.
I • have yet to finalize a timetable
• examine the goal thoughtfully
• handle customer complaints effectively
• operate more efficiently
• begin promptly at 2:30
• start immediately after the talk by the vice president
• check carefully prior to publication
• test frequently
• react calmly
• report orders directly to headquarters
• work cooperatively
• be received more enthusiastically by critics
• be very difficult to use efficiently
• make cash withdrawals frequently
B Adverbs that come before verbs
• narrowly miss the deadline
• The reporter promptly wrote it down.
• The request expressly states that
• The directors overwhelmingly approved an increase.
• realistically expect
• correctly predict
• ultimately reach 20 people
• carefully prepared for the presentations
• accurately account for
• initially remove it from
• eventually need to be modernized
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□ Adverbs that come between be and a past participle
• be strictly limited
• be not yet estimated
• be accurately estimated
• be securely closed
• be strongly encouraged to take advantage of be
recently promoted
• be typically determined by a department head
• be skillfully constructed
• be widely advertised
• be clearly posted be
just released
• be securely anchored to
• be conveniently located
- be cordially invited
• be strictly prohibited
• be promptly answered be
voluntarily recalled
• be closely matched
' be finally distributed to all staff members
• be severely reprimanded
• be happily employed at
• be concurrently developed be
separately made
• be gracefully executed
• be only minimally impacted during the construction
□ Adverbs that modify adjectives
- The stock investment seemed relatively safe.
• an exceptionally sharp rise in the cost
• an increasingly popular item
• unfairly raised rent
• significantly more positive
• unless items are particularly small
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TOEIC Practice Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs
1. The president and I couldn’t focus on the
bid proposal due to interrup
tions by other managers.
(A) frequent
(B) frequently
(C) frequencies
(D) frequency
2. The commission began an into
Harper LLC after it was found that they had violated
accepted accounting principles.
(A) investigator
(B) investigate
(C) investigation
(D) investigative
3. The ship’s captain accepts full
for any mishaps that may occur during the voyage.
(A) responsibly
(B) responsible
(C) responsibility
(D) responsiveness
4. For a department to be successful, managers must
find new ways to mo
tivate their employees to do their utmost.
(A) continue
(B) continually
(C) continuing
(D) continued
5. Punctuality is but one essential characteristic of any
publisher working under deadlines.
(A) tight
(B) tightly
(C) tighten
(D) tightness
6. Despite the promises that Giant Shipping had made,
the distributors were obviously
about signing the new
contracts.
(A) hesitant
(B) hesitancy
(C) hesitantly
(D) hesitation
7. We have only a few hours in which to make
a of final candidates for the
position.
(A) select
(B) selective
(C) selection
(D) selectively
8. Our field manager has very strong
to the company’s plan to lay off thirty percent of his
inspection staff.
(A) objections
(B) objects
(C) objectives
(D) objected
9. The panel has asked us to draw up a list of
measures that might be considered
when addressing the problem.
(A) specifying
(B) specification
(C) specify
(D) specific
10. As it turned out, the Marketing Team did not forecast
last quarter’s sales figures very
(A) predictably
(B) accurately
(C) thoroughly
(D) agreeably
11. Rachel couldn’t bear the thought of wasting
money, so she adhered to a
budget that allowed her to look only for things on
sale.
(A) scarcely
(B) ever
(C) always
(D) rarely
12. All of the work done here is valuable; how
ever, every year Arcon Labs likes to recognize
important made by individ
uals.
(A) contribution
(B) contributions
(C) contributing
(D) contributes
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13. Donald’s credit history was not
so the bank was cautious about loaning him the money
he asked for.
(A) favor
(B) favorably
(C) favorite
(D) favorable
14. In spite of the low interest rates, Sheila
tried to find a better deal on a
mortgage.
(A) ever
(B) never
(C) always
(D) often
15. Both 3-day and 5-day tour are
available at affordable rates throughout the year with the
Sierra Hiking Association.
(A) option
(B) options
(C) optional
(D) optionally
16. The musical with colorful costumes and beautiful songs
performed by students from Madison Elementary
delighted audiences of
ages.
(A) all
(B) mostly
(C) the most
(D) almost
17. Companies seek employees with more
successful job experience because they are able to
exhibit in the work
place.
(A) leader
(B) leading
(C) leadership
(D) a leader
18. Our manager has mentioned that
the current room rates would be quotable only until the
end of the month.
(A) just
(B) before
(C) soon
(D) yet
19. Experts explain that a in the
prime interest rate has a strong impact on the stock
market.
(A1) rise
(B) raise
(C) rising
(D) raised
20. When the plan was established,
its design automatically allocated a substantial
portion of all contributions to older workers.
(A) pensions
(B) pensioned
(C) pensioner
(D) pension
21. every teacher we interviewed seemed to think that it
was impossible to adjust to the new methods.
(A) Virtual
(B) Virtually
(C) To be virtual
(D) Being virtual
22. The director will be meeting with the architects to
discuss the of building
a new wing onto the branch office.
(A) prospect
(B) prospecting
(C) prospective
(D) prospectively
23. For product sales to rebound to their previous
of last year, we will have to
cut costs and increase advertising.
(A) high
(B) highly
(C) height
(D) be high
24. The presence of a wisdom tooth was not
until the dentist started to
examine the patient.
(A) evidence
(B) evident
(C) evidently
(D) evidentially
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25. Customers using the two-for-one coupons for
Hairbrite Shampoo will be limited to four bottles per
(A) purchase
(B) purchases
(C) purchasing
(D) purchased
26. Construction noise outside the building
proved to workers in the office.
(A) disturb
(B) disturbing
(C) disturbance
(D) disturbingly
27. We have about serving food
and alcohol in the museum.
(A) regulate
(B) regulation
(C) regulations
(D) regulatory
28. At the job interview, the last applicant
responded to the question quite
than we had expected.
(A) differ
(B) difference
(C) different
(D) differently
29. Studies have found that smokers are twice
as as nonsmokers to suffer
from heart diseases.
(A) like
(B) much
(C) likely
(D) often
30. The video game they were selling at the
auction site had sold well that
they decided to open a store.
(A) too
(B) so
(C) much
(D) enough
31. It was reported this morning that because
oil prices are too high, inflation has risen to its highest
level in ten years.
(A) hardly
(B) well
(C) ever
(D) nearly
32. Among the sponsors commit
ted to making this year’s event a success are
Hanley’s Fish Market, Arbor Hardware, and WKRD.
(A) ever
(B) yet
(C) shortly
(D) already
33. Due to low participation, the fundraising
event was successful than last
year.
(A) fewer
(B) little
(C) enough
(D) less
34. To remain , we should continu
ously introduce innovative products to the market.
(A) compete
(B) competition
(C) competitive
(D) compatible
35. Rising unemployment is one of the items
that will be under at the sym
posium.
(A) discuss
(B) discussing
(C) discussed
(D) discussion
36. Several staff members reacted
to management’s decision to hire more part-time
employees.
(A) strong
(B) strongest
(C) strongly
(D) be strong
£ o U
+-• QJ > C
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37. General Shipping signed a purchasing
with Common Wealth, Inc. ten years ago
and has enjoyed a prosperous relationship with them
since then.
(A) agree
(B) agreed
(C) agreeing
(D) agreement
38. One couldn’t ask for a more advertising campaign
than what Nortel Music had last year.
(A) excite
(B) excited
(C) exciting
(D) excitement
39. This certificate is recognized as
the minimum requirement for being able to work as a
freelance computer technician.
(A) general
(B) generally
(C) generality
(D) generalized
40. Some critics contend that the most needed
is to reduce management costs.
(A) revise
(B) revision
(C) revisable
(D) to revise
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3 Pronouns & Determiners
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun and refers to a specific person or thing.
Below is the table showing all kinds of pronouns in English.
Number Person Subject pronoun Object pronoun Possessive pronoun Reflexive pronoun
First 1 j me mine myself
Singular - Second you you yours yourself
Third he, she, it him, her, it 1 his, hers himself, herself, itself
First we us ours ourselves
Plural Second you you yours yourselves
Third they them theirs themselves
gggSSIUU Subject /Object /Possessive Pronouns
A Subject pronouns
A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence. e.g. He is my teacher, (subject)
B Object pronouns An object pronoun is used as the object of a verb or a preposition. e.g. I love him, (object)
C Possessive pronouns
A possessive pronoun is used to substitute a noun phrase that indicates a possession relation. e.g. This is your car and that is
hers.
He’s a friend of mine.
— --------- ; -------- s Answers on page306
joTOEIC Questions)
1. Most banks charge clients a fee whenever they cash a check.
(A) they (C) them
(B) their (D) theirs
2. The sales manager went to Europe for a business trip after delivering proposal to the
board of directors. (A) he (C) him
(B) his (D) himself
3. In full consideration of his workers, Mr. Alan, the president of the company, has offered higher salaries and better
incentives. (A) themselves (C) them
(B) theirs (D) they
U n i t
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4. Job applicants should be punctual if want to have a good interview.
(A) they (C) theirs
(B) their (D) them
Noun-Pronoun Agreement
□ A pronoun must agree with the noun it replaces.
^TOEIC QueStiÖns) Answers onpage
306
1. ________________________________________________ The company wants to improve „ productivity.
(A) their (C) they
(B) it (D) its
2. Workers are required to report to supervisor by 6:30 P.M.
(A) his (C) their
(B) its (D) our
3. While large companies are struggling to survive the competition, many small companies are
desperately trying to keep doors open to the public as well. (A) it (C) they
(B) its (D) their
Reflexive Pronouns
A A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix -self lor -selves in a plural form) to an object
pronoun or a possessive adjective.
It is used to show that the object of the verb is the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence. It is also used to
emphasize the subject of the action.
e.g. He looked at himself in the mirror, (object - the same person as the subject)
The boys are old enough to look after themselves, (object - the same person as the subject) The job itself is not bad,
but the salary is poor, (emphasizing the subject)
B Common expressions with reflexive pronouns
for oneself (= on one’s own; for one’s own sake) by oneself (=
alone) of itself (= spontaneously)
beside oneself (= unable to control oneself because of some strong emotion) in spite of oneself (=
without intending or expecting to do somehitng) to oneself (= exclusively)
(oTOElC Questions) Answers on page 306
1. On the opening day of the new plaza, the mayor will be there to welcome everyone.
(A) he (C) him
(B) his (D) himself
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2. Ordering without checking the inventory, we supplied year.
(A) us (C) them
(B) ours (D) ourselves
3. She prefers to travel throughout the country by __________________
that gives her more free time.
(A) she (C) herself
(B) her (D) hers
with enough labels to last a
rather than on a group tour because
Possessive Case
I The possessive case is formed by adding -’s to a singular noun or -s’ to a plural noun.
It is generally used to indicate a relation of ownership or association with a person, rather than a thing.
•Possessive case: noun’s/nouns’ + noun
• Possessive pronouns: mine, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs
{oTOEIC Questions)
1. The computers that are in need of upgrades are the manager’s and
(A) I (C) me
(B) my (D) mine
2. Ms. Davis believes that the bag Mr. Thompson found is
visually.
(A) she (C) hers
(B) her (D) herself
Answers on page 306
, but she needs to confirm it
Determiners
Another, Other(s) & The Other(s)
A Another is a general determiner coming before a singular noun to refer to an additional person or
thing. e.g. another project, another conference; Would you like another glass of wine?
B The plural form of another is other which is a determiner followed by a plural noun.
e.g. He doesn’t like other people interfering; She invited all her other friends.
Others is a plural pronoun which means other persons or things:
e.g. Some systems are better than others; They’d rather have others, not these.
C The other is a singular pronoun and the others is its plural form.
e.g. He swerved from one side of the road to the other; Have you told the others?; Take these and leave the others.
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It is easier to understand the meanings of these by looking at the table of summary below.
One..., the other... (the remaining one in a group of two of which one has been specified) One..., the others... (the
remaining ones in a group of more than two of which one has been specified)
One..., others... (different ones from those specified or understood)
One..., another... (an additional one)
D Common expressions
Each other (each member of a pair does something to or for the other one)
One another (each member of a group of more than two does something to or for the other ones) One after the other
(continuously; without interruption)
One after another (used for saying that actions are done or things happen with very little time between them)
jOTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. A member of your staff quoted me a price of $25, but told me it was $35.
(A) other (C) either
(B) another (D) any
2. Among the three suggestions, two are unrealistic, but will be on the agenda for the next
conference. (A) other (C) others
(B) another (D) the other
3. While Mr. Sanders wanted to attend another lecture at the conference, wanted to
take a short break. (A) any (C) another
(B) either (D) the others
4. We gathered into groups to discuss our situations and to learn from
(A) one another (C) one other
(B) another (D) others
Both, Neither & Either
A Both is used to refer to two people or things, regarded and identified together. e.g. We need an accountant and a designer. Both will be hired as regular workers.
B Neither means not one nor the other of two people or things; not either. e.g. Neither
Sean nor Tom can drive.
C Either: one or the other of two * A singular verb follows either.
e.g. Either of them is able to do the job capably.
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yOTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1, Mr. Nelson and Ms. Lee are eligible for retirement, but of them isplanningto quit
working.
(A) both (C) neither
(B) all (D) either
2. of these two applicants is qualified to serve as a distributor for the new product line.
(A) Either (C) Both
(B) All (D) Any
Most vs- Almost
A Most means the largest part of something, or the majority of people or things. When coming
before a noun, it is a determiner; when coming before "of the/possessive”, it is a pronoun. e.g. Most
business meetings are held at the company’s Bristol office. Johnson spent most of his life in London.
B Almost means nearly but not completely. It is an adverb, so there cannot be a combination like
"almost + noun" or "almost of the + noun”. It can occur in the expressions "almost all (of) the +
noun”, "almost anyone”, "almost every day", etc.
The examples below can help you easily understand the uses and the meanings of these two confusing words.
= Most members in the meeting room can speak English.
= Most of the members in the meeting room can speak English.
= Almost all the members in the meeting room can speak English.
= Almost all of the members in the meeting room can speak English.
ioTQEIC Questions) Answers on page307
1. all of the members were for higher wages and increased benefits, but the floor managers were
against them. (A) Most (C) The most
(B) Almost (D) Mostly
2. In Korea, it is a growing concern that of the intelligent students avoid entering
engineering departments. (A) the most (C) mostly
(B) almost (D) most
3. Although some small magazine companies are funded by nonprofit organizations, publications rely on
advertising revenue.
(A) the most (C) almost
(B) most (D) mostly
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Some & Any
A Some: some, somebody, someone, and something are used in positive statements. e.g. I have
some money.
B Any: any, anybody, anyone, and anything are used in negative statements and questions. e.g. Do you have any money?
I don’t have any money.
C Exceptions:
Q Any is used in positive statements when it is not important which person or thing is chosen. e.g. Any students can use the
books.
a Some is used in questions to offer somebody something to eat or drink. e.g. Would you like some milk?
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. Do you have information on the financial condition of that construction company?
(A) some (C) more some
(B) any (D) somewhat
2. The personnel manager will be happy to handle questions that you might have.
(A) something (C) somebody
(B) any (D) anybody
3. The participants didn’t have any water left, but other people gave them
(A) another (C) some
(B) other (D) any
4. After a long walk in the field, the event participants wanted to drink cold.
(A) something (C) somebody
(B) any (D) anybody
BBS This/These & That /Those
□ This and its plural form these, that and its plural form those are both determiners (followed by a noun) and demonstrative
pronouns (without a following noun). Especially, those is often used when you are referring to a particular group of people or
things.
P TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. This particular wrapping paper will distinguish our products from of other stores.
(A) those (C) that
(B) these (D) this
2. Not only our marketing members but also in other departments are welcome to join
the party on April 5. (A) this (C) these
(B) that (D) those
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A No is a determiner used for saying that there is not even one person or thing.
e.g. There was no hospital in the town.
B Not is an adverb used for making negatives.
e.g. He would not listen to anything she said.
C None is a pronoun meaning not one of a group of people or things, or no amount of something.
e.g. I asked for some more cake, but there was none left.
It can be followed by “of”.
e.g. None of my friends will help me.
(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. The product that we ordered yesterday has arrived yet, and it is already afternoon.
(A) no (C) none
(B) not (D) often
2. Rachel’s credit history was favorable, so the bank was cautious about lending her
money. (A) not (C) just
(B) no (D) none
3. I had hoped that James would have some news on market trends, but, unfortunately, he had
(A) no (C) not
(B) none (D) any
A Each and every are both determiners. In case there are more than two objects, either of the two may be used.
e.g. He wanted each /every item on the catalogue.
There is a bathroom in each/every room.
B There are differences between the two:
1. Each is used when there are two objects; here every is not used. e.g. He wore
multiple bracelets on each hand (note: singular noun).
There were two of them. They each carried backpacks, and each backpack (note: singular noun) contained invaluable
souvenirs.
2. Each can be used as a pronoun, but every cannot. Note the difference between the following sentences:
e.g. Each /Every student has his own textbook.
Each of the students has his own textbook.
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3. With adverbs such as practically, nearly, almost, only every is used. In the following sentences, every cannot be replaced by
each. e.g. She knew practically every detail of his daily routine.
Nearly every fruit on the cart was spoilt.
U . Every is used to refer to repeated, regular events, as in the following cases: e.g. We meet every so often.
I get a health check-up done every six months.
I had to take a water break after every other set.
In the above examples and any similar instances, each cannot be used, every two days [each two days (x)] every other
month [each other month (x)]
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. The Olive Tree Café is open break. (A) every
(B) all
weekday and provides a friendly setting for a lunchtime
(C) each
(D) some
2.
(A) Every
(B) Each
of the workers must punch his own timecard at the beginning and the end of his shift.
(C) All
(D) Both
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TOEIC Practice Pronouns & Determiners
1. The members of the planning committee
suggested that proposal to re
duce costs by just 10% was the most practical.
(A) they
(B) them
(C) their
(D) theirs
2. Requests by individuals researching their
family history outnumber for
any other type of information we carry in our
database.
(A) their
(B) they
(C) them
(D) those
3. Some of our chefs have multiple ways to
improve a dish’s flavor without compromising quality,
but of them still
draw on traditional methods.
(A) most
(B) mostly
(C) almost
(D) the most
4. The government will penalize taxpayers
who try to evade paying fair
share of taxes.
(A) its
(B) them
(C) their
(D) themselves
5. Although I disagreed with the decision, it was
understandable that our company gave
a full refund for the damaged
product.
(A) her
(B) hers
(C) she
(D) herself
6. can take books out of a public library, but there is a
limit on the number.
(A) Somebody
(B) Nobody
(C) None
(D) Anybody
7. As our customer agents now have access to your
account, please feel free to contact
with any further inquiries.
(A) they
(B) them
(C) their
(D) those
8. The City Art Center initiated a music class
specially designed for who like
country and western music.
(A) this
(B) these
(C) that
(D) those
9. Analysts will compare the anticipated sales
results with previously project
ed by the Marketing Division.
(A) them
(B) they
(C) those
(D) themselves
10. is critical to be aware of legal
issues at the planning stage so as to avoid confusion
during the design stages.
(A) That
(B) Which
(C) Those
(D) It
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U n i t
This unit will help you revise the three forms of comparison: comparison of equality, comparatives, and superlatives.
HB Superlatives
□ We can use superlative adjectives when talking about three or more things (not two things). Below are the structures that often
go with the superlative form.
Forms:
short adi.-est in (ti- the + ^+ noun +
most + long adj. ever
of all (the) + plural noun in
(the) + singular noun
(that) + Subject + have/has ever + past participle
e.g. Henry is the kindest boy in the class.
This is the best restaurant I have ever been to in the city. She is the most
beautiful girl ever.
She is the most beautiful girl I have ever met.
(oTOEIC Questions)
1. I have been told that yesterday was the
(A) colder (C) coldest
(B) cold (D) more cold
Answers on page 307
day of the year.
2. The new office building which is being built is much
(A) big (C) biggest
(B) bigger (D) more big
than ours.
3. Oil prices rose to their
problems in the Middle East.
(A) high
(B) highest
levels in years as reserves decreased because of the political
(C) higher
(D) more high
||| 99 Comparatives
□ When we talk about two things (not three or more things), we can compare them by using comparative adjectives to
describe the differences.
Forms:
short adj.-er + than ~ more
+ long adj. + than less +
adj. + than ~ .
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e.g. Mr. Thompson is two inches taller than Mr. Johnson. She is more
beautiful than her sister.
He is less diligent than he once was.
Answers on page 307 —(o TOEIC Questions)
1. His argument was practical than that of his boss.
(A) far (C) more
(B) most (D) as
2. Elaine’s information about the surrounding area is more helpful that of the local real
estate agent. (A) like (C) as
(B) although (D) than
Parallelism in Comparisons
l In sentences of comparison, the two components compared must be grammatically the same or similar in their construction.
e.g. It is better to be honest than to try to obtain favors through deception.
(o~rOEiC^Question?j Answers on page 307
1. Being polite to the customers is more important than as many products as possible.
(A) to sell (C) sell
(B) selling (D) sold
2. Mr. Lee’s immediate supervisor says that it is better to go to headquarters than to the
president. (A) report (C) reporting
(B) reported (D) to report
The Article The in Superlatives
■ The article the is normally used in the superlative structure. A possessive adjective or -’s may sometimes be used in place
of the.
e.g. The Antarctic icecap is the largest source of fresh water in the world.
His best essay was read aloud to all his classmates.
(oTOEl CQue stlonsj Answers on page 307
1. Of all the candidates, Dr. Roberts has the support from the voters.
(A) stronger (C) more strongly
(B) strongest (D) most strongly
2. Tourists from all over the world think the Grand Canyon is America’s natural treasure.
(A) great (C) greatest
(B) greater (D) more great
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3. As the best salesman at the company, John received the bonus among the
entire
sales force.
(A) big (C) biggest
(B) bigger (D) more big
4. There will be an art exhibition of his works at the Glorious Gallery beginning this
Monday.
(A) more recent (C) more recently
(B) most recent (D) most recently
The Article The in Comparatives
□ As a rule, the article the is never used in the comparative structure, but in the following examples, the does exist.
the + comparative
• the + comparative ~, the + comparative
e.g. The longer a sermon is, the less effective it is.
The more, the better.
• (all) the + comparative + prepositional phrase of reason: :
e.g. I like him all the better for his kindness. j
• S + V + the + comparative + of the two (+ plural noun) = Of the two (+ plural noun) + S + !
V + the + comparative ;
e.g. Tom is the taller of the two (boys). = Of the two (boys), Tom is the taller. i
tpTOEIC Questions)
1. The higher the altitude is, the
(A) low
(B) lower
Answers on page 307
the temperature is.
(C) lowest
(D) more low
2. you live to a city, the more expensive your cost of living will be.
(A) The closer (C) Closer
(B) The closest (D) Closest
3. The more customers complained, the the sales manager became.
(A) most unpleasant (C) more unpleasant
(B) unpleasant (D) more unpleasantly
4. Of the two candidates, the board members chose
(A) better (C) best
(B) the better (D) good
one for the post.
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Other Forms of Comparatives
l Besides the usual forms of comparatives, there are other forms as follows.
prior to superior to inferior to
senior to junior to prefer A to B
(sf anterior posterior
e.g. His rank is superior to mine.
She is a woman inferior to none in unselfish service.
yQTOEIC Questions)
1. Her score is to mine because she studied very hard for the final exam
(A) superior (C) senior
(B) prefer (D) inferior
2. to the final exam, we have to hand in our term papers.
(A) Early (C) Ahead
(B) Prefer (D) Prior
3. Surprisingly, the oldest member of the staff is 5 years junior me.
(A) than (C) for
(B) as (D) to
Answers on page 307
Comparison of Equality
A If two things are equal in some way, we can use a comparison of equality.
Form:
as + adjective/adverb + as
B As a rule, an adjective is used if the sentence contains the verb be or linking verbs such as
get, become, stay, remain, seem. An adverb is used if the sentence contains action verbs such
as sing, kick, write, draw, talk.
e.g. She is as beautiful as her cousin.
He is as honest as a priest.
He writes it as carefully as he can.
She studies as well as her cousin.
{oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
as the new one. 1. The old copy machine was not as
(A) fast (C) fastest
(B) faster (D) more faster
2. Some people say that living near a nuclear power plant is as
factory. (A) dangerous (C) more danger
(B) dangerously (D) more dangerously
as living near a chemical
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3. I wrote the application as asI could, but I made so many mistakes.
(A) careful (C) more careful
(B) carefully (D) more carefully
Modifiers for Comparatives and Superlatives
A Below are some adverbs that are used to modify the comparative structure.
much far even still a lot a little considerably significantly
e.g. I speak English much better than she.
B Below are some words or phrases that are used to modify the superlative structure.
much very by far far and away possible single
e.g. This is the very lowest price.
He wanted to get the best possible result from it.
(5T0EIC0u«tos'l A™»»««.«-
1. The computer we saw at the shop was cheaper than we had expected.
(A) a lot (C) very
(B) the very (D) more
2. The prices of this year’s new laptop computers are much than last year’s.
(A) high (C) highest
(B) higher (D) highly
3. Eric drove very to the conference hall in Minneapolis, but he arrived too late.
(A) fast (C) fastest
(B) more fast (D) faster
QBB Fixed Expressions of Comparatives and Superlatives
A Expressions of comparatives
no more than = only no later than = by
no longer rather than
more or less for the better / worse
what is worse
B Expressions of superlatives
at (the) least at the latest / earliest
at the earliest convenience do one’s best (= utmost)
to the last to the best of my knowledge
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{oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. You must submit the report no than this weekend.
(A) rather
(B) latter
(C) later
(D) longer
2. I was disappointed to find that most of my old coworkers were working here.
(A) no longer
(B) not more
(C) still more
(D) not longer
3. An individual must apply no
(A) longer
(B) later (C) rather
(D) more
than four weeks prior to the start of the summer semester.
m|j| Special Adjectives of Comparatives and Superlatives
Below are some adjectives that form the comparative and superlative structures in special ways.
A Regular cases
Q -er & -est
• One-syllable adjectives
old - older - oldest
young - younger - youngest
• Two-syllable adjectives ending in -er, -le, -ly, -some
clever - cleverer - cleverest
handsome - handsomer - handsomest
Q more & most + long adjective
• Adjectives of two or more syllables
useful - more useful - most useful
polite - more polite - most polite
interesting - more interesting - most interesting
• Adjectives of predicative use only
He is more fond of coffee than green tea.
• Adjectives mostly used with more/most in daily life
strange, false, wrong, right, real, etc.
B Irregular cases
Q many/much, good/well, bad/ill
many / much - more - most
good / well - better - best
bad / ill - worse - worst
Q old & late
old - older / elder - oldest / eldest late - later / latter - latest / last
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TOEIC Practice Comparisons
—
>
c nj
1. Knowledge is acquired by
experience than by books or other materials.
(A) more easily
(B) easiest
(C) easier
(D) more easy
2. The majority of the people felt the first picture wasimpressive of the two
that were displayed.
(A) more
(B) most
(C) the more
(D) the most
3. Dr. Platt is available to meet with patients any time
after 10 A.M., so schedule an appointment for the time
convenient for you.
(A) better
(B) best
(C) most
(D) well
4. The preparatory work for doing my taxes is
time-consuming than filling out
the forms.
(A) most
(B) as
(C) more
(D) little
5. to working at Stanley Tools,
Mr. Joiner worked as an engineer at Zeon Calibrated
Equipment.
(A) Prior
(B) Ahead
(C) Earlier
(D) Formerly
6. The customer service representative dealt
with the mistakes as as possi
ble so as not to upset the company’s customers.
(A) efficient
(B) efficiently
(C) efficiency
(D) more efficiently
7. He had worked in the factory for such a long time
that not even the noises distracted him.
(A) loud
(B) louder
(C) loudest
(D) loudly
8. Sales of the new MP3 player showed a
stronger performance in the third quarter than had
been expected.
(A) very
(B) so
(C) too
(D) far
9. Regal Caviar promotes its products as the
of any produced in Europe and
Russia.
(A) fine
(B) finer
(C) finest
(D) finely
10. The reduction of commercial taxes has
attracted business to the area
than was previously anticipated.
(A) more
(B) much
(C) most
(D) many
11. Andrew’s latest accomplishment was inventing a
way to burn oil more efficiently while at the same
time creating harmful byproducts.
(A) little
(B) least
(C) smaller
(D) fewer
12. Our employees are the highly
skilled in the field of semiconductors.
(A) so
(B) most
(C) such
(D) much
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13. Unfortunately, driving to work often takes
time as taking the bus.
(A) further
(B) most
(C) as much as
(D) just as much
14. Casio Lumber Products has provided us
with moldings of quality than
those made by our previous supplier.
(A) high
(B) higher
(C) highest
(D) highly
15. The remote cabin in the woods can only be
reached by car; train stationis
more than 100 miles away.
(A) nearly
(B) the nearer
(C) as near
(D) the nearest
16. With multiple locations in every major city,
the dominant hotel chain offers services at rates as
as possible.
(A) low
(B) lower
(C) lowly
(D) lowest
E o U a;
c ro JZ c
<: £
5
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In English, a complete sentence has at least two elements: subject + verb. There must be an agreement in number between
the subject and the main verb.
EES B Nouns/Noun Phrases as Subjects
□ As a rule, a singular subject goes with a singular verb, and a plural subject goes with a plural verb.
e.g. The prospectus of our company provides a clear explanation of the development that is underway.
o TQEÏC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. Each document to be thoroughly proofread by the experts before being submitted.
(A) need (C) are
(B) needing (D) needs
2. The reduction in office staff made itnecessary toautomate more job functions.
(A) be (C) being
(B) has (D) have
3. The president, along with the other members of the board, going to sign the
contract this evening.
(A) is (C) be
(B) are (D) have
4. This is one of the oldest buildings that built in Scotland during the 19th century.
(A) is (C) was
(B) are (D) were
5. The most frequent question that English teachers receive from students about how
to improve their written English.
(A) is (C) has
(B) are (D) have
Gerund Phrases, To-lnfinitive Phrases, Noun Clauses as Subjects
□ When a gerund phrase, a to-infinitive phrase, or a noun clause is the subject of a sentence, the main verb is in the singular
form.
e.g. Riding a bike is interesting, (gerund phrase)
Growing flowers is her job. (gerund phrase)
To build a house takes lots of time, (to-infinitive phrase)
What they bought was very expensive, (noun clause)
fpTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. Reducing air pollution levels reducing the amountof leaded gasoline sold in gas stations.
(A) require (C) requiring
(B) requires (D) to require
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2. Knowing the goals of the project clearly
(A) is (C) are
(B) be (D) has
essential for achieving what we want.
3. Finding experienced people to provide in-service training
(A) is (C) be
(B) are (D) has
challenging for any company.
BEB Determiner + Noun as Subjects
A Determiner + singular noun
a an one each every another a single this that
eg- Every boy has his own dream.
Each week has 7 days.
Another student has his own textbook.
B Determiner + plural noun
other both many several these those
a few a variety of a couple of a number of hundreds of
e.g. Both men are dead.
Several houses are under repair.
Answers on page 307
1. The new software program offers all of the benefits of the previous version plus several
convenient extra ________________ . (A) feature (C) features
(B) featured (D) featuring
2. Students should always respect opinions because disagreeing does not always
mean that others are wrong. (A) another (C) each
(B) other (D) every
3. Unlike regular employees, all temporary workers are forced to present their ID cards when they
use computers. (A) this (C) its
(B) that (D) these
4. Employees under constant scrutiny tend to perform worse than freedom. (A) another (C) those (B) one (D) that
who have more
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A /The Number of + Plural Noun as Subjects
El A number of
A number of + plural noun + plural verb
e.g. A number of students were late for school.
A number of students in this class speak English.
□ The number of
The number of + plural noun + singular verb
e.g. The number of students was counted by the teacher.
The number of students who came late was counted by the teacher.
Note: A modifier (phrase or clause) between the subject and verb in a sentence does not affect the subject -verb
agreement in number.
CofOEIC Questions)
1. According to the Korean Census Center, the number of babies who were born
decreasing since 1990. (A) has (C) have
(B) to have (D) having
2. The number of qualified and experienced professionals taking early retirement
which is not good for the future of the manufacturing industry. (A) has (C) is
(B) have (D) are
Answers on page 307
been
large,
3. A number of complaints about mishandled deliveries
(A) to be (C) have been
(B) has been (D) was
received in the last six months.
4. A number of hours. (A) issue (B) issues
were detected when the assembly line was shut down for a couple of
(C) issued
(D) issuing
(ggfibKB Subject-Verb Agreement with Correlative Conjunctions
□ In sentences with correlative conjunctions, the subject closest to the verb determines the verb form. If the subject closest
to the verb is singular, the verb takes the singular form. If the subject closest to the verb is plural, the verb takes the plural form.
This holds true for all correlative conjunctions except both...and.... The correlative conjunction both...and... doesn’t require much
thought as far as subject-verb agreement is concerned because the verb is always plural.
£1 both A and B
Both Jane and I are good students.
Q either A or B
Either you or Tom is supposed to come here.
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Q neither A nor B
Neither he nor I am interested in music.
Q not A but B
Not I but you were punished.
Q not only A but also B
Not only you but also Mary is happy.
Answers on page 307 {oTOEIC Questions}
1. Both my sisters and my brother to go to the meeting.
(A) want (C) wanting
(B) wants (D) to want
2. This year, the heating bill, as well as other expenditures, much higher than that of last
year. (A) was (C) be
(B) were (D) am
3. Although the play had been widely praised in the press, neither the story nor the acting
as convincing as I had anticipated. (A) was (C) being
(B) is (D) were
1
Subject-Verb Agreement with Quantifiers
A The form of the verb will depend on the form of the noun after the following quantifiers in the
sentence.
all, some, any, half, most + singular noun + singular verb + plural noun
+ plural verb
e.g. All of the money has been stolen.
All of the students have to take a test in the class.
In the presence of the following quantifiers, the form of the verb will always be in the singular form
regardless of the noun preceding it.
one each either neither much little
e.g. One of my friends is coming to visit me this Sunday.
Either of these promotional projects js acceptable.
C In the presence of the following quantifiers, the form of the verb will always be in the plural form
regardless of the noun preceding it.
many both few several
e.g. Several of the pencils were broken when the pencil case fell down.
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»
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307
1. Most of the students studying hard in the classroom their own textbooks.
(A) has
(B) have
(C) is
(D) are
2. One of the two employees who had passed the examination in charge of the project.
(A) was
(B) were
(C) has
(D) have
iStiQp Special Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement
A Collective nouns
If a collective noun acts as a unit, a singular verb is used. If the sentence indicates more individu-
ality, a plural verb is used.
e.g. My family is large. My family are enjoying the summer vacation.
B Special nouns ending in -s such as mathematics, news, the United States go with a
singular verb.
e.g. Mathematics is not easy to learn.
The United States is a large country.
The news was very surprising.
C The following nouns which are always used in the plural form must gowith a plural verb.
arms clothes damages goods savings glasses
e.g. The goods on the shelf are selling well. My glasses are broken.
D A group of/the total of/a sample of + (the) + noun + singular verb
e.g. A sample of curtain materials was sent to our client. The total of net profit amounts to ten dollars.
E Everyone/everybody, everything, anything,something + singular verb
e.g. Everybody was happy with that result.
Everyone in the class has his own textbook.
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TOEIC Practice Subject-Verb Agreement
1. The trees along the street
watered at least once a month.
to be
(A) needs
(B) need
(C) needing
(D) to need
2. Not every company that deals in consumer
electronics its stock on the
stock market.
(A) listing
(B) have listed
(C) has listed
(D) having listed
3. Pro Footwear said its most recent quarterly
earnings ______________ the highest ever.
(A) was
(B) were
(C) are
(D) has been
4. We are now typing up the report that
why worker productivity has fallen
over the past six months.
(A) show
(B) shows
(C) has shown
(D) are showing
5. Dramatic changes taking place in the business
environment unprece
dented challenges for today’s management leaders.
(A) generates
(B) is generating
(C) have generated
(D) generating
A few of the retailers mentioned the fact that deliveries
of our products often
arrived late.
(A) is
(B) being
(C) are
(D) have
8. Doing a physical count of the inventory
a tedious job, but it is crucial to make
sure the computer records accurately reflect our
holdings.
(A) is
(B) are
(C) has
(D) have
9. The 44-percent return on the new stock
far more than the stockbroker had
anticipated.
(A) is
(B) being
(C) are
(D) was
10. The ability of our engineers to produce intricate parts to
customers’ specifications one of our most valuable
assets.
(A) is
(B) are
(C) were
(D) being
6. Everyone working in the administrative offices to hear that the bomb
threat was really just a prank call.
(A) was relieved
(B) are relieved
(C) have relieved
(D) were relieved
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U n i t 0 Tenses
Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to express time in their language. In other words, tenses simply show the time of
an action or state of being as shown by a verb.
Present simple I study English every day.
Past simple I studied English 5 days ago / yesterday / last week / this morning.
Future simple I will study English in 5 days.
Present perfect I have studied English for 20 years / since 1995.
Past perfect I had studied English for 5 days before I took the exam.
Note: The English grammar has 12 tenses in total:
Present
© Present simple (?) Present continuous (5) Present perfect '*) Present perfect continuous
Past
© Past simple (J'> Past continuous (D Past perfect (4) Past perfect continuous
Future
© Future simple © Future continuous ® Future perfect (4; Future perfect continuous
Simple Tenses
Present Simple
□ The present simple tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and
wishes. Adverbs that usually go with this tense include every day, often, usually, always.
He likes to play the piano, (an emotion) It is cold
today, (a present state)
I take a shower every day, (a routine) Light
travels faster than sound, (a truth)
tpTOEIC Questions)
1. Warranty coverage
(A) offer
(B) is offering
Answers on page 308
customers assurance and protection on the products they buy.
(C) offers
(D) has offered
2. In addition to visiting her family once a week, Elaine usually
Center with her children whenever she has time. (A) work (C) works
(B) is working (D) working
3. Fundraising is very important to any groups that
(A) wish (C) wishing
(B) wished (D) had wished
out at the Forest Fitness
to expand their operations.
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4. Consider accepting our proposal, which
satisfactory. (A) including (C) includes
(B) is including (D) include
estimated returns on investment that are very
Past Simple
I The past simple tense is used to talk about a completed action at a time before now. Adverbs that usually
go with this tense include:
• last night/week/month/year
• in (a year in the past), a few days/weeks/months/years ago, many years ago
• yesterday, in the past, just now, at that time, then, the other day
t.%. I worked for the LA. Times a few years ago.
Oil prices rose by 20% last month.
He never studied hard when he was a student.
oTOEIC Questions
1, Last September, our Marketing Department
(A) begin (C) begun
(B) began (D) beginning
Answers on page 308 to
expand into residential areas.
2, As I in my note to you the other day, you should try to be less wordy and more
concise in your writing. (A) mention (C) mentioning
(B) mentioned (D) had mentioned
3. My secretary already
days ago. (A) sends
(B) was sending
a copy of the revised contract by registered mail to you two
(C) sent
(D) will send
4, On her previous visit to the island, Jennifer
(A) see (C) saw
(B) will see (D) seeing
travelers everywhere.
Future Simple
l The future simple tense is used for an action that will occur in the future. e.g. I will be twenty-one years old
next month. John says that he will do his best until the end.
He will be here jn an hour.
* Below are some expressions that can be used in place of “will” to express future actions.
be going to be about to be likely to
be ready to be due to be willing to
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(o T0ÉIC Questions) Answers on page 308
1. Because our headquarters will move to the area next month, the Marketing Department
to a local office.
(A) relocate (C) will relocate
(B) relocated (D) relocating
2. Because of the system failure, repairs to our computers tomorrow between 3 and 5 P.M.
(A) were made (C) are made
(B) has made (D) will be made
3. The management next
month. (A) initiates (B) initiated
the training program to generate more interest among employees
(C) will initiate
(D) was initiating
Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect
The present perfect tense has several uses:
A An action or a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. We usually use for or
since with this structure.
e.g. We have known him for ten years, (or for/in the last/past ten years) I have lived here since I was born, (or since 1990)
Note: Last.../in the past is used with the past simple tense but in/for the last/past... must go with the present
perfect tense.
B An action which happened at some unknown time in the past. We often use the adverb already, yet,
ever or never along with this structure. These adverbs usually go before the past participle in the
sentence. e.g. He has already submitted his report.
Have you ever been to Germany?
C An action which happened in the past, but has an effect in the present. e.g. I have lost my keys. (I don’t have the keys; they are still missing.)
She’s broken her arm. (The arm is still injured.)
D Experiences. We often use the adverbs ever, never, before, once. e.g. I’ve been to Europe many times. Have you ever seen anything like this?
(o TOEICQuestions) Answers on page 308
1. I five chapters since I started writing the grammar book with my assistant.
(A) completed (C) completes
(B) complete (D) have completed
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2. In recent years, golf popular all across the country although it is a costly pastime.
(A) became (C) has become
(B) becomes (D) will become
3. Since last weekend, workers who volunteered to participate in the project all of the
orphanages in Michigan.
(A) will paint (C) would paint
(B) painting (D) have painted
Past Perfect
l The past perfect tense expresses an action taking place before another action or a certain time in the past.
eg. I could not sleep well because I had had too much coffee.
He lost the book which he had bought the day before.
^ ---- , Answers on page 308
^OTQEIC Questionsj
1. They were told that many manufacturing workers
(A) fired (C) have been fired
(B) are fired (D) had been fired
2. After the CEO the business letter twice, he decided to send it.
(A) rewrites (C) rewrite
(B) had rewritten (D) has rewritten
3. The application form was invalid because the candidate to supply all of the mandatory
information.
(A) will fail (C) had failed
(B) fails (D) failing
Future Perfect
l The future perfect tense expresses an action in the future before another action or a certain time in the future. This is the
past in the future.
We often use phrases such as by next..., by the end of..., by the time + clause along with this structure.
e.g. By April next year, I’ll have graduated from university.
All of the restaurants will have closed by the time we finish this project.
He’ll have finished this report by the end of next month.
_ Answers on page 308
oTOEIC Questions
1. By the time the prisoner is released, he 5 years behind bars.
(A) will spend (C) will be spending
(B) has spent (D) will have spent
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2. By the time Jenny retires as general director, she a large amount of money from her
stock investments. (A) accumulated (C) have accumulated
(B) will accumulate (D) will have accumulated
3. Analysts predict that the productivity of the manufacturing factory by the end of
the
year due to the new fringe benefits at the company. (A) will have doubled (C) double
(B) has doubled (D) doubled
Tenses in Complex Sentences
BBill Tense Agreement in Main Clauses & Subordinate Clauses
: The tense of the verb in the subordinate clause changes in accordance with the tense of the verb in the main clause.
If the verb in the main clause is in the present or the future tense, the verb in the subordinate
clause may be in any tense, depending upon the sense to be expressed.
e.g. He says that he confirms the reservation.
that he will confirm the reservation, that he
confirmed the reservation, that he had
confirmed the reservation.
If the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, the verb in the subordinate clause will be in the past.
e.g. He said that he confirmed the reservation.
He said that he had confirmed the reservation.
He said that he would come.
He told me that he had been ill.
I knew that he would not pass. We noticed that the fan had stopped.
to TQEIC Questions) Answers on page 308
1. The report clearly showed that the accident when the car passed on the left instead
of the right. (A) occur (C) occurring
(B) occurred (D) occurs
2. The board members agreed to take on the project when the sales manager hisproject
report. (A) submit (C) submitted
(B) have submitted (D) submitting
3. The board members rejected Mr. Andrew’s idea and Ms. Bower’s instead because it
was more reasonable and original. (A) choose (C) has chosen
(B) chose (D) choosing
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IHEB Tense Agreement in Time & Conditional Clauses
l We do not use the future tense (will) in a time clause to describe future activities. It is also similar to if -clauses.
The time clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as after, as soon as, before, till, until, when, whenever, while or time
expressions such as the minute, the moment. e.g. If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
When he arrives home tonight, he will be very tired.
As soon as he finishes his work, he will leave the office.
We often use for and since when talking about time.
A For + period
For means "from the beginning of the period until the end of the period." For can be used with all tenses.
e.g. They study for two hours every day.
They are studying for three hours today.
He has lived in Bangkok for a long time.
I’ve been working for this company for ten years.
I worked at that bank for five years.
B Since as a conjunction of time + clause Since here means “from a point in the past until now”. Since is normally used with
perfect tenses. e.g. Since he started at this company, Mr. Johnson has been working as an engineer.
He has been working since he arrived.
(oTOEIC Questions^) Answers on page 308
1. As soon as I
(A) graduate
(B) will graduate
2, If you
little experience in banking, dealing with major clients on time-critical matters
, I will go back to my parents’ house in Seattle.
(C) graduated
(D) graduating
can be a worrying business.
(A) had
(B) will have (C) have
(D) are having
3. I will ask him to spare me some time when he the meeting tomorrow.
(A) will attend
(B) attends
(C) attended
(D) attend
4. We
(A) request
(B) requested
a meeting with the director when he returns from lunch.
(C) will request
(D) have requested
For & Since
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C Since as a conjunction of reason + clause Since here means
“because, as”.
e.g. Since he was a good worker, Mr. Johnson was promoted to be a manager.
D Since as a preposition + point of time
Since here also means "from a point in the past until now”. It is followed by a point of time. e.g. Since 2000, Mr. Johnson
has been working at this company.
oTOEIC Questions} Answers on page 308
1. Since last month’s staff meeting, the personnel manager our employees’ work
performance. (A) is reviewed (C) reviewed
(B) has been reviewing (D) reviewing
2. The Internet amazingly fast since last year, so it is difficult to predict how different
industries will evolve. (A) has grown (C) grew
(B) grows (D) had grown
3. High-Tech Motors has sponsored the car festivals held in New York 2011.
(A) for (C) while
(B) whenever (D) since
m Continuous Tenses
A The continuous tenses include the present continuous, the past continuous, and the future continuous. The continuous tense is formed by the verb be + the -ing form of the main verb.
This tense indicates that an action or a state - in the present, past or future - is, was or will be unfinished at the time
referred to.
e.g. Don’t disturb me. I am studying for tomorrow’s test.
He was watching TV when she came.
I will be flying to London tomorrow.
B Below are verbs that can never be used in the continuous tenses.
> have, belong to, own
■ resemble, know, want, remember, understand ' see, hear, smell, feel, taste
(when functioning as verbs of perception)
Note: The verb have can be used in the continuous tenses when it indicates an action.
e.g. They are having breakfast in the bedroom.
We are having a good time.
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TOEIC Practice
1. While the analysts the report
figures, the writers will revise the chairman’s speech.
(A) reviewing
(B) reviewed
(C) are reviewing
(D) are reviewed
2. Fortunately, the head office the
project for developing the overseas market that we
presented a month ago.
(A) approving
(B) approves
(C) approved
(D) approve
3. Any member who since February
is entitled to submit his or her photographs to the annual
Photothon Exhibition in San Diego.
(A) joins
(B) joined
(C) joining
(D) joine
4. Although that mutual fund very
well since it started in 1990, it has recently been
somewhat erratic.
(A) performed
(B) has performed
(C) performing
(D) was performing
5. The telephone company its
domestic long distance rates by an average of 5% per
month for the past four months.
(A) increased
(B) would increase
(C) was increasing
(D) has increased
6. All of your banking transactions
on your monthly statement as long as you keep at
least one account at our bank.
(A) appeared
(B) appears
(C) will appear
(D) appearing
7. Mr. Jones in intellectual property
rights cases while he worked for the law firm.
(A) specialize
(B) specializing
(C) specializes
(D) specialized
8. Over the last year, auditors the
flow of interdepartmental funds to determine how to
improve efficiency.
(A) observing
(B) was observing
(C) has been observing
(D) have been observing
9. After the members of the team
their ideas, a discussion will be held to talk about the
merits of each proposal.
(A) present
(B) will be presenting
(C) is presenting
(D) presented
10. We are waiving the tuition fees for the registration
period, which until the
end of August.
(A) run
(B) ran
(C) has run
(D) will run
11. After returning from a week-long business
trip to Eastern Europe last month, Ms. Donaldson to
takea few days off
work.
(A) decides
(B) will decide
(C) decided
(D) deciding
12. Since her research paper was due the next
morning, Kelly the night at
the library searching for the necessary
information.
(A) spends
(B) spent
(C) has spent
(D) will spend
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13. We all of our archived documents
over to the storage warehouse in the coming month.
(A) moving
(B) moved
(C) have moved
(D) will be moving
14. Before retiring, Harold on a
plan to expand his sales accounts by 60%.
(A) works
(B) has been working
(C) has worked
(D) had been working
15. When too much cholesterol in
the bloodstream, it can build up in the arteries and block
the flow of blood.
(A) accumulate
(B) accumulates
(C) accumulation
(D) accumulating
16. As of this coming Friday, Harvey Barker will
in this department for 10 years.
(A) worked
(B) working
(C) has been working
(D) have been working
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7 Passives
As a general rule, we speak and write in the active form, but the passive form can be useful in formal writing such as scient ific
reports when the emphasis is on the process and results, rather than on j the agent of the action. eg.
Active: The doctorgave me a prescription
Passive: I was given a prescription.
Passives with Modals
|Q Form: Subject + will/would/can/could/may/might/should/must + be + past participle e.g. The concert will be held at the
party.
The payment of bills can be done at any post office.
oTOEIC Questions,
1. Imports of the new vending machine from Asia
last year. (A) expected
(B) expect
Answers on page 308
to outpace those for the same quarter
(C) have expected
(D) may be expected
[ 2. A complimentary gift set will
magazine. (A) send
(B) be sending
to all subscribers in the area to promote our new
(C) be sent
(D) have sent
13. The identification numbers which are typed on the front of the cards guard in the
building. (A) checked (C) check
(B) should be checked (D) have checked
[ 4. All revenues from voluntary activities that are listed on the report
orphanage. (A) will be donated (C) donate
(B) donated (D) have donated
by the security
to the local
Intransitive Verbs
[ A Only transitive verbs can form the passive. e.g. She wrote a letter.
- A letter was written (by her).
E o U
4—'
ÛJ ’>
JC c
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B Such intransitive verbs as below cannot form the passive.
go, come, react, talk, speak become, remain, feel, seem
arrive, appear, deteriorate, die, disappear, happen, occur, rise, take place have, belong, cost resemble, escape, lack
e.g. This is arrived this morning, (x)
The earthquake was happened last night, (x)
The UFO was disappeared last night, (x)
The sun was risen this morning, (x)
C Intransitive verb + preposition = transitive verb
Some intransitive verbs with a preposition can also form the passive. e.g. Recent problems with late deliveries were
dealt with in the morning.
Below are some intransitive verbs + prepositions that are frequently found in the TOEIC test.
account for comply with
agree to (with, on/about) enroll in
deal with interfere with
look at object to
proceed with reply to
return to search for
start from subscribe to
think of wait on
operate on laugh at
speak to run over
add to sympathize with
apologize to talk about
roTOErC Questions) Answers on page 308
1. Before the accident , there was no crosswalk in front of the elementary school.
(A) happens (C) was happened
(B) happened (D) was happening
2. The report shows that the price has been by 20% during the last year.
(A) rise (C) risen
(B) raise (D) raised
3. Another meeting between the two Sales Departments last Monday because one of
the board members complained about the sales figures for the last quarter. (A) was taken place (C) took place
(B) is taken place (D) takes place
! I lli
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Iggjyjgp Verbs with Two Objects
I As for ditransitive verbs (verbs with two objects), in the passive form, the direct object has to go with the preposition to or
for, whereas the indirect one does not.
Active: He gave her a doll for her birthday.
Passive: A doll was given to her for her birthday.
She was given a doll for her birthday.
Below are ditransitive verbs.
allow award deny find give
grant lend offer pay promise
send show tell
e.g. Most employees were offered company shares. Olga was granted admission to the university.
To-lnfinitive Phrases in Passives
l In the TOEIC test, the to-infinitives following the passive verbs are usually given in Parts 5 and 6 (Sentence Completion & Text
Completion). e.g. Food prices are expected to rise next month.
-{oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 308
1, Resumes and cover letters in
the position. (A) should be submitted
(B) be submitted
to the Personnel Department if graduates are interested
(C) submitted
(D) submitting
2. Your application
(A) will be reviewed
(B) reviewed
by our Personnel Department.
(C) be reviewed
(D) reviewing
3. Passengers are notified that all luggage time. one hour before the scheduled departure
(A) will check
(B) will be checked
(C) checked
(D) had checked
(ÖTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 308
1. The famous National Art Museum was reconstructed more visitors.
(A) accommodate
(B) accommodated
(C) to accommodate
(D) accommodating
2. The company is predicted
(A) move
(B) moving
within the next few months.
(C) to move
(D) moved
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3. You are invited the second press conference for digital-tech engineers at the Grand
Hotel in downtown New York City. (A) attending (C) attend
(B) to attend (D) attended
4. The budget is to pass the Senate by a narrow margin.
(A) expect (C) expectant
(B) expected (D) expectation
Prepositions in Passives
A In the passive construction, the preposition by is mostly used.
e.g. He is loved by them.
The letter was written by her.
The concert was reviewed by the music critics.
B Below are some fixed expressions that go with other prepositions in place of by. e.g. All participants will
be provided with materials for the upcoming seminar.
be known as be covered with/in be provided with/for
be replaced with be exposed to be furnished with
be concerned with be filled with be supplied with/to
be presented with/to be devoted to be served with
* The following expressions are often given in the passive construction, so you should pay attention to the prepositions
going with them.
provide A with B = provide B for A furnish A with B = furnish B to A
supply A with B = supply B to A serve A with B = serve B to A
present A wjth B = present B to A
.oTOEIC Questions)
1. Most people are concerned the rising cost of health care.
(A) of (C) from
(B) in (D) with
2. All of the computers will be replaced new ones, or they will be upgraded.
(A) with (C) in
(B) of (D) from
Answers on page 308
Passives with Transitive Verbs
□ As mentioned in Point 2 of this unit, only transitive verbs can be transformed into passives. Therefore, there must be no
objects in the passive sentences.
e.g. Your application has been forwarded to the Personnel Department.
You must check your vacation schedule before it is submitted.
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oTOEIC Questions Answers on page 308
1. As we announced earlier, the entire building must
(A) clear (C) have cleared
(B) be cleared (D) be clearing
2. The accumulation of too much dioxide in our bodies
(A) connect (C) is connected
(B) connected (D) is connecting
3. Anyone who is too loud during the performance will
(A) remove (C) be removed
(B) be removing (D) have removed
in the event of a fire drill.
with a variety of health problems.
from the concert hall.
QQ593I Adverbs in Passives
l In passive sentences, adverbs are usually put between the verb be and the past participle of the main verb. Sometimes,
adverbs can come after the passive verb form.
e.g. They are continually updated on key corporate policies.
The attendees were completely surprised to see the president.
The order must be made clearly.
-(oTOEIC Questions)
1. Though it was quite revolutionary, the concert was
(A) favor (C) favorite
(B) favorably (D) favorable
2. The project will be successful only if it is
(A) full (C) to fill
(B) fully (D) filling
Answers on page 308
reviewed by the music critics.
budgeted.
3. The equipment must be used
(A) efficient
(B) efficiently
for it to work as well as possible.
(C) efficiency
(D) effectual
Other Passive Structures
A Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement
Q The preposition as may often be added when this structure is transformed into a passive one, and as is followed by
an adjective, a noun, a to-infinitive or a participle.
e.g. Active: They consider the award a great honour.
Passive: The award is considered (as) a great honour.
Active: He regarded the offer as absurd.
Passive: The offer was regarded as absurd.
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Below are some verbs used in this structure, regard / consider / look upon / count / refer to A as B
Q Sometimes, to be is added into this structure in the passive.
e.g. Active: They considered the politician progressive.
Passive: The politician was considered to be progressive.
B Subject + need + to be + past participle
In passives, the transitive verb need can be followed by either a to-infinitive phrase or an -ing phrase.
e.g. My bedroom needs to be painted.
My bedroom needs painting.
Note: The subjects in the sentences of this structure are usually objects, not people.
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TOEIC Practice
1. Space Portal is the most eagerly awaited
game to by X-Gen Games in
the last five years.
(A) release
(B) releasing
(C) be released
(D) be releasing
2. It wasn’t until the following Monday morning that the
theft of several art pieces
by a cleaning crew.
(A) noticed
(B) had noticed
(C) was noticed
(D) was noticing
3. Anyone without a ticket to call
ahead before arriving at the theater to ensure seating
availability.
(A) encourages
(B) encouraging
(C) is encouraged
(D) encouragement
4. Unless building residents strongly object,
access to the parking lot will to
certain hours.
(A) limit
(B) limiting
(C) be limited
(D) be limiting
5. Because the processors are more expensive than we
had anticipated, the engineers are
to choose another brand.
(A) asks
(B) to ask
(C) being asked
(D) to be asking
6. Because of his success in designing our
company’s coffee mugs, Bob Lumbergh
to district manager.
(A) promoted
(B) promotes
(C) has promoted
(D) was promoted
7. Everyone wanted Mr. Thompson, the new
district manager, asvice pres
ident, but Mr. Alton was chosen since he had the most
seniority.
(A) to select
(B) was selected
(C) to be selected
(D) is being selected
8. All goods ordered before the end of March
should be on the 15th of April
to retailers.
(A) ship
(B) shipping
(C) shipped
(D) shipment
9. In his letter, Bob told us to visit him the next
time we to be in New Orleans.
(A) happen
(B) happens
(C) happening
(D) were happened
10. He agreed to purchase the small company provided
that all prior business records be
during negotiations.
(A) disclose
(B) to disclose
(C) disclosing
(D) disclosed
11. Michael hurt his shoulder during a football
game and has been rehabilitation
to heal from the surgery.
(A) undergo
(B) undergoing
(C) undergone
(D) underwent
12. If the files are properly.anyone in the office can easily access and retrieve important information.
(A) arrange
(B) arranged
(C) arranging
(D) arranges
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13. Many of the trees by the state’s
engineering department, which will help complete the
road to the lake.
(A) were removed
(B) removed
(C) would remove
(D) were removing
14. Guests are kindly to complete
this form and return it to the concierge when checking
out of the hotel.
(A) request
(B) requesting
(C) requested
(D) requests
15. Organizational performance can
by constantly innovating at the intersection of IT and
business.
(A) improves
(B) be improving
(C) improvements
(D) be improved
16. The winners of the university’s annual fiction writing
competition are full-tuition scholarships.
(A) award
(B) awarded
(C) awarding
(D) awards
17. Unfortunately, several customers were subjectedPhil’s
abusive behavior
before he was finally removed from the sales floor.
(A) by
(B) in
(C) to
(D) with
18. Before any home in the bay area can be sold,
inspections must be to deter
mine if asbestos was used in insulating the walls or
ceilings.
(A) conduct
(B) conducts
(C) conducted
(D) conducting
19. Through our flexible financing options, healthcare
providers are able to acquire equipment through a
program that especially for their budgets.
(A) designed
(B) designs
(C) was designing
(D) was designed
20. A recent study released by the federal gov
ernment states that the employment rate of women by
9 percent in the last
five years.
(A) rose
(B) was risen
(C) has been risen
(D) has risen
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U n i t 8 Conditionals & Subjunctives
There are two kinds of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real Conditional describes real-life situations. Unreal Conditional
describes unreal, imaginary situations. Although the various conditional forms might seem quite abstract at first, they are
actually some of the most useful structures in English and are commonly included in the TOEIC test.
e.g.
If I had enough money, I could buy the bag.
First Conditional
A Form
lf-clause
If + Subject + Verb
(present tense)
main clause
Subject + will/shall/can/may + bare infinitive/Verb (present
tense)/lmperative
e.g. If he is honest, I’ll employ him.
B Use • Nature: This is known as open conditional as what is said in the condition is possible.
• Time: The conditions refer either to present or to future time.
iQTOEIC Questions)
1. If the economic conditions in the country among
the people. (A) don’t (C) wouldn’t
(B) won’t (D) couldn’t
2. If the traffic problems are not solved soon, traffic congestion in cities
(A) becomes (C) become
(B) will become (D) had become
Answers on page 308
improve, there will be widespread unrest
impossible.
3. If we don’t concentrate on this project now, we
(A) cannot (C) cannot have
(B) could not (D) could not have
meet the deadline.
Second Conditional
A Form
lf-clause
If + Subject + Verb (were/past tense)
main clause Subject + would/could/might + bare infinitive
e.g. If I were you, I would take the post.
If he had enough time, he would meet her.
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B Use
• Nature: These are unreal, impossible or improbable situations.
• Time: The conditions refer to the present (the tense is past, but we are talking about the present).
(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 308
1. If you
(A) lived
(B) had lived
2. If he
(A) had
(B) has
3. If the weather
(A) would be
(B) be
closer to my office, you could drop by there more often.
(C) live
(D) would live
a job, he could pay back the money that he borrowed from me.
(C) will
(D) had had
nice today, we could have a barbecue in the yard.
(C) is
(D) were
Third Conditional
A Form
lf-clause main clause
If + Subject + Verb (past perfect tense) Subject + would/could/might + have + past participle
e.g. If you had come then, you could have met him.
B Use
• Nature: These are unreal, impossible or improbable situations.
• Time: The conditions refer to the past (i.e. we are talking about situations that were unreal in
the past).
Answers on page 308
(oTOEIC Questions)
1. If he her advice, he would have succeeded.
(A) took (C) would take
(B) take (D) had taken
2. If Jerry that the meeting would finish early, he wouldn’t have cancelled his two o’clock
appointment with his client. (A) knew (C) knows
(B) has known (D) had known
3. If I had noticed the brand of the skirt, I
(A) would not (C) had not
(B) would not have (D) would be
chosen it.
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Future Real Conditional with Should
A Form
lf-clause
If + Subject + should + bare infinitive
main clause
Subject + Verb (simple future)/lmperative
e.g. If you should meet him there, please tell him to come home.
If it should rain tomorrow, we will not go on a picnic.
8 Use
• Nature: The Future Real Conditional describes what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future. Although this
form is called “real", you are usually imagining or guessing about the future. Still, it is possible that the action might occur in
the future.
• Time: The conditions refer to the future.
{oTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 308
1. If I pass the bar examination, my parents will be glad.
(A) should (C) would
(B) shall (D) were
2. If she become aware of his intention, she will be greatly disappointed.
(A) shall (C) should
(B) could (D) will
Inversion in Conditionals
l Informal English, the subject and the auxiliary will be inverted in the if-clause with if omitted: eg. If I were you, I would take
the post.
Were I you, I would take the post.
If you had come then, you could have met him.
Had you come then, you could have met him.
If you should meet him there, please tell him to come home.
Should you meet him there, please tell him to come home.
Answers on page 308 (oTQEIC Questions)
1. it not been for your help, I would not have passed the examination.
(A) Have (C) Had
(B) Would (D) Will
2. you find any errors in the file that you’re proofreading, you should report them to the
manager right away. (A) If should (C) If had
(B) Should (D) Had
3. he worn a protective helmet, he wouldn’t have died.
(A) Should (C) If
(B) Should have (D) Had
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ESHH Present Subjunctives if
The present subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. This structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For
all verbs, the present subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to”) and it is only noticeable in certain forms
and tenses.
A The present subjunctive is used after certain verbs.
Q Verbs
insist order command wish request
require ask suggest propose
Q Structure
Subject + Verb + that + Subject + (should) + bare infinitive
e.g. He insisted that he go abroad to study music.
The officer ordered that they carry the cabinet into the room.
The company required that he bring some picture identification.
I suggested that we go on a picnic next Saturday.
Note: The use of the present subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in British English, where
should + bare infinitive is often used.
e.g. The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night.
B The present subjunctive is used after certain expressions.
It is important/essential/imperative/necessary/recommended/suggested + that + Subject +
(should) + bare infinitive
e.g. It is imperative that every employee wear his or her name badge in the office.
It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
It is important that she attend the meeting.
It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom
of the Grand Canyon.
QTOEIC Questions j
1. The chief engineer insists that all engineers
to operate it properly. (A) be (C) will be
(B) are (D) were
2. It is imperative that the new product
(A) will be (C) be
(B) is (D) was
Answers on page 308 familiar with the manual of the
machine
shown to the public as soon as possible.
3. He required that each applicant a photo to the application.
(A) attached (C) would attach
(B) had attached (D) attach
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Equivalents of If
a Below are words and phrases that are equivalent to “if” in meaning.
provided (that) in
case
providing (that)
without
suppose (that)
once
supposing (that)
otherwise
jpTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 308
1. Without her help, I
(A) can
(B) would
have never had all of this work done on time.
(C) must
(D) need
2. you had a billion dollars, what would you do with it?
(C) Provide
(D) Suppose (A) Though
(B) Like
3. Employees in the Sales Department never have succeeded in completing the report
on time without the marketing team’s cooperation.
(A) can
(B) must
(C) would
(D) will
ISEEB Other Subjunctive Structures
A Past and past perfect subjunctives after wish
Wish is often used with the past/past perfect subjunctive because their meanings are close to
the unrealness.
e.g. I wish I were rich. (In fact, I am not rich.)
I wish I had been rich. (In fact, I was not rich.)
Since the past/past perfect subjunctive is not relative to the tense, although wish is changed
into the past tense, the verb of the subordinate clause is not changed,
e.g. I wished I were rich. (In fact, I am not rich.)
I wished I had been rich. (In fact, I was not rich.)
B As if/As though
Clauses that start with as if/as though describe an unreal or improbable situation if they are
followed by an unreal tense (the past subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive).
The past subjunctive after as if/as though indicates an unreal situation in thepresent.
e.g. He talks as if he were rich. (In fact, he is not rich.)
The past perfect subjunctive after as if/as though is used to refer to an unreal past situation.
e.g. He talks as if he had been rich. (In fact, he was not rich.)
Since the subjunctive is not relative to the tense, although the verb in the main clause is
changed into the past tense, the verb of the subordinate clause is not changed.
e.g. He talked as if he were rich. (In fact, he is not rich.)
He talked as if he had been rich. (In fact, he was not rich.)
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C If it were not for/If it had not been for
If it were not for/But for/Without + noun /noun phrase If it had not been for/But
for/Without + noun/noun phrase
e.g. If it were not for your help, I could not complete the project.
= But for/Without your help, I could not complete the project.
If it had not been for my wife’s care, I would have died of cancer. = But
for/Without my wife’s care, I would have died of cancer.
(oTOEIC Questions)
1. She talks as if she to Chicago to attend the last biennale.
(A) will go (C) has been
(B) had been (D) goes
2. If it for your assistance, they couldn’t have coped with the disaster.
(A) were not (C) had not been
(B) had been (D) was not
Answers on page 309
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TOEIC Practice Conditionals & Subjunctives
1. If you have more than two year’s experience
in the industry, you may for the
position.
(A) apply
(B) applying
(C) have application
(D) have applying
2. Harriett had ordered sufficient
packing materials, there wouldn’t be a delay in getting
the boxes in the mail.
(A) If
(B) So
(C) That
(D) Since
3. If there are no other matters to discuss now,
we the meeting.
(A) conclude
(B) would conclude
(C) will conclude
(D) concluded
4. the recruiter reviewed John’s resume
carefully, he would have been called in for a job
interview.
(A) Had
(B) Should
(C) If
(D) Having
5. If we could bring together the skills of these
two candidates, we a perfect
match to end this project.
(A) have
(B) would have
(C) can have
(D) will have
6. find any errors in the file that you’re
proofreading, you should report them to the director right
away.
(A) If
(B) Should
(C) If should
(D) Should you
7. The computer might have shut down without
warning if the software compatible with the operating
system.
(A) is not
(B) will not
(C) would not
(D) had not been
8. Federal law requires that each item at the
duty free shop clearly warranty
information.
(A) display
(B) displays
(C) displayed
(D) is displayed
9. If he really to transfer to Mem
phis, he would have brought it up with his supervisor at
the meeting.
(A) wants
(B) would want
(C) has wanted
(D) had wanted
10. The safety inspectors insist that the packing system
immediately to avoid
any future accident.
(A) is replaced
(B) had been
(C) replaced
(D) be replaced
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The three verbals - gerunds, to-infinitives, and participles - are formed from verbs, but are never used alone as action verbs in
sentences. Instead, verbals function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. These verbals are important in phrases.
To-lnfinitives
Functions of To-lnfinitives
A To-infinitives may function as nouns being the subject, object, or complement in a
sentence.
B To-infinitives may function as adjectives.
Just like a single-word adjective, a to-infinitive used as an adjective always describes a noun. It may be a complement coming
after the verb be or some linking verbs or follow the noun it describes. e.g. The meeting is to be held tomorrow.
He is not a man to break his promise.
C To-infinitives may function as adverbs.
Just like a single-word adverb, a to-infinitive used as an adverb always describes a verb or an adjective. An adverbial infinitive
usually occurs at the beginning or at the end of a sentence and does not need to be next to the verb it describes.
e.g. I went to the supermarket to buy some milk, (expressing purpose)
I’m happy to hear that you got a promotion, (expressing cause)
pTQEIC Questions j Answers on page 309
1. pursuing the company’s sales strategy, we need to study and reflect on current trends
and situations.
(A) To continue
(B) Continued (C) Continue
(D) Continues
2. Even though we hired more people to do the proofreading, we weren’t able deadline. the
(A) meet
(B) to meet
(C) meeting
(D) to be met
3. The factory managers have a legal and moral obligation a safe work environment.
(A) provides
(B) to provide
(C) provide
(D) provided
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Form of To-lnfinitives
B A to-infinitive is a verbal formed by placing to in front of the base form of a verb.
(ÔTOEIC Questions) Answerson page 309
1. To the building, extra funding will be required in the budget.
(A) maintain (C) maintenance
(B) maintaining (D) maintained
2. Because the customer had not purchased the laptop at the designated store, the manufacturer
refused to the faulty laptop.
(A) replacing (C) having replaced
(B) replace (D) replaced
3. Jenny refused to those letters for the sales manager because he was not her immediate
supervisor.
(A) typed (C) type
(B) typing (D) the type
Gerunds as Objects of the Preposition To
■ A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that functions as a noun and in the following verb phrases, it is the object of the
preposition to.
look forward to object to
be used to be accustomed to
be devoted to pay attention to
be committed to in addition to
be opposed to when it comes to
(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page
309
1. My family and I are looking forward to my cousins again.
(A) see (C) seeing
(B) to see (D) be seen
2. All of those taking part in the current labor negotiations are devoted to their goals.
(A) achieving (C) achieves
(B) achieve (D) achieved
3. Be sure to pay attention to the cost of the promotions when you estimate the
expenses.
(A) address (C) be addressing
(B) addressing (D) addressed
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To-lnfinitives in Sentences with It as False Subjects
A Instead of coming at the beginning of a sentence to be the subject, it is more common for a to-infinitive
to come in the middle while It functions as the false subject in a sentence. e.g. It is good to exercise every morning. false subject real subject
B To-infinitives after prepositional phrases
□ For
It will be difficult for me to master Japanese in a year. It is necessary
for her to do the task.
I stepped aside foiMthe_vehicles to pass.
□ Of
It is kind of you to help me.
It is foolish of me not to follow his advice. It is polite
of her to say that.
r, p T0.EIC Questions)
1. It is convenient
overtime. (A) for
(B) of
2. It is necessary
(A) of
(B) in
Answers on page 309
all of us to have a microwave at the office since we often work
(C) to
(D) with
you to carry a valid photo ID with you during your visit.
(C) for
(D) with
3. Your donation made it possible us to continue offering our students free education
and to provide opportunities for personal development. (A) of (C) in
(B) for (D) with
(55B To-lnfinitives as Objects of Verbs
n Below are verbs that are followed by a to-infinitive as their objects.
afford agree ask begin continue desire
expect fail hope learn like offer
plan pretend promise propose refuse try
want wish need decide manage choose
e.g. I want to be a good writer.
Please try to do better next time.
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■o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 309
1. They decided
(A) lending
(B) to lend
2. Having managed
me some money when I explained that I was in a difficult situation.
(C) by lending
(D) lent
his business from going bankrupt, Mr. Matthews decided to sell his
stock while he still had the opportunity.
(A) prevent
(B) preventing
3. If both parties agree
(A) sign
(B) signing
4. The couple wanted
conglomerates. (A) investing
(B) to investing
(C) prevented
(D) to prevent
the contract, we can officially announce the merger.
(C) to sign
(D) of signing
most of their money in medium-sized companies instead of
(C) to invest
(D) invest
To-lnfinitives After Adjectives
■ Below are adjectives that are always followed by to-infinitives.
be easy be necessary
be able be difficult
be willing be unable
be likely be unwilling
be ready be unlikely
be eager be reluctant
be free be sure
be anxious be convenient
be possible be natural
jo TOEiC ^estions) --------------------------------- Answers on page 309
1. He is to undertake the position because it will pay a lot more.
(A) willing (C) hesitate
(B) reluctant (D) fortunately
2. It is for businesses to expand in the present economic climate.
(A) difficult (C) fortunately
(B) willing (D) potential
3. We believe that it is necessary everyone to be prepared for the meeting this Friday.
(A) remind (C) reminding
(B) to remind (D) reminded
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Noun + To-Infinitive
□ Below are some nouns that are often followed by a to-infinitive.
ability attempt chance opportunity right time way
(o TOEIC Questions)
1. All of my attempts
(A) open
(B) to open
Answers on page 309
the door failed because it was locked.
(C) opening
(D) opened
around the garden and to share their 2. The two business partners had the opportunity
experiences with each other. (A) walk (C) walked
(B) walking (D) to walk
3. Hank Jackman’s performance was outstanding despite the fact that he didn’t have much time
for the part.
(A) prepare (C) preparing
(B) preparation (D) to prepare
BBS To-lnfinitives as Object Complements
□ Below are transitive verbs that are followed by to-infinitives as object complements.
advise enable expect order urge
instruct would like would love tell compel
request require teach choose get
warn wish cause force remind
allow ask forbid persuade want
e.g. I advised him to study hard for the test.
I urged her to sell her house.
He told me to quit smoking.
Note: When the verbs above are in the passive form, a to-infinitive always follows them.
e.g. He was advised to study hard for the test.
She was urged to sell her house.
I was told to quit smoking.
(o TOEIC Questions)
1. My high school teacher has always encouraged me
(A) go (C) to go
(B) going (D) to have gone
Answers on page 309
to university.
2. The Federal Transportation Administration expects the number of buses 10% in three years. (A) increase (C) to increase (B) increasing (D) increased
by more than
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3. With the repairs, we can expect the machine
(A) to be (C) be
(B) being (D) is
fully operational again within two months.
Gerunds
Functions of Gerunds
I A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that functions as a noun being the subject, object of a verb, complement, or object of a
preposition. e-S- Parking is prohibited on this street, (subject)
I finished repairing the broken door, (object of the verb "finish”)
One of his hobbies is collecting stamps, (complement)
I am relaxing by listening to music, (object of the preposition “by")
(oTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 309
1. new developed products every year is essential for the survival of most companies in the high-technology
field.
(A) Launch (C) Launched
(B) Launching (D) Launches
2. water pollution levels requires decreasing the amount of untreated waste from manufacturing factories.
(A) Reducing (C) Reduces
(B) Reduce (D) Reduced
3. experienced professors to provide high-quality educational services is important to any university.
(A) Find (C) Finding
(B) Found (D) To be found
Using Nouns When Possible
■ Though gerunds function as nouns, they cannot replace nouns when nouns of the same meaning are available.
(oTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 309
1. The general director announced that the department’s for submitting new proposals
was too complicated and needed to be changed or adjusted.
(A) proceed (C) procedure
(B) proceeding (D) proceeded
2. The manager who is in charge of the department will review your in order to check
your qualifications meet our requirements.
(A) applying (C) applied
(B) application (D) apply
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3. Some of the team members showed for his valued contributions to the project.
(A) recognize (C) recognizing
(B) to be recognized (D) recognition
Gerunds as Objects of Verbs
a Below are verbs that are followed by gerunds as their direct objects.
admit avoid consider finish give up
mind suggest delay deny enjoy
include discontinue recommend quit postpone
practice advise reject
e.g. Would you mind opening the window? I just
finished reporting to my boss.
.0 T OEIC Questionsj
1. When he finished
(A) to write
(B) writing
2. We are considering
younger generation. (A) to introduce
(B) introducing
3. The customer considered
limited. (A) buying
(B) to buy
Answers on page 309
the letters, he made himself a cup of coffee.
(C) written
(D) write
a new product line designed by Harris, which will target the
(C) introduce
(D) introduced
the DVD player until she learned that the warranty was very
(C) bought
(D) of buying
4. Please quit
(A) postpone
(B) to postpone
the meeting and visit the client in her office this week.
(C) postponing
(D) postponed
Gerunds & To-lnfinitives as Objects of Verbs
□ Below are verbs that can be followed by both gerunds and to-infinitives, but there is difference in meaning: after these verbs,
a to-infinitive refers to the future, while a gerund expresses an earlier action relative to the time of the verb in the main
clause.
forget regret remember stop
e.g. I stopped to smoke. (= I stopped doing something in order to smoke.)
I stopped smoking. (= I stopped the act of smoking.)
I remember to meet him tomorrow evening. (= I will meet him tomorrow evening.)
I remember meeting him 2 years ago. (= I met him 2 years ago and now I remember that.)
I regret to inform you of our mistake. (I’m going to tell you about our mistake.)
I regret informing you of our mistake. (I did tell you about our mistake some time earlier.)
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(OTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 309
1. Next month, we will have to stop in the office.
(A) to smoke (C) to smoking
(B) smoking (D) smoke
2. Jennifer stopped some much-neededrest before attempting to type the report.
(A) to get (C) get
(B) getting (D) gotten
3. Though I clearly remember the car key inmy pocket this morning,I don’t have it now.
(A) to put (C) to have put
(B) put (D) putting
4. We regret that the train bound for Tokyo will leave one hour behind schedule.
(A) to say (C) said
(B) saying (D) say
Gerunds as Objects of the Preposition To
■ Below are expressions ending in the preposition to and followed by a gerund as their direct object. (This point has been
mentioned in Point 3 - To-lnfinitives).
look forward to when it comes to
be used to object to
be devoted to be accustomed to
be committed to pay attention to
be opposed to in addition to
(oTQEIC Questions) Answers on pa9e 309
1. Animal rights groups object animals in laboratory testing.
(A) to use (C) to using
(B) using (D) having used
2. Mary’s father is still opposed to abroad to get a more stable job.
(A) go (C) goes
(B) going (D) gone
3. The students in the class are devoted to English to get high scores on their tests.
(A) studying (C) study
(B) to study (D) studied
Gerunds Following Prepositions
■ After a preposition, either a noun or a gerund is correct. Frequently, you are expected to choose a gerund as the correct answer
in the TOEIC test.
e.g. On studying English, I feel my speaking ability is getting better.
In studying English, the most difficult thing is grammar.
By studying English, my grade is getting better.
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(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 309
1. The test is important in the differences between the two theories and correlated
samples.
(A) determine (C) determining
(B) to determine (D) determined
2. Anyone who wants to receive information about the program can register by us on the
World Wide Web at any time. (A) visit (C) visiting
(B) to visit (D) visited
3. translating the contract, he was able to understand exactly what the terms of the deal were. (A) By (C) With
(B) For (D) To
Expressions with Gerunds
B Below are some common expressions that are always followed by a gerund.
be busy cannot help
keep make a point of
feel like there is no point (in)
it is no use end up
have a hard time/difficulty/trouble be comfortable in
go
z -- — ---------------------- : -------- > Answers on page 309
(o TOEIC Questionsj
1. While the Manufacturing Department was making the new products, the marketing team was
busy to launch them. (A) preparing (C) to prepare
(B) prepared (D) prepare
2. My daughters want to go in the downtown area this afternoon if it is possible.
(A) shop (C) shopping
(B) to shop (D) shopped
3. The manufacturing company had a lot of difficulty a contract with the Swedish retail
chain.
(A) made
(B) making
(C) to make
(D) to making
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Participles
Forms and Functions of Participles
Participles come in two categories: past and present.
The past participles of all regular verbs end in -ed; the past participles of irregular verbs, however, vary considerably, e.g. the
past participle of bring is brought, of sing is sung.
The present participles are the only verb forms that are completely regular. The present participle is formed by adding -ing to
the base form of a verb, e.g. bringing, singing.
Participles have three functions in sentences. They can be components of multipart verbs, or they can function as adject ives or
nouns.
A Present participles
The man wearing glasses is my brother, (modifying the noun “man”) The news is very
surprising, (subject complement)
I saw him drinking coffee at the café. (object complement)
The baby is sleeping on the bed. (forming the present continuous tense)
B Past participles
He likes fried chicken, (modifying the noun “chicken”)
We were surprised to hear the news, (subject complement)
I heard his named caljed. (object complement)
I have known him for ten years, (forming the present perfect tense) The house was
built in 2000. (forming the passive)
C Participial phrases
As I felt excited, I quickly made a reservation for the tour, (adverb clause) Feeling
excited, I quickly made a reservation for the tour, (participial phrase)
Using Adjectives When Possible
■ Though participles function as adjectives, they cannot replace adjectives when adjectives of the same meaning are
available. • Satisfied, challenging and impressed are defined as adjectives in any dictionary.
_ ------- Answers on page 309
tPTQEIC Questions)
1. developments have recently occurred in the electronics industry.
(A) Significant (C) Signified
(B) Signifying (D) Signification
2. The company High-Tech has introduced a new testing system for all employees.
(A) prospect (C) protecting
(B) prospective (D) protected
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3. Since the vending machine was out of coins, I had to insert the
(A) correct (C) corrected
(B) correcting (D) correction
amount of change.
CSSB Participles as Adjectives
We have seen that a participle modifies a noun or a pronoun like an adjective. We usually use the past participle (ending in -ed)
to talk about how someone feels and use the present participle (ending in -ing) to talk about the person, thing, or situation
which causes the feeling.
A Participles as attributive adjectives
Ç) Present participles: Verb + -ing e-g-
an interesting game boiling water an amazing story a continuing situation
remaining tickets rising costs existing equipment a fascinating place
a competing company a growing population
Q Past participles: Verb + -ed or Past participle of irregular verbs
e.g.
a tired man enclosed stamps restricted areas a retired employee
a designated spot a revised budget a written contract an assigned task
Most common participles as attributive adjectives
attached envelopes a challenging task
a confusing matter a demanding supervisor
a distinguished singer an encouraging job
an existing problem finished goods
a lasting effect a promising man
a reserved seat rewarding work
the rising sun an unused leave
a dedicated worker a designated area
a diversified solution an exciting game
an experienced man a growing number of clients
a limited time a required inspection
a revised regulation a rising population
a surrounding area updated data
o TOEIC Questions. Answers on page 309
1- The product will be available for the demonstration by the project team next Monday.
(A) finish (C) finished
(B) finishing (D) finisher
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2. We were able to persuade the customers that our new model is better than the one made by the firm. (A) compete (C) competed
(B) competing (D) competence
Participles of Emotions
B As explained in Point 3 of this unit, we usually use the past participle to talk about how someone feels and the present
participle to talk about the person, thing, or situation which causes the feeling.
Below are verbs that can form participles showing emotions.
amaze bore challenge confuse surprise
disappoint embarrass exhaust fascinate frighten
impress interest overwhelm please
e.g. I was really bored during the flight.
Disney Land is the most fascinating place I have ever travelled to.
oTOEIC Questions)
1. Until recently, it had been an
(A) excited
(B) excite
2. Mr. Kim sometimes feels
classmates’. (A) disappointed
(B) to be disappointed
Answers on page 309
experience for me to travel just ten miles from home.
(C) exciting
(D) excitedly
because he knows his English isn’t as good as his
(C) disappoint
(D) disappointing
3. The main reason we go to the national park is that we can appreciate the
made by a famous artist. (A) fascination (C) fascinating
(B) fascinated (D) fascinate
sculptures
(3StDils9 Reduced Participial Phrases
A Forms of participial phrases
Q Two sentences that share the same subject can be merged (joined) into one sentence to avoid wordiness. A clause with an
active verb is reduced to a present or perfect participial phrase. A clause with a passive verb is reduced to a past
participial phrase, and it is placed directly after (but sometimes before) the noun it modifies.
The students (who are) studying in the library are mine.
The goods (which were) ordered last month were delivered today.
(Being) Written in German, the document was impossible for us to understand. (Having been) Cleaned
completely, the office looked great when we got there.
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□ To make the meaning clear, such conjunctions as while/when/unless are not omitted.
When starting a job interview, you should look confident.
B Examples of reduced participial phrases
When I saw him, I started to cry.
= Seeing him, I started to cry. (present participial phrase)
As it was written by him, the book is selling well now.
= Written by him, the book is selling well now. (past participial phrase)
Because she had finished washing the dishes, she went out.
= Having finished washing the dishes, she went out. (perfect participial phrase)
As there is no bus service, we have to take a taxi. = There being no bus service, we have to take a taxi, (different subjects in two clauses)
,—— -------------------------- : ------- x Answers on page 309
ipTOEIC Questions)
1. Once with Joy Department Store, Angelina’s Shopping Center will be shut down.
(A) merging (C) are merging
(B) have merged (D) merged
2. After to the office, Andy immediately began to work because there were a lot of
documents piled up on his desk. (A) returning (C) return
(B) to return (D) returned
3. all of the items planned for the meeting, the committee finished its business for the day. (A) Covers (C) Covered
(B) Being covered (D) Having covered
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TOEIC Practice
1. I sent the suppliers an e-mail
the modifications to be made to our next shipment.
(A) details
(B) detail
(C) detailed
(D) detailing
2. Despite the lack of manpower, the accounting
division managed the
project
on schedule.
(A) keep
(B) keeping
(C) kept
(D) to keep
3. We traveled to Atlanta to have a closer look
at the site for the new factory, but the area was so
undeveloped that it did not seem worth the
money.
(A) invest
(B) investing
(C) invested
(D) to invest
4. Mr. Jones accepted responsibility for the
design team’s inability the
project on time and under budget.
(A) to finish
(B) finishing
(C) finished
(D) finishes
5. Despite an unexpected delay of more than
two hours, visitors to the White House were finally able
the President.
(A) meet
(B) meeting
(C) meets
(D) to meet
6. Even a little negative publicity can harm a
company’s image by customers’
confidence.
(A) damage
(B) damaging
(C) damageable
(D) damaged
7. Our annual company retreat provides a
great setting ideas and foster
relationships across all of the company’s departments.
(A) to exchange
(B) exchanges
(C) exchange
(D) exchanged
8. For this entire document from
English to Tamil, Mr. Singh was paid only $35.
(A) translate
(B) translating
(C) translated
(D) to translate
9. We are currently investigating new ways
more consumer interest in our
products and services.
(A) generate
(B) generating
(C) to generate
(D) generated
10. Any customers to cancel their
contracts early will be required to pay a fee equal to 15%
of their monthly rate.
(A) intended
(B) intends
(C) to intend
(D) intending
11. It is not yet clear whether the vendors are
willing us a further discount for
the larger quantity we are ordering.
(A) to offer
(B) offer
(C) offering
(D) offers
12. to isolate the source of a minor accounting error, James
discovered evidence of embezzlement.
(A) Attempted
(B) Attempts
(C) Attempting
(D) To attempt
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a> ’>
c as
13. Some loans give you the option of
the terms after the fixed rate period has ended while
others are more restrictive in their wording.
(A) renegotiate
(B) to renegotiate
(C) renegotiation
(D) renegotiating
14. Julia rarely joins us in the cafeteria at lunchtime,
preferring to use her time
at the local fitness center instead.
(A) exercise
(B) exercising
(C) exerciser
(D) exercised
15. The interviewer will usually ask you questions to
evaluate your ability
various tasks successfully.
(A) comprehend
(B) comprehensive
(C) comprehension
(D) to comprehend
16. Protesters blocked traffic during the demonstration, many
workers to be late
for work.
(A) cause
(B) caused
(C) causing
(D) to cause
17. The main reason our batteries are more popular than our
competitors’ is that
them takes less time.
(A) recharged
(B) to recharging
(C) recharge
(D) recharging
18. It is that the suggested revisions
to the blueprints will reduce costs as well as enhance the
lighting in the lobby area.
(A) anticipate
(B) anticipated
(C) anticipating
(D) anticipation
19. In an effort to schedule a technician
my fax machine, I called the company, but each time
the line was busy, or I was abruptly disconnected.
(A) repair
(B) repairs
(C) to repair
(D) repaired
20. Wise brokers will advise their clients to
maintain a portfolio that ranges
between high-risk and low-risk stocks.
(A) diversify
(B) diversifying
(C) diversified
(D) diversification
21. The phone company’s customer service
manager flatly refused the out
rageous amount they charged us for this call to
Antarctica.
(A) reduce
(B) reducing
(C) reduction
(D) to reduce
22. Morale has improved greatly among those
workers the option of working
flextime schedules.
(A) given
(B) were given
(C) have given
(D) gave
23. Soon after his resignation was announced, Stan
Marshall met with senior managers
finding his replacement.
(A) discuss
(B) discussing
(C) discussion
(D) to discuss
24. Essential oils from lavender and
vanilla are the chief components of the new herbal
soap.
(A) extract
(B) extracting
(C) extracted
(D) extractability
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25. how many products we have in stock is crucial to our
shipping procedures.
(A) Know
(B) Known
(C) Knowing
(D) To knowing
26. Any researchers in a modern
laboratory face the challenge of controlling a wide array
of different instruments.
(A) have worked
(B) work
(C) working
(D) are working
27. There are certainly as many ways to
a personal office space as there are different kinds of
people.
(A) organize
(B) organizing
(C) organization
(D) to organizing
28. To avoid out of business, owners
should have well-prepared business plans and
innovative ideas.
(A) go
(B) going
(C) to go
(D) to going
29. An important quality of anyone working in
customer service is the ability a
positive attitude, especially during stressful situations.
(A) maintain
(B) maintaining
(C) to maintain
(D) maintained
30. It is to our advantage customers
to speak highly about our products since it is an indirect
way of advertising.
(A) for
(B) of
(C) with
(D) from
31. In the plan, the entrepreneur will
conduct research to determine a systematic and realistic
evaluation.
(A) developed
(B) development
(C) developing
(D) developers
32. Jessica and Mandy will only purchasing appliances
that come with a money-back guarantee.
(A) think
(B) want
(C) hope
(D) consider
33. Mr. Miles is a very generous and capable
manager, but he is not very helpful when it comes tous
of what isgoing
on in the organization.
(A) inform
(B) informed
(C) informing
(D) having informed
34. If you are expecting Ms. Simmons that many seats for
you, then you had better let her know well in advance of
the deadline.
(A) reserves
(B) to reserve
(C) of reserving
(D) reserving
35. profitable yet competitive product prices is a vital
component of any company’s success in the marketplace.
(A) Establishing
(B) Established
(C) Establishment
(D) To establishing
36. The team manager will call for a meeting to
discuss the for revising the
company’s articles of association.
(A) propose
(B) proposal
(C) proposing
(D) proposed
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o u
OJ >
37. Before computing his taxes, make sure you
remember the allowable home
improvement expenses.
(A) deduction
(B) deducting
(C) deducted
(D) to deduct
38. We found the new security system so
because we had to change the secret
number every two months.
(A) frustrate
(B) frustrating
(C) frustrated
(D) frustration
39. Port Stephens is a major coastal and recreational
holiday center as Blue
Water Paradise.
(A) known
(B) knowing
(C) know
(D) to know
40. that she had made no mistakes in her calculation,
Pamela didn’t bother
to check the monthly sales report before turning it in.
(A) Assume
(B) To assume
(C) Assuming
(D) Assumed
41. After everyone at the accident
scene, investigators concluded that the icy roads
had caused the car to hit the pedestrian.
(A) question
(B) questioned
(C) questioning
(D) questionable
42. the project on time, the design team celebrated by
eating dinner at Mario's Grill.
(A) Complete
(B) Completion
(C) Completed
(D) Having completed
43. Julia Truman’s presentation on self-improve-
ment strategies in the workplace was by far the most
speech at the confer
ence.
(A) inspire
(B) inspires
(C) inspiring
(D) inspiration
44. The revenue from thousands
of fundraising events is expected to raise sizable cash
donations to the tsunami relief effort.
(A) combine
(B) combination
(C) combining
(D) combined
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U n i t Phrases, Clauses & Sentences ■
You must be able to recognize phrases, sentences, and clauses so that you can do your test well.
Basic Components in a Sentence
A Words
A word is a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a
principal carrier of meaning. e.§. company, economic, merge, rapidly
B Phrases
A phrase is a small group of words that forms a meaningful unit within a clause. There are several different types of phrases,
such as: Q Noun phrase
I want a new dress.
Q Prepositional phrase
The furniture in her room was luxurious.
Q Adverb phrase
We tried our best to complete the project in time.
C Clauses
A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or
it may be a complete sentence in itself.
9 Noun clause
I said that I was happy.
Q Adjective clause
He was the man whom I met yesterday.
Q Adverb clause
They went out when it rained.
Note: Various conjunctions are often used in adverb clauses. e.g. Although he was inexperienced, he was promoted to
manager.
ES3B Prepositional Phrases vs. Adverb Clauses
A Prepositional phrase = Preposition + noun
A preposition is usually followed by a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund.
B Adverb clause = Conjunction + Subject + Verb
An adverb clause always starts with a conjunction.
Before the class, we had a meeting. (Before is a preposition.)
Before you start the engine, you should wait for ten seconds. (Before is a conjunction.)
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After the class, we will have a meeting. (After is a preposition.) After I finish the
class, I will go home. (After is a conjunction.)
I have lived here since the event, (since is a preposition.)
I have lived here since I came to L.A.. (since is a conjunction.)
1333SEEB Prepositions vs. Conjunctions
o As introduced in Point 2 above, a preposition precedes a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund and a conjunction starts a
clause.
e.g. It is morning, for the birds are singing, (for is a conjunction.)
I could not see anything for the fog. (for is a preposition.)
Below are prepositions and conjunctions that are similar in meaning and often cause confusion.
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 309
1. Many people prefer large cars
(A) though
(B) although (C) despite
(D) during
the rising cost of fuel.
2. Many small companies went bankrupt the rise in the interest rate.
(A) even though
(B) even
(C) because of
(D) because
3. Andy is young and relatively inexperienced, he is just as capable as other candidates, so we hope he gets the
position.
(A) Before
(B) Despite
(C) Regarding
(D) Although
the patient was not recovering quickly, the physician told him to do nothing but rest 4.
for at least a week.
(A) Because of
(B) Even (C) Because
(D) Despite
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Sentences
■ A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. It must contain a subject and a finite verb.
e.g. Tom plays football every morning.
Subj. Verb
ioTOEIC Questions) Answers on page
309
1. The faculty meeting at 8:00 P.M. every night.
(A) begins (C) to begin
(B) beginning (D) begun
2. Before you start the engine, you should the manual carefully.
(A) reading (C) to read
(B) read (D) reads
3. The concert at 7:00P.M. and should be finished by 9:30 P.M.
(A) begin (C) to begin
(B) begins (D) beginning
4. High school students who their time to public charities will get bonus points.
(A) volunteer (C) voluntary
(B) to volunteer (D) voluntarily
5. The quality of the overall products after the company installed the automatic checking
system.
(A) improved (C) improvement
(B) improving (D) improvingly
Finite Verbs in Sentences
■ In a complete sentence, the finite verb always follow the subject, but sometimes there is a participial phrase, a relative
clause, or a prepositional phrase modifying the subject coming between them. You, therefore, should be careful to be able to
recognize the finite verb when doing the test.
e.g. The survey (conducted last week) shows positive customer feedback.
The documents (you had requested) were sent this morning.
The manager (from the associated company) hasn’t been very cooperative.
------- 1; ------ \ Answers on page
------- 309
(o TOEIC Questions)
1. Employees having problems with their computers the issues to the maintenance office.
(A) report (C) reports
(B) to report (D) reporting
2. People interested in the position their application along with their diplomas.
(A) submit (C) submitting
(B) submission (D) submits
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3. The reports you handed in last Monday a lot of spelling mistakes, so you should
revise them. (A) have (C) having
(B) to have (D) has
Commas in Sentences
□ In long sentences, a comma may be added to make the meaning clear. A comma is used in the following structures:
Q Adverb, Subject + Verb
Apparently, he didn’t seem to care about it.
(j) Prepositional phrase, Subject + Verb
Since her recent promotion, Jane has been very cheerful.
Q Adverb clause, Subject + Verb
After Andy returned to the office, he immediately began to work.
Q Participial phrase, Subject + Verb
Returning to the office, Andy immediately began to work.
fo TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310
1. , the new promotion team works well together despite the members’ different backgrounds and experiences. (A) General (C) Generalize
(B) Generally (D) Generalization
2. , the profit figures of the company need to be calculated.
(A) Biannual (C) Biannulate
(B) Biannually (D) Biangular
3. many people enjoy going on a vacation in the summer, Molly prefers taking trips in winter because she loves skiing. (A) These (C) Since
(B) Whether (D) While
Inversion
Inversion is used to give emphasis or to be rhetorical in more formal situations, in political speeches, on the news, and also in
literature. Some native speakers may also use them occasionally in day-to- day conversation.
In English, there are twelve kinds of inverted sentences, but the four ones below are most frequently given in the TOEIC test.
A Negative Adverb + Auxiliary Verb (including Modal Verbs) + Subject + Main Verb (+ Object)
When a negative adverb starts a sentence, inversion is used. Negative adverbs include rarely, hardly, scarcely, only,
never, seldom, few, little, no, not, nothing but. e.g. Never have I met him before.
Rarely did he work on the weekend.
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B Had + Subject + past participle..., main clause
When If in conditional clauses is omitted, inversion is also used. e.g. If I had caught that plane, I
would be dead now.
-» Had I caught that plane, I would be dead now.
C After adverbial expressions of place
e.g. On display at the gallery is an exhibit from France.
Round the corner came the postman.
On the doorstep was a bunch of flowers.
D For emphasis
e.g. Enclosed is a handbook regarding how to buy a used air conditioner.
(pTOEIC Questions^! Answers on page 310
1. have we a need for temporary staff, but this week there is a need to hire one person.
(C) Near
(D) Even (A) Seldom
(B) So
2. the shipment been despatched on schedule, we might have received the products on
time.
(A) Have
(B) Had (C) Having
(D) To have
3. is a copy of the status report on the new research and development project.
(A) Enclose
(B) Enclosing
(C) Enclosed
(D) Enclosure
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TOEIC Practice Phrases, Clauses & Sentences
1. The preface of the prospectus for our conglomerate
simple and clear
provisions.
(A) provide
(B) to provide
(C) providing
(D) provides
2. The improved record-keeping software
allowed the Research and Development
Department to perform better.
(A) having
(B) to have
(C) has
(D) have
3. , the director requested our
assistance in an effort to turn in the report by the due
date.
(A) Final
(B) Finally
(C) Finality
(D) Finalize
4. The home appliance company expanded
into several Asian markets it
broadened the scope of its domestic activities.
(A) during
(B) while
(C) on
(D) in spite of
5. You should your insurance
information and registration card in order to receive
assistance from the authorities.
(A) to send
(B) sent
(C) sending
(D) send
6. The discounted price is not valid for certificates
prior tothe publication of
this advertisement.
(A) purchase
(B) purchases
(C) purchasing
(D) purchased
7. The science teacher who is in charge of the
class angrily to the suggestion
that the final exam had not been fair.
(A) to react
(B) reacting
(C) reacted
(D) react
8. the funds have been budgeted for
the employee training program, the director of the
project is reluctant to proceed.
(A) Despite
(B) Although
(C) Because of
(D) Therefore
9. Jennifer considered the problems
carefully then, she wouldn’t have any trouble preparing
for the project now.
(A) Have
(B) Has
(C) Had
(D) Having
10. An important item on the agenda which
to be discussed at the general
shareholders’ meeting was the expansion into the new
market.
(A) needs
(B) to need
(C) needing
(D) needed
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U n i t 11 Sentence Structures
^3SS9 Five Sentence Structures in English
■ Below are five sentence structures in English.
Structure 1 Subject + Intransitive Verb
Structure 2 Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement
Structure 3 Subject + Transitive Verb + Object
Structure 4 Subject + Ditransitive Verb + Indirect Object+ Direct Object
Structure 5 Subject + Complex Transitive Verb + Object + Object Complement
Sentence Structure 1
Form: Subject + Intransitive Verb
e.g. We ate out. Her mother died a long time ago.
B In the TOEIC test, the structures below are often given.
Q There + be + noun phrase + prepositional phrase
Q There + verb (come, go, remain, live, seem, appear, exist, etc.)
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310
1. There many restaurants offering hundreds of kinds of Korean dishes and seafood.
(A) is (C) has
(B) are (D) have
2. are far more education programs on TV than there used to be.
(A) There (C) They
(B) It (D) We
3. remain three other issues to be clarified about the construction contract.
(A) It (C) They
(B) He (D) There
4. There a large number of problems that we have to deal with.
(A) is (C) has
(B) are (D) have
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mm Sentence Structure 2
Form: Subject + Unking Verb + Subject Complement ;
A Verbs followed by an adjective modifying the subject of a sentence
be get become stay remain seem
appear feel go grow lie look
prove run smell sound taste turn out
e.g. She is beautiful.
The company became successful.
I got (grew) nervous.
The air feels cold.
The food looked delicious.
The water supply is running low.
His proposal sounds interesting.
He went crazy.
B Verbs followed by a noun or a noun phrase modifying the subject of a sentence
be become remain appear prove seem
e.g. Tom will be the vice president of the company.
She became a lawyer.
Henry remained the manager of the office.
oTOEIC Questionsj Answers on page 310
1. Alan is that he is through with her and will not see her again until she apologizes.
(A) confident (C) confidentially
(B) confidence (D) confide
2. Communication between the management board and the workers seemed
(A) excellent (C) excellently
(B) excellence (D) excel
3. The elderly have to stay
(A) health
(B) healthy
in order to live happy lives with their family members.
(C) health care
(D) healthful
Sentence Structure 3
Form: Subject + Transitive Verb + Object *:■
A In this structure, the main verb must be followed by a direct object.
Below are confusing verbs that can easily be used in the wrong way.
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B Some intransitive verbs are followed by a preposition and a noun or noun phrase is the object of this
preposition.
e.g. We are seeking foreign investment since we began this business, (transitive verb)
I’ve been looking for a job since I graduated from college, (intransitive verb + preposition)
Below are some common verbs of this type.
account for add to
agree to (with, on) apologize to
arrive at comply with
enroll in graduate from
interfere with look at
object to proceed with
reply to return to
search for start from
subscribe to wait for
react to contend with
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, _ ------- — --------- ■* Answers on page 310
OTQEIC Questions)
1. Convenience Tech Systems Ltd. must with lower demand in the electronic appliance
market.
(A) contend (C) reward
(B) replace (D) group
2. All branch offices should the new safety regulations set by headquarters.
(A) comply (C) follow
(B) abide (D) after
3. The new manager of the department is sure to to the news of the business expansion
with great interest.
(A) answer (C) explain
(B) regret (D) react
Sentence Structure 4
Form: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
A Below are verbs that are followed by both an indirect object (people) and a direct object (things).
ask take teach write save cost
draw bring build buy give promise
lend find fix get pass show
read make offer owe send
e.g. John passed his boss the sales report. Coop-Mart offered us a contract.
B Form: Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to + Indirect Object
Below are verbs that are immediately followed by a direct object and their indirect object must be followed by the preposition
to.
announce deliver describe explain introduce mention
propose prove recommend report return suggest
e.g. He teaches me English, (o)
He mentioned me the party, (x)
He mentioned the party to me. (o)
«rnnrn *.■ Answers on page 310
vQTOEIC Questions)
1. Mr. Smith is looking for his coworker to him a ride to the office.
(A) give (C) present
(B) bestow (D) grant
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2. Professor Brown once
(A) mentioned
(B) asked
that issue to me.
(C) demanded
(D) inquired
The real estate agent me a two-story apartment and stated that it was the most
recently built building in the entire area. (A) recommended (C) introduced
(B) showed (D) proposed
Sentence Structure 5
Form: Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement
A Below are verbs that are followed by a direct object and this object is modified by an adjective, a noun, or a to-infinitive phrase.
allow prove get declare make find
choose appoint push keep urge permit
forbid compel call select cause
e.g. I had to keep the food cold.
We should allow him to use the room.
We got the project team to work on the bid.
B Below are causative verbs that are followed by a direct object and an infinitive phrase without to.
have help let make
Note: The verb help can be followed by an infinitive phrase with or without to.
e.g. The company had him work in the Accounting Department.
He jet me go to the party.
Note: With the causative verb have/get, a past participle is used if the direct object is a thing.
e.g. Mr. Smith had his tooth pulled out.
I got my photo taken by the photographer.
C Below are verbs that are followed by a direct object and a noun phrase after the preposition as.
choose cite consider define
designate look upon refer regard
see take think of describe
e.g. The media described him as a clown. o « ----------------------------------------- -------------- iJ
Ms. Organ is considered (as) an expert in this field.
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310
u +-•
a; >
+-* c
03 _c c 1. With the detailed manual, everybody found the new software fairly to use.
(A) ease(C) easy § (B) easily(D) easiest 5
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2. The organizers had to have the attendees busy. in the lobby because the counter was too
(A) register
(B) registered
(C) registering
(D) registers
3. Mrs. Fonda him as the director of the Asian Commerce Show 2014, which was to be
held in Tokyo.
(A) ordered
(B) designated (C) allowed
(D) helped
4. Mr. Martin had to
(A) have
(B) give
the documents sent twice since the first set got lost in the mail.
(C) allow
(D) push
laBUSIUIp Sentence Structures with the Verb Say and Suchlike Verbs
n Below are sentence structures containing the verbs related to the meaning “say”.
Q Say + that-clause/direct object + to + indirect object
e.g. He said that he would be promoted next year.
They said nothing to me about the project.
a Tell + somebody + about something, inform/notify + somebody + of something
e.g. We’ll tell him about the news/project.
They informed us of the coming meeting.
Note: No prepositions are added in these expressions: tell the truth/a lie/a story
Q Talk/speak to/with + somebody + about something
e.g. They talk/speak to me about the problem.
Notes:
1. No preposition is added in speak + a language, e.g. speak English.
2. talk/speak can never precede a relative clause starting with that.
□ Cite A as B
e.g Most managers cite employee satisfaction as an important business objective.
a Mention/explain something + to somebody/that-clause
e.g. To get the discount, just mention it to us when you are ordering the goods.
I’ll mention it to her when I see her tomorrow.
Did I mention that I’ve got a new job?
II Notice vs. notify
• notice (that)
e.g. I noticed that the door was open.
After a few days here you will hardly notice the rain!
• notice how/what/who/which
e.g. Did you notice how pale he looks?
• notify somebody of something
e.g. We’ve notified our policyholders of the changes affecting their policies.
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• notify something to somebody
e.g. The committee’s decision will be notified to all employees next week.
oTOEIC Questions
1. Contractors are strongly advised to
(A) inform (C) say
(B) tell (D) speak
Answers on page 310 with
the lenders before signing the contract.
2. When I talked to my best friend on the phone last night, she
(A) said (C) spoke
(B) talked (D) told
me her secret.
3. When entering the factory, guests immediately
(A) notice (C) tell
(B) notify (D) inform
some of the paintings on the walls.
4. All employees must their immediate supervisors at least three days in advance if
they are unable to work overtime next Saturday. (A) notify (C) issue
(B) notice (D) require
oTOEIC Questions
1. When ordering online,
(A) specify
(B) specific
2, Whenever you have urgent printing needs, efficiently. (A) ask (C) asking
(B) to ask (D) asked
BBS! Other Sentence Structures
A An imperative sentence almost always starts with a bare infinitive. e.g.
Submit the document on time.
B A modal verb is always followed by a bare infinitive. e.g. The duty-free shop might change its business hours.
They would prefer to get their bonuses.
C A past participle follows the verb be to form the passive. e.g. This box will be ship to America tomorrow, (x) -♦ be shipped (o)
An agreement was reach, (x) -> was reached (o)
D A bare infinitive or -ing form can never follow the verb have but a to-infinitive, past participle, noun,
etc. can. e.g. The shipping cost has rise, (x) —■ has risen (o)
The shipping cost has rising, (x) -* has risen (o)
what color and size you want to purchase.
(C) specification
(D) specifically
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3. Contacts must be quickly in order for the company to build new trade relationships
with developed Western countries.
(A) established
(B) establishing
(C) to establish
(D) establishes
4. The professors were pleased with the fact that some of their top students’ applications had been
5. We might have finished the project on time except for the fact that we were constantly
(A) interrupt
(B) interrupting
(C) interrupted
(D) to interrupt
by the conglomerates.
(A) accept
(B) accepting
(C) to accept
(D) accepted
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<«/
v; Frequently Tested Verb Patterns
• attend a meeting
• await a reply approach
a building
• Funds have been specifically allocated for
allot money from
■ decide to acquire more property
assume that
• accord sick leave
• accommodate over 150 people
• accept the proposal to set up
• aim at young adults
attach the label firmly
apologize for the delay
belong to a union
- residents are billed directly by
• clear Customs
• carry out further studies
• complete a form
compare consider
• commence at 3 o’clock
• collaborate in providing
• concur that cope with
stress
• must be checked
• can be condensed into one page
displace outgoing mail
• defer to a decision
• deliver the concrete to the wrong address
detain the terrorists
• debate a question
• disclose the information
discard the old files
discuss their concerns
• Checks must be deposited at
• be designated as
consent to
consolidate several departments
file for bankruptcy
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• examine the latest data expect a
price increase
• expand its manufacturing division
• enable people to do
• extend his visit to
• exceed $2 million in October
• My passport expires in
• enrich your life
» entrust my bag to
• empower a company to
• evacuate the people from
• estimate the cost of
• express concern about
• endorse a check
omit something = leave out
• obey a company policy = comply with
• oppose = be opposed to
• initiate a project
• Maximum security will be enforced.
• intend to clarify
• launch a new branch
• function properly
• follow a person
• the price fluctuates
• foster something = develop
• facilitate the export
• hesitate to telephone
• inform you of the exact shipment date
• The price includes airfare and accommodations.
• name A as B
• make a decision on
• meet international standards
• suffer from
e o u
present a plaque proceed with the
plan be preserved for the future
c A3
prevent from any harm prohibit a
sale
c preclude an importer
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“ provide guests with complimentary shuttle service
• perceive that
• translate a speech
• be transacted on the phone
• transfer him to L.A.
transfer money to
• transfer at
■ the contract can be terminated by
• give his support
• employees must notify
• request a leave of absence from work
cif maternity leave, sick leave
• represent a significant advance
• realize a public’s awareness
• regret the mistake
’ resemble his father
• renew a contract
• return a questionnaire
• request permission resign
from a company
• remit payment
■ reimburse an expense
• It would resume paying for deliveries
• trainees are still reporting that
• reserve the right to refuse
• broaden our research into a few areas
question whether
• Since local manufacturers are unable to supply
• vacate the premises
welcome the guests
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TOEIC Practice Sentence Structures
1. We fully with the assessment
given by the independent investor.
(A) recur
(B) occur
(C) concur
(D) incur
2. Increased oil prices have made it more
expensive to fly, more holiday
tourists to choose domestic destinations over
international locations.
(A) causing
(B) caused
(C) causes
(D) to cause
3. Nearly all passengers would
of being downgraded from first class to coach,
especially on long flights.
(A) decline
(B) decent
(C) decrease
(D) disapprove
4. The interviewer did not say why I was not
chosen although she to my
lack of experience.
(A) alluded
(B) eluded
(C) included
(D) concluded
5. Unfortunately, the plan to unnecessary expenses
has not been as successful as we had hoped.
(A) brake
(B) curb
(C) encourage
(D) decelerate
6. Finally, the wise judge a
solution
that satisfied both parties in the civil case.
(A) deposed
(B) exposed
(C) proposed
(D) reposed
7. It’s important that we our line
of
goods so that we are not too dependent on any one
product for revenue.
(A) combine
(B) reduce
(C) generate
(D) diversify
8. Although she did not say it directly, the client
that if her complaints were not
addressed, she would take her business elsewhere.
(A) implied
(B) induced
(C) initiated
(D) impressed
9. Whether or not we into any
foreign markets this year really depends on the stability
of the exchange rates.
(A) expand
(B) expel
(C) expire
(D) expert
10. The trade show will displays
from some of the top companies in the field.
(A) hasten
(B) feature
(C) assert
(D) search
11. The investor’s portfolio of blue
chip company stocks and government bonds.
(A) consisted
(B) consisting
(C) consistent
(D) was consisted
12. Because the deadline for reservations had passed, the
hotel manager could not
our request for more rooms.
(A) accept
(B) accepted
(C) accepting
(D) to accept
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13. The proposed plan seemed very practical, so the
board members decided to
it.
(A) implemented
(B) implement
(C) implementing
(D) implements
14. Even though the company
higher profits since last quarter, the overall outlook
remains uncertain.
(A) has generated
(B) generate
(C) generating
(D) generates
15. The treasurer couldn’t ____________________ for the
whereabouts of the donations that had been collected
during the club’s charity event.
(A) explain
(B) describe
(C) account
(D) detail
16. The mayor will with her plan
to build a new elementary school in the suburb.
(A) proceeds
(B) proceed
(C) proceeded
(D) proceeding
17. To me, Shanghai always __________________ New
York, especially in the sense that it’s the capital of all
the financial activities.
(A) resembles
(B) looks
(C) reminds
(D) thinks
18. After drawing up a draft joint contract, JR £ o
Shipping asked whether we the V
terms of the contract. >
(A) agreed iz
(B) conferred m
(C) concurred q
(D) accepted §
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I n
12 Conjunctions
Definition & Kinds of Conjunctions
Conjunctions, also known as connectors, are words joining words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.
Below is the table that lists different kinds of conjunctions together with adverbs and prepositions having similar meanings.
Meanings
Addition
Cause/Result
Purpose
Concession/
Contrast
Condition
Subordinating
conjunctions
after before when
while
since until
as soon as
because/since/as now
that so... (that) such...
(that)
so (that) in order that
even though
although
though
whereas
while
in case/unless
providing/provided
Coordinating
conjunctions
and
or (else)
Adverbs
nevertheless
nonetheless
however
otherwise
Prepositions
besides besides
furthermore in addition to
in addition
afterward after before
after that in during
at until
since by
on
consequently because of
therefore due to
as a result as a result of
despite in
spite of
in case of in the
event of
Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction is a word or a phrase which joins a dependent/subordinate clause and an independent/main clause.
A Conjunctions of time Below are conjunctions of time.
when/while as soon as before until by the time as long as once
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e.g. Let’s go to a cafe when the concert is over.
As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
= He had no sooner seen me than he ran away.
= No sooner had he seen me thaji he ran away.
* 'No sooner had + S + p.p. than S + V When "no sooner” is put at the beginning of a sentence,
inversion is used.
Conjunctions of condition
if unless in case as long as provided once supposing
e.g. I’ll go if the weather is fine tomorrow.
Once you meet him, keep your eyes on him.
Conjunctions of concession/contrast
although though even though while/whereas whether ~ or not...
e.g. It is worth attempting even though we may fail. Whether you
like it or not, you have to do it.
Conjunctions of cause
because since as now that seeing
e.g. Now that you mention it, I remember the picture.
Richard became a manager because he was a hard worker.
Conjunctions of purpose
[so that / in order that] + S + [may / can / will] -> [so as to / in order to]
e.g. She ran so that she might catch the train.
-» She ran so as to catch the train.
They are hurrying in order that they may not miss the plane.
-> They are hurrying so as not to miss the plane.
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310
1. It is important to have trainees read the procedures beforehand they study technical
issues. (A) when (C) and
(B) although (D) after
2. you sign the mortgage contract, the bank will issue a check payable to you.
(A) So (C) Since
(B) Despite (D) Once
3. R
io de Janeiro was a top tourist destination in the past, it is now drawing fewer visitors.
(A) Since (C) If
(B) Although (D) Now that
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4. he was behind on updating his client files, Jack stayed at the company to work on
them all night long.
(A) Because
(B) However (C) Although
(D) During
5. Under these circumstances, we usually seek the advice of a third party decision making can
be kept as objective as possible.
all of the
(A) although
(B) since
(C) so that
(D) in order
gSyEZl Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence: words, phrases or independent clauses that
are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the elements it joins are
similar in importance and structure.
A and
Q Joining words
e.g. John and Mary are good friends.
He and I are responsible for the damage.
Q Joining phrases
e.g. He bowed and went away.
Why don’t you go and see the doctor?
Q Joining clauses
e.g. Study harder, and you will get a good job.
What you say and what you do are two different things.
B but
Q Joining words
e.g. The meeting was brief but comprehensive.
Q Meaning “except”
e.g. They are all gone but the girl. = All but the girl are gone.
Q Going with not
* not A but B
e.g. They did not regard him as a genius but as a fool.
= They regarded him not as a genius but as a fool.
= They regarded him as a fool and not as a genius.
C or
Q Connecting choices or possibilities
e.g. You or he is to blame in the matter.
(3 Going with else meaning “if not”
e.g. Hurry up, or (else) you will miss the plane.
D nor
g| Neither A nor B e.g. She was neither young
nor pretty.
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Q Going with never
e.g. I have never met her mother, nor have I any desire to do so.
Q Going with not/no
e.g. Man cannot live by bread alone, nor can he live without bread. * When nor is
put at the beginning of a clause, inversion is used.
Correlative Conjunctions
■ A correlative conjunction is a coordinating conjunction that pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence. I t
helps indicate the relationship between elements it connects in a sentence.
A Both A and B (the verb is in the plural form)
e.g. Both John and Mary are college students this year.
B Either A or B (the verb agrees with B) e.g.
Either you or I am in the wrong.
C Neither A nor B (the verb agrees with B) e.g.
Neither you nor he knows the fact.
D Not only A but (also) B = B as well as A (the verb agrees with B) e.g. Not only the
mother but ajso the girls were smoking.
The mother as well as her girls js beautiful.
E Between A and B
e.g. They will build a bridge between the island and the mainland.
ÇoTOÊiC Questions) Answers on page 310
1. Our competitors learned our password were able to access our computer records.
(A) and
(B) yet
(C) but
(D) or
2. The board feels that downsizing would not only fail to cut costs significantly also damage the
firm’s public image.
would
(A) and
(B) so
(C) but
(D) or
3. The person responsible for the mess in the restroom after recess must be Sally Jenny.
(A) but
(B) and
(C) or
(D) nor
(oTÔEIC Questions)
1. We have often heard references to the gap between the rich domestic
policy implications.
Answers on page 310
the poor as having
(A) or
(B) to
(C) as
(D) and
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2. the union will have to accept pay cuts for all of its members, or the division will have
to lay off 20% of its staff. (A) Both (C) Neither
(B) Either (D) As well as
3. One in eight Americans
(A) because
(B) that
manages a business or works for himself or herself.
(C) either
(D) although
Conjunctive Adverbs
H Below are conjunctive adverbs in English.
Q Result: therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, hence Contrast: however,
nonetheless, nevertheless Q Time: meanwhile, in the meantime d Condition:
otherwise Q Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition U Example: for
example, for instance 01 Detailed information: namely
„ „ .. Answers on page 310
o TOEIC Questions 1
1. This mailbox must be received by Mr. Lee by the first of the month; , he will have to
attend the meeting without it. (A) otherwise (C) except
(B) unless (D) whenever
2. The price of imported raw materials has increased; a fall in demand is expected.
(A) because (C) although
(B) for (D) therefore
3. I have already finished the project; I don’t need you to do it now.
(A) nevertheless (C) however
(B) otherwise (D) therefore
Whether vs. If
A If is used when there is a condition. Both if and whether are used when there are two possible
alternatives. However, to start a clause that functions as the subject or object of a sentence, whether is
used instead of if.
e.g. If you come here or not doesn’t matter to me. (x)
Whether you come here or not doesn’t matter to me. (o)
B If can only be used in reporting Yes/No or alternative questions and after verbs of doubting (wonder,
doubt, find out, etc.) (like whether; however, whether can also function as a subordinating conjunction
of concession).
e.g. Whether you will come to the party or not, please inform us in advance, (o)
If you will come to the party or not, please inform us in advance, (x)
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C Whether is used after prepositions.
e.g. We talked about whether we had a chance to win.
oTOEIC Questions Answers on page 310
1. the temperature of the lake rises even one degree, many species of fish will not be
able to survive.
(A) Although
(B) If (C) Whether
(D) But
2. you would like to ask about this kind of donation, please call the local Salvation
Army for further information.
(A) If
(B) Whether (C) But
(D) Although
3. it rains or snows, we should attend the coming conference.
(C) If
(D) Whenever (A) Whether
(B) Though
That vs. What
That is both a conjunction and a relative pronoun forming the subject, object, or complement of a relative clause.
e.g. I didn’t know that she was married, (conjunction) It’s a song that my mother taught me. (relative pronoun)
What is a relative pronoun starting a relative clause that is the subject, object, or complement of a sentence.
e.g. She showed me what she had bought.
A That as a conjunction
e.g. That time is money has never been realized in the East, (that starts a noun clause being the subject of the sentence.)
I agree that it was a great mistake, (that joins the clause being the object of the verb agree.) The worst thing was that
she never answered his letters, (that joins the clause being the complement of the verb be.)
No one can deny the fact that you are guilty, (the fact and that are in apposition.)
Note: The following nouns usually precede “that”: fact, truth, statement, news, report, etc.
B That as a relative pronoun
e.g. The first subject that attracted my attention was religion, (that as the subject) This is the book that I am looking for. (that as the object)
C What as a relative pronoun starting a relative clause that is the subject, object, or complement of a
sentence
e.g. The shop didn’t have what I want.
This is what I meant.
What he wanted was simple.
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(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310
1. The golf club policy states children under fifteen must be accompanied by a coach or parent.
(A) that (C) who
(B) what (D) as
2. The workers of a company specializes in construction went on strike.
(A) what (C) who
(B) that (D) as
3. happens in a certain quarter does not have any important effects on the long-term investment.
(A) That (C) Who
(B) What (D) Where
4. It was quite obvious none of the workers would get their expected bonus this year.
(A) what (C) whether
(B) though (D) that
laiSKO Conjunctions vs. Prepositions
The information and questions in this part are similar to Point 3 of Unit 10: “Phrases, Clauses & Sen tences". As these are the
grammar points related to conjunctions, it is a good idea for you to have another chance to take a look at them.
A Conjunction + clause - Preposition + noun/noun phrase/pronoun/gerund
A conjunction starts a clause, while a preposition precedes a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund.
e.g. It is morning, for the birds are singing, (conjunction)
I could not see anything for the fog, (preposition)
Before the class, we had the meeting, (preposition)
Before you start the engine, you should wait for ten seconds, (conjunction)
After the class, we will have the meeting, (preposition)
After I finish the class, I will go home, (conjunction)
I have lived here since the event, (preposition)
I have lived here since I came to L.A. (conjunction)
B Confusing conjunctions and prepositions
Preposition + noun/noun phrase/pronoun/gerund despite, in spite of Conjunction + clause
although, though
because of, due to, owing to, on account of because, as, since
during while
without unless
according to according as
in order to in order
in case of if, in case
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Answers on page 310
1. Many people prefer large cars the rising cost of fuel.
(A) though (C) despite
(B) although (D) during
2. Many small companies went bankrupt the rise in the interest rate.
(A) even though (C) because of
(B) even (D) because
3. Andy is young and relatively inexperienced, he is just as capable as other candidates, so we hope he gets
the position.
(A) Before (C) Regarding
(B) Despite (D) Although
4. the patient was not recovering quickly, the physician asked him to do nothing but rest for at least a week.
(A) Because of (C) Because
(B) Even (D) Despite
ISS21 Parallelism with Correlative Conjunctions
A A sentence is parallel when the items listed share the same grammatical structure. Because these parts of
the sentence are of equal value, it is important to use them with the same grammatical structure.
B Below are incorrect sentences (due to lack of parallelism] and the corrections.
Q Nouns: Tom is not an artist but writes novel, (x) -> a novelist (o)
□ Adjectives: Jane is cute, smart, and talent, (x) — talented (o)
Q Adverbs: Julia finished her work quickly and accurate, (x) -> accurately (o)
Q Tenses: She went to school this morning and studies English, (x) — studied (o)
3 Infinitives: To keep and maintaining the condition ~ (x) -> to maintain (o)
(I Gerunds: My father stopped smoking and to drink, (x) — drinking (o)
(oTOEIC Questions") Answers on page 310
1. Obtaining a full refund on your purchase and the goods within a week is the usual
custom.
(A) returning (C) returned
(B) return (D) to return
2.
In order to receive assistance from the government,your registration card and give your serial number to the task force as soon as possible.
(A) send (C) sending
(B) sent (D) to send
3. to pursue our current sales strategy and to get unanimous agreement from the board members are the most
important items on the agenda.
(A) To continue (C) Continue
(B) Continuing (D) Continued
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-> Both of these structures form the adverb clauses of result in complex sentences.
A So + adjective/adverb + that
He was so excited that he couldn’t sleep.
Note: In this structure, that may be omitted.
She was so tired (that) she could not go further.
B Specific structures with so and such
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310
1. The conference room became
afternoon session. (A) so
(B) such (C) likely
(D) too
crowded that they had to book a bigger room for the
2. The new employee was
performance. (A) so
(B) much (C) that
(D) such
an efficient worker that the manager soon recognized his
3. The heating system broke down, and it was home early. a cold day that the manager let us go
(A) so
(B) much
(C) such
(D) too
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TOEIC Practice Conjunctions
1. Mr. Wang was planning to stay in Bangkok
until the 18th, but his company
decided to withdraw its bid, he left on the 15th.
(A) since
(B) despite
(C) nevertheless
(D) in order that
2. all of the guests have eaten,
several presenters will take the stage to announce the
winners of the industry awards.
(A) With
(B) Once
(C) During
(D) While
3. where they acquired the tip, traders
are strictly prohibited from sharing illegal information
with clients at this brokerage house.
(A) Although
(B) Regardless of
(C) Nonetheless
(D) While
4. she tried several methods of data
retrieval, Joan was unable to recover the files she had
accidentally deleted.
(A) Despite
(B) However
(C) As
(D) Although
5. The factory workers are threatening to go on
strike the management agrees
to increase their pay and vacation time.
(A) since
(B) unless
(C) as
(D) before
6. the time clock shows that Martin
was in the office from noon to 5:30, several of his
coworkers claimed he was absent between 2:00 and
4:00.
(A) Because
(B) Unless
(C) When
(D) Although
7. More people applied for the position than
expected, we decided to
conduct the interviews in groups of five instead of
individually.
(A) or
(B) so
(C) that
(D) in case
8. As we’d lost both the rental receipt and keys,
we had a hard time convincing the police officer the
car was ours.
(A) what
(B) that
(C) which
(D) for
9. By replacing outdated equipment, we have
greatly improved our production
time and safety record.
(A) between
(B) either
(C) both
(D) as well as
10. It was reported this morning
prices for AMG stock have again fallen, suggesting that
the company continues to struggle.
(A) that
(B) what
(C) which
(D) of which
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ï >
11. Dr. Harper’s presentation on black holes received
applause from the entire audience
several scientists still had reservations regarding
his conclusions.
(A) if
(B) although
(C) since
(D) despite
12. About 18,000 people were laid off as part of the
downsizing of the company,
the board of directors gave themselves a raise.
(A) yet
(B) for
(C) or
(D) so
13. the Italian restaurant in this building and the Irish
pub on the corner down the street offer authentic
food at reasonable prices.
(A) Both
(B) Either
(C) Neither
(D) As
14. a lower turnout than expected during the play, the
producers have decided to extend the performance by
two days.
(A) Although
(B) Since
(C) If
(D) Despite
15. The nickel producer said it has halted
production at its four mines a
three-year labor deal expired at midnight last
Tuesday.
(A) until
(B) after
(C) unless
(D) because of
16. Production was moved to India
labor costs are much cheaper there than in France.
(A) until
(B) since
(C) so that
(D) although
17. Oliver was repeatedly warned it
is not acceptable to argue with coworkers in front of
customers.
(A) that
(B) what
(C) where
(D) which
18. The chairman argued for the expansion of
the company the board voted
against any further expenditures until the spring.
(A) despite
(B) while
(C) which
(D) that
19. Continuous growth can be realized
an investment house sets ever-higher goals for itself.
(A) so that
(B) in spite
(C) only if
(D) even if
20. Successful businessmen know
they must, at all times, meet their customers’
demands.
(A) about
(B) what
(C) that
(D) it
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13 Relative Pronouns
& Relative Adverbs
The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, that, and which.
Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a word, phrase, or
idea in the main clause.
ijgum Relative Pronouns as Subjects and Objects
A In the following senetences, that and who are the subjects of the relative clauses. e.g. We are looking for workers. They are
intelligent and dedicated.
-* We are looking for workers who/that are intelligent and dedicated.
We did not know the tune. The tune had been playing.
We did not know the tune that had been playing.
B In the following sentences, whom and that are the objects of the relative clauses. e.g. The man is my friend. You met the man.
-> The man (whom) you met is my friend.
The house is large. Jack built the house.
-> The house (that) Jack built is large.
Below is the table that sums up the uses of the relative pronouns.
■ We use who and whom for people.
Q Subject
The artist who talked to you is my friend. Q Object
The artist whom you talked to is my friend.
(ggyjjQI The Relative Pronouns Who & Whom
(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310
1. The employees
(A) whom
(B) who
participate in this special training will be promoted first.
(C) which
(D) what
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2. The office workers thanked the assistant manager time. helped them to finish the report in
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) what
3. The accountant
(A) who
(B) whose
was recruited last month is responsible for compiling bank statements.
(C) which
(D) what
4. The private accountant
(A) whose
(B) what
I believed to be honest deceived me.
(C) whom
(D) which
QB99 The Relative Pronoun Which
□ The relative pronoun which can be used in the following cases.
Q Which is used for things. e.g. I have
a pencil which is sharp.
a Which is used in non-defining clauses to refer to the previous clause as a whole.
e.g. My friend eventually decided to get divorced, which upset me a lot.
He is a teacher, which is not a goal inhis life.
He said he was ill, which is a lie.
Q Of which is used for things or concepts after numbers and words such as most, many, some, both, none. e.g. I read many books, most of which were useful.
He was always coming up with new ideas, most of which were absolutely impracticable.
2. The methods and costs of construction will vary according to the composition of the land upon
QTOÉIC Questions^ Answers on page 310
1. The equipment
(A) which
(B) whom
is used in this manufacturing facility is made in Japan.
(C) of which
(D) what
they are being built.
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) which
(D) of which
3. Angelina dressed carelessly for work, the
department.
drew the unfavorable attention of the head of
(A) that
(B) while
(C) what
(D) which
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The Relative Pronoun Whose
A Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun in English.
B The antecedent of whose can be both people and things. e.g. The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a complimentary suite in a
hotel.
(oTOEIC Questions)
1. Most of the people voted against the candidate
Answers on page 310
proposals called for higher taxes.
(A) his
(B) whose
2. There is a boy
(A) who
(B) he
3. The writer
(A) whose
(B) who
(C) whom
(D) that
main goal in life is to be a good teacher.
(C) whose
(D) which
books many students read is going to be on a TV talk show tomorrow.
(C) which
(D) his
The Relative Pronoun That
■ The relative pronoun that seems easy to use, yet its uses can sometimes be problematic.
Q for people or things
e.g. It took me a while to get used to people that eat popcorn during the movie.
This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.
Q when the antecedent is a combination of people and things
e.g. Look at the beautiful lady and her dog that are crossing the crosswalk.
Q after the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree or after the words last, first,
the only, same, very
e.g. She is the greatest actress that has ever lived.
Q after words such as all, much, some, any, -thing (everything, anything, nothing, the thing)
e.g. I can’t find any paper that contains the news. Q That cannot be used in non-defining clauses.
e.g. Kimberly told me about her new job, that she is enjoying very much, (x) - which (o)
U That cannot be used after a preposition.
e.g. He is the man about that I told you last night, (x) -<■ whom (o)
Answers on page 311
needs to be discussed at this Friday’s meeting is the expansion
(oTOEIC Questions)
1. An important issue
into the European market.
(A) this
(B) who (C) when
(D) that
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2. The field manager knows that Anderson is the only employee worked on the weekend.
(A) that (C) what
(B) whose (D) which
3. Most buyers coming from Colombia, is a Spanish-speaking country located in South
America, need personal interpreters.
(A) that (C) who
(B) which (D) what
Relative Adverbs
D The adverbs where, when, why can be used to replace the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause.
e.g. This is the house. He lives in it.
—■ This is the house which he lives in.
— This is the house in which he lives.
- This is the house where he lives.
That’s the restaurant where we met for the first time.
{where = at/in which)
I remember the day when we first met.
{when = on which)
There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.
{when = in which)
Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.
{why = for which, but could replace the whole phrase ‘the reason for which’)
(oTOEIC Question?) Answers on page 311
1. The company is planning a new promotion campaign is expected to increase sales.
(A) where (C) what
(B) which (D) this
2. We are eagerly anticipating our representatives’ return from the United Nation’s conference,
they gave a special presentation.
(A) why (C) how
(B) which (D) where
3. The second quarter of next year is the time we expect our shares to be listed on
the
stock exchange.
(A) why (C) where
(B) when (D) how
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The Relative Pronoun What
A What as a relative pronoun means 'the thing or things which.’ It does not refer to the noun that
comes before it.
e.g. What she said made me cry. (Here what and its clause act as the subject of the verb made.)
We can’t give you what you need. (Here what and its clause act as the direct object of the verb give.)
B Cases where what is not used What cannot be used as an ordinary relative pronoun after a noun or pronoun.
e.g. We have shipped everything that you ordered. (NOT We have shipped everything what you ordered.)
The only thing that keeps me going is my desire to win. (NOT The only thing what keeps me going is my desire to
win.)
To refer to the whole previous clause, we use which, not what.
e.g. Ann married her secretary, which made her mother angry. (NOT Ann married her secretary, what made her mother
angry. Here which refers to the whole clause that comes before it.)
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. Worker’s benefits are given to new employees have increased greatly.
(A) what (C) who
(B) that (D) whom
2. When I entered the classroom, one of my classmates asked me I had found in the
room. (A) what (C) whom
(B) that (D) where
3. The pharmacist said that I shouldn’t eat anything containsa lot of cholesterol.
(A) what (C) where
(B) that (D) who
4. We often look up to managers because of they’ve done for their companies over the
years. (A) what (C) that
(B) who (D) which
Complex Relative Pronouns/Adverbs
Complex relative pronouns whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosoever and complex relative adverbs
however, whenever, wherever already include the meaning of "any", so “anyone”, “anytime", or “any place" is not
needed.
Anyone whoever comes to my house will be welcome, (x)
Anyone who comes to my house will be welcome, (o)
Whoever comes to my house will be welcome, (o)
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A Words like whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever mean It doesn't matter what, which, where, when. e.g. Take whatever you want. (= Take anything that you want.)
You can come whenever you want. (= You can come any time that you want.)
Whoever comes to my house will be welcome. (= Anybody who comes to my house is welcome.)
You can dress however you like for the party, it’s not formal. (= You can dress the way that you want for the
party.)
You can do it however you like, I don’t really care as long as it gets done. (= You can do it any way that you
want.)
B Whatever can be a determiner coming before a noun.
e.g. You may read whatever book you like.
2. The Research and Development Department has provided a complimentary manual to needs one.
Relative Pronouns Preceded by a Preposition
□ In formal or written English, the preposition is often placed before the relative pronoun, and in this case the pronoun cannot
be omitted.
e.g. This is the rumour which every employee is talking about these days.
— This is the rumour about which every employee is talking these days.
(oTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. you visit in China, make sure you always keep your passport with you.
(A) Whoever
(B) Wherever
(C) Whatever
(D) Whichever
(A) who
(B) whoever
(C) whomever
(D) which
3. Engineers and scientists
(A) who
(B) whoever
have experience will have no trouble finding new positions.
(C) which
(D) whichever
4. team wins tonight will go to the championship game that will be held in California.
(A) Which
(B) Whichever
(C) When
(D) Who
5. often travelers experience bad service from the bus company, they continue to use it because of the low
fares.
(A) Whenever
(B) However
(C) Whatever
(D) Whoever
'OTQEIC Questions}
1. The man in the corner is the person
Answers on page 311
whom I have told you.
(A) for
(B) about
(C) at
(D) from
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2. The subject
(A) in
(B) of
which I was interested when I attended the university was economics.
(C) at
(D) by
Omission of Relative Pronouns
■ When the relative pronoun is the direct object or complement of a clause, it can often be omitted,
particularly in written English.
□ Complement
e.g. He is not the man (that) he used to be.
I am not the man (that) I was when you first knew me.
Q Direct object
e.g. Happiness is a perfume (that) you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops for
yourself, (that is the direct object of the verb pour.) Note: The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in the following examples.
e.g. I met a man who I thought was honest.
I saw a woman who I thought was a friend of my mother’s.
(think, imagine, suppose, believe are often seen in this case.)
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ï
r TOEIC Practice
E o u
■4—< a; >
Pronouns & Relative Adverbs
1. Applicants submissions have
not been received by our agencies will be automatically
disqualified for the contests.
(A) who
(B) that
(C) which
(D) whose
2. We sent the surplus parts back to our supplier,
in turn forwarded them to the
manufacturer.
(A) that
(B) who
(C) whose
(D) which
3. They decided to give the contract to Harlan
Bowes, office furniture designs
have won multiple industry awards.
(A) which
(B) that
(C) what
(D) whose
4. MRK has established itself as a leading Internet
services business
systems are used in 87 countries around the world.
(A) which
(B) that
(C) whose
(D) what
5. Taxes and health insurance payments are
we call deductibles because they are
deducted from your paycheck.
(A) that
(B) which
(C) what
(D) how
6. The computer count and the physical count were
disturbingly incongruous, distressed the store manager.
(A) that
(B) which
(C) who
(D) what
7.
Any employeescare about the quality control will notice defective machinery before a serious breakdown occurs.
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) which
8.
Employeespositions will be terminated because of the merger will be notified by their managers next Monday.
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) which
9. Job hunters must make sure to have several
references can vouch for their
performance.
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) which
(D) where
10. The restaurant experienced several outbreaks of food
poisoning, is why
it lost many of its regular customers.
(A) that
(B) what
(C) which
(D) whichever
11. City officials have installed a marble statue
at the exact spot the first settler’s
house was built 165 years ago.
(A) who
(B) where
(C) what
(D) whenever
12. The hosts of the party were unable to determine
necklace it was that had
been found by the cleaning crew the next morning.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) what
(D) whose
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13. Scientists say they have created a new form
of plastic will revolutionize the
production of automobile body panels.
(A) that
(B) who
(C) whose
(D) what
14. We'd like to meet the researcher attending
this year’s conference found a
correlation between increased birth rates and a
decline in urban populations.
(A) whose
(B) what
(C) when
(D) who
15. Georges Buffet is now advertising that
patrons purchase a meal
or buffet by cash will receive a $5 gift certificate.
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) which
(D) whose
16. The new medicine was developed by six
scientists, most of had partici
pated directly in the research.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) that
(D) whom
E o U ■»—< Oj > +-> C H3 JZ c
?
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r
U n i t 14 Prepositions
A preposition is a word which shows relationships among other words in the sentence. The relationships include direction, place,
time, cause, manner and amount.
There are no specific rules concerning when to use which preposition. The only ways to learn prepositions are looking them up in
a dictionary, reading a lot in English and learning useful phrases by heart.
Positions & Common Prepositions
QBJSBf Prepositions Followed by Nouns/Noun Phrases
□ A preposition always goes with a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun which is called the object of the preposition.
e.g. the reputation of its products be covered with snow The eagle soared above the clouds.
,— ---------------------------- : ------- v Answers on page 311
Co TQEIC Questions)
1. The development of the new drug is of great to patients suffering from heart problems.
(A) significant (C) significantly
(B) significance (D) signifying
2. The planner of the event will schedule a wide range of
(A) active (C) activities
(B) actively (D) acted
3. All employees are reminded that the laboratory equipment should be used for business-related
only.
(A) purposes (C) purposely
(B) purposed (D) purposeful
4. Expressway authorities are seeking an experienced tollgate collector for long-term
(A) employer (C) employed
(B) employ (D) employment
Prepositions ending in -ing
□ Below are some prepositions that always end in -ing and their examples.
the questions concerning the project the policies regarding smoking three people including
myself every cost excluding shipping considering her lack of experience barring any further
delays following the seminar
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(oTÔEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. The head of the Sales Department wrote an insightful memo the second quarter’s
decline in product sales.
(A) concerned (C) concerning
(B) to concern (D) concerns
2. all of the options she has, we recommend that she buy a secondhand car.
(A) Considering (C) Following
(B) Thinking (D) Barring
3. Questions were raised concerning the domestic during the general conference.
(A) economic (C) economically
(B) economical (D) economy
Prepositions of Time
A We use at to designate specific times.
e.g. at 7 o’clock at night
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
B We use on to designate days and dates. e.g. on
the first Monday of May
My brother is coming on Monday.
We’re having a party on the Fourth of July.
C We use in for a month, a season, a year or nonspecific times during a day. e.g. in 1993 in spring in
the beginning She likes to jog jn the morning.
It’s too cold in winter to run outside.
(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. On Sunday, the library usually closes 6 every evening except for during the holiday
season.
(A) on (C) at
(B) for (D) to
2. The company will have its annual retreat this coming Saturday.
(A) at (C) in
(B) on (D) for
3. The Olympia Hotel was built 1986in Seoul and was designed by the famous architect
Andrew Bentley for the Seoul Olympic Games. (A) in (C) on
(B) at (D) for
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Prepositions of Place
A We use at for specific places. e.g. He is
at the conference.
B We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc. or to indicate positions in relation to a surface.
e.g Her house is on Spring Road. The book is on the table.
C We use in for the names of land areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents). e.g. She lives jn Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
(o TOEIC Questions)
1. If you have any questions during the speech, please let the speaker know conference.
(A) in (C) on
(B) at (D) for
2. The hotel designed by the famous architect Kimberly was built in 2013
(A) in (C) on
(B) at (D) to
3. This restaurant is very popular, so you may have to leave your name when you arrive.
(A) in (C) on
(B) for (D) by
Answers on page 311
the
Sydney.
the waiting I
The Prepositions For & During
A We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years, etc.).
e.g. He held his breath for seven minutes.
She’s lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.
B During is used to say when something happens. During is used with a noun/noun phrase/ pronoun.
e.g. I will be really busy during the next year.
The children were sleeping during the movie.
The power went out during the snow storm.
(o TOEIC Questions)
1. S&G Entertainment has sponsored the music festivals
(A) during (C) for
(B) since (D) by
Answers on page 311
the last five years.
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2. Try to take as much time as you can to look around the city
(A) for (C) during
(B) over (D) since
your visit.
3. Mr. McGuinness has been operating the maintenance division in our company years.
(A) for (C) during
(B) at (D) by
fifteen
The Prepositions For & Since
A As explained in Point 5, for is used when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years, etc.).
e.g. I’ve been working for this company for 10 years.
B We use since with a specific date or time.
e.g. I’ve been working for this company since 1970.
She’s been sitting in the waiting room since 2:30.
lOTQEIC Questions)
1. We have tried to establish a nonprofit group with volunteers
(A) for (C) since
(B) during (D) by
Answers on page 311
the past two years.
2. the beginning of the workday, we have been constantly receiving calls from customers.
(A) For (C) Since
(B) During (D) By
3. We specialize in importing foreign textiles and have been running this business
decade.
(A) for (C) during
(B) since (D) through
over a
The Preposition Of
□ The preposition of is used after nouns, expressing the meaning of "belonging to”, "relating to”, or "being part of something".
e.g. the plans of the marketing team the project of the merger
(oTQEIC Questions)
1. Damage continued in the eastern part area with
formidable power. (A) to (C) of (B) on (D) between
Answers on page 311
the island as the hurricane swept through the
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2. After being exposed to high levels radiation in the laboratory, the assistant had to
stay in the hospital for six months for treatment.
(A) of (C) to
(B) for (D) at
3. Fifteen percent the computers in the office will have to be replaced soon because
new developments have made our older ones obsolete.
(A) at (C) by
(B) to (D) of
The Preposition In
□ The preposition in is used for saying the aspects in which things change, increase, improve, etc. e.g. a change in the dress
code an increase jn price an improvement in technology
fotOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. This business report will provide accurate and comprehensive business information to help us
recover from the sharp decline profits.
(A) in (C) for
(B) to (D) by
2. The introduction of the fax machine created a noticeable increase phone expenses.
(A) of (C) by
(B) to (D) in
3. The recent increase employee benefits makes the LFD Corporation an appealing
place to work.
(A) in (C) to
(B) of (D) for
ESB B The Prepositions By, Until & Within
A by: not later than a particular time or date
e.g. It should be done by next Monday.
B until: happening or done up to a particular point in time, and then stopping
e.g. It should be open until 11 p.m.
C within: during a period of time e.g. It should be
here within 2 hours.
(o TOEIC Questions ] Answers on page
311
1. The company will continue its current project the beginning of next year.
(A) by (C) since
(B) until (D) within
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2. The manufacturing company wishes to come up with a new line of product the next
two years.
(A) by (C) within
(B) until (D) to
3. The head of the Sales Department should submit the status report tomorrow.
(A) until (C) within
(B) by (D) in
4. All managers are expected to practice caution in their spending the end of the year.
(A) by (C) until
(B) within (D) for
iism The Prepositions Throughout, Through & Beyond
A throughout: in every part of a place; during the whole of a period of time or an event e.g. branches throughout the
country provide activities throughout the year
B through: from one end or side of something to the other; by means of something e.g. travel to China through
Korea find out through the analysis
C beyond: past a place or outside an area; outside the range or limits of a subject, quality, or activity
e.g. the forest beyond the river a task beyond my ability
ipTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. The heavy rain did not subside the day and got stronger as evening approached.
(A) until (C) thorough
(B) across (D) throughout
2. Mr. Holden is one of the few employees who go far the expectations of the employer.
(A) beyond (C) topped
(B) overly (D) plus
3. The definition of communication is information conveyed the use of verbal language.
(A) through (C) throughout
(B) thorough (D) across
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Frequently Tested Prepositions
B3BEBE1 Common Expressions with At
at an additional cost at all times
at a surprisingly fast pace at an awards banquet
at first at best
at least at last
at one’s peak at dinner/at lunch
at one’s convenience at once = immediately
at one’s expense at one’s discretion
at random at present
at the end of the month at a reasonable rate
at the rate of at a meeting
at the same time at the risk of
■gTOElCQ55fi5ia Answers on page 311
1. Unfortunately, Mr. Hibachi was lunch when the president called him.
(A) in (C) on
(B) at (D) with
2. If you want to buy any items lower prices, the shopping malls and big supermarkets
downtown are better than convenience stores. (A) to (C) at
(B) of (D) in
Common Expressions with For
concern for (cf. be concerned with) be valid for
make up for be eligible for
be liable for be known for
a plan for be ideal for
a request for a recipe for
a discount for a banquet for
apply for a demand for
a reason for ask for
be responsible for be qualified for
except for for future reference
check for substitute A for B
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(QTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. The mayor’s new city plan has been criticized for its lack of concern the poor citizens
in the urban area. (A) of (C) to (B) for (D) from
2. The most recent survey shows that the proposed location will be ideal the art
museum. (A) with (C) to (B) for (D) of
Common Expressions with From
aside from refrain from
retire from choose from
permission from withdraw from
benefit from collect A from B
differ from judge from
prevent A from B prohibit A from B
protect A from B be far from
result from apart from
away from from now on
work from home from above
start from Seoul from door to door
from the voters from time to time
absent from tell A from B
be free from hear from
be made from get out from under
(QTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. The strike prevented employees attending the orientation which was held on May 15,
so the company postponed it. (A) of (C) to (B) from (D) at
2. Our customers will be able to choose several different models because the store will
offer a wide range of products. (A) to (C) at (B) of (D) from
i
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gSuBEsl Common Expressions with In
in spite of = despite in conclusion
in honor of in charge of
in duplicate in the suburbs of
in order to in the last five years
in reference to in accordance with
in the corner in effect
in recession in stock
in front of in comparison with
in terms of in response to
in the strongest possible terms an advance in
in bulk be involved in
in a row be engaged in
an increase in stop in
be interested in drop in
experience in come in
turn in participate in = take part in
wait in line
(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. There are approximately 3,500 employees the Sales and Marketing Department, but
the company is planning to recruit 200 more. (A) on (C) to
(B) in (D) of
2. On the way back from the train station, Mr. Hall left his briefcase the taxi.
(A) under (C) in
(B) between (D) around
^ 39 Common Expressions with Of
accuse A of B ahead of
schedule a wide range of
as of (+ a point of time) a
variety of be assured of be
conscious of be made of be
out of consist of a
guarantee of
approve of a number
of as a result of ask a
favor of be
appreciative of be
capable of be
desirous of be in
charge of be out of
order fall short of
instead of
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in light of in honor of
in favor of in place of
on account of regardless of
remind A of B take advantage of
(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. Kimberly, who is in charge of the northern states, will be out the office for the next
three weeks to visit her client in Minneapolis. (A) for (C) to
(B) of (D) at
2. Mr. Eric Smith, who was in charge the manufacturing facilities, wanted the buyers to
fill out a request form to order the new equipment. (A) of (C) for
(B) at (D) to
Common Expressions with On
on account of on and off
on average on board
on leave = on vacation on sale
on the alert on the brink of
on the contrary on the other hand
on the recommendation of on the rise
on the waiting list on the way
on the wane on behalf of
agree on on foot
an impact (effect) on a survey on
concentrate on be based on
depend on decide on
focus on have an emphasis on
an influence on impose A on B
plan on react on
spend money on a tax on
on a diet
(p TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. The floor manager has concentrated the automation system for threeyears.
(A) at (C) on
(B) to (D) of
2. The city will be hosting the next exhibition on world culture and costumes, which will be held
September 1.
(A) on (C) in
(B) for (D) of
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|3SU£liH0 Common Expressions with To
to one’s regret to one’s surprise
to some extent to the point
to date an alternative to
apply to attribute A to B
be addressed to be directed to
be admitted to be entitled to
be identical to be limited to
be related to be subject to
come to a conclusion come to an end
a commitment to contribute to
a dedication to damage to
have regard to expose A to B
object to lead to
pay attention to owing to = due to
refer to prior to
subscribe to a solution to
(o TOEIC .Questions) Answers on page 311
Questions about the content of these notices may be directed the manager of the
Personnel Department.
(A) to (C) of
(B) at (D) with
Sales of the new product, everyone’s surprise, rose 20% last quarter.
(A) for (0) to
(B) in (D) with
Common Expressions with With
with the exception of with the aim of
with respect to with regard to
with pleasure with caution
with care agree with
assist A with B be associated with
be consistent with be equipped with
be familiar with cope with
be concerned with be commensurate with
comply with be faced with
deal with in conjunction with
in compliance with an interview with
interfere with provide A with B
have a problem with
present A with B
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(o TOEIC Question?) Answers on page 311
1. The mayor has been consistent his plans to open the city auditorium to the public.
(A) to (C) for
(B) at (D) with
2. Heaven, Inc. provides its employees excellent salaries and fringe benefits.
(A) for (C) of
(B) with (D) to
Other Common Expressions
abide by beyond repair
as a father by phone
beyond control by means of
by hand concern about
by bus, by train divide A into B
come into effect give a speech on
change A into B lag behind
fill out make room for
keep abreast of out of stock
make up for out of control
be out of print put up with
stop by = drop by show off
sign up for take sth into account
take notice of take over
track sb/sth down throughout the world (= around the world)
touch down take sb into custody
until further notice under warranty
under control under discussion
under construction under new management
under pressure under a seat
up in the air upon request
vote for within 10 days
within our company within the guidelines
ahead of time
(o T OEIC Questions) Answers on page 311
1. Many forest areas lie a one-hundred-mile radius of the southern part of the state.
(A) through (C) into
(B) among (D) within
2. a teacher, he will address students who are concerned about the upcoming final
exam.
(A) To (C) In
(B) As (D) For
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TOEIC Practice Prepositions
E o u
i! >
c m
1. We doubt that the accountant embezzled
money the company, but there
is a possibility nonetheless.
(A) in
(B) from
(C) with
(D) within
2. splurging on a new sports car,
Catherine bought a secondhand one for half the price.
(A) Beside
(B) In spite of
(C) Instead of
(D) In addition
3. The endangerment several plant
species prompted local civic groups to protest industrial
construction on the wetlands.
(A) in
(B) at
(C) of
(D) against
4. The hectic pace of work at the office during
the last few weeks has definitely had a negative impact
employee morale.
(A) on
(B) for
(C) of
(D) with
5. No engine may be installed in a prototype
vehicle having first gone through
rigorous testing.
(A) except
(B) if
(C) prior
(D) without
6. the approval of a majority of the
shareholders, the board elected to suspend the internal
audit for an indefinite period of time.
(A) In
(B) At
(C) With
(D) From
7. determine who opened this bank
account, we will need to file a police report and request
a subpoena.
(A) In order to
(B) Instead of
(C) So that
(D) As to
8. We need to get in touch every
client that purchased Songbird microchips
manufactured in June and July of last year.
(A) to
(B) for
(C) of
(D) with
9. It will first be necessary to tour the production facility
signing any binding
contract.
(A) due to
(B) in order
(C) despite
(D) before
10. If every item on our afternoon itinerary goes
according to plan, we should be able to arrive
Brussels at approximate
ly 9:00 P.M.
(A) at
(B) for
(C) in
(D) to
11. It will be necessary all managers
to submit their budgets by Tuesday since the meeting
is scheduled for Thursday.
(A) at
(B) on
(C) from
(D) for
12. If your package does not arrive
the next few days, please call our distribution center,
and ask to speak to the manager on duty.
(A) by
(B) within
(C) until
(D) to
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13. Despite rechecking his calculations several
times, the navigator was still several miles away
the planned landing place.
(A) in
(B) from
(C) within
(D) at
14. the early 1970s, women have had the right to make a
claim on property even though they were legally
restricted from many other common rights.
(A) For
(B) During
(C) While
(D) Since
15. According to the shipping agreement, the
delivery should be made the
agreed-upon date.
(A) within
(B) above
(C) before
(D) throughout
16. The professor strongly recommended her
former student for the job the
medical practice.
(A) in
(B) at
(C) of
(D) from
17. Given its considerable limitations regarding
to temperature changes, the role of
stone is mainly to protect architectural surfaces.
(A) resist
(B) resistant
(C) resistance
(D) to resist
18. Drivers who refuse to take a breathalyzer
test will be subject fines and
possible imprisonment.
(A) in
(B) at
(C) to
(D) on
19. Representatives from the two major corporations were
able to reach a compromise
extensive negotiations.
(A) in
(B) among
(C) through
(D) throughout
20. At the airline desk, it clearly states that each
passenger may check two pieces of luggage
no charge.
(A) of
(B) in
(C) at
(D) on
21. We could not accept his excuse
being late to the meeting since I had just seen him at
the restaurant eating breakfast.
(A) of
(B) for
(C) to
(D) with
22. The technicians in the group have agreed
to divide the work evenly them
selves in order to complete the project on time.
(A) with
(B) through
(C) inside
(D) among
23. her trip to Wyoming, Denise thought of several
excellent ideas for attracting new customers to the
firm.
(A) In
(B) On
(C) At
(D) From
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24. The Federal Reserve lowered interest rates
today for the first time six months.
(A) in
(B) from
(C) by
(D) since
25. Automax’s innovative design and astounding success
the trial phase
seemed to guarantee approval by the oversight
committee.
(A) of
(B) within
(C) during
(D) while
26. Our customers will be able to choose
several different models since the
agencies usually have a wide range of devices.
(A) from
(B) at
(C) of
(D) within
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Unit 15 Articles
An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two artic les
a(n) and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately.
The Definite Article The
■ The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing.
e.g. Sufficient break time increases the productivity of employees. (The expression “of employees” indicates a specific class
among other classes.)
(ÔTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 312
1. Union members believed that most employees had agreed to sign the new policy under influence of their forceful
manager.
(A) the (C) and
(B) it (D) every
2. The renovation of the library is expected to be completed by
(A) the end (C) end
(B) an end (D) ending
of the month.
E5Q9 The + Superlative Adjective
■ The definite article the is used before a superlative adjective and words such as next and last. e.g. This is the best
proposal to make a profit in the Asian market, (good - the best)
iQTOEIC Questions)
1. We guarantee the Fasto is
also the most reliable. (A) the most
(B) most
Answers on page 312 fuel-efficient automobile that you have ever had and is
(C) the more
(D) more
2. The sales for
from last year. (A) the
(B) any
newest model of their vending machine are expected to exceed those
(C) a
(D) some
3. Constructing the new museum was challenging project they had ever worked on.
(A) most (C) the most
(B) more (D) the more
4. According to reports, the
have been published. (A) new
(B) newer
edition of the magazine is better than any other issues that
(C) newest
(D) more new
E o
U
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Part 5 I Unit 15 Articles 183
Page 175
The Following Pronouns
□ The definite article the is often used in expressions having the following pronouns.
all, some, any, half, most
one, each, either, neither, much, little
many, both, few, several
e.g. All of the money has been stolen.
All of the students have to take a test in the class.
One of the friends is coming to visit me this Sunday.
Either of the promotional projects is acceptable.
Several of the pencils were broken when the pencil case fell down.
Fixed Expressions with The
□ The definite article the is always used in the expressions like the same/only/rest. e.g. Berlin has a
population roughly the same as that of England.
A The is used in the double comparative structure.
e.g. The quicker you finish what you are doing, the sooner you can go home.
B The is used to refer to the remaining of the two.
e.g. Of the two candidates, the board members chose the better one for the post.
oTOEIC Questions Answers on page 312
2. Each of
1. This is one of
(A) the
(B) any
oldest buildings that were ever built in Italy.
(C) some
(D) an
advertising companies was able to make a profit despite the economic
recession
(A) every
(B) some (C) any
(D) the
oTOEIC Questions Answers on page 312
1. The cost of this commodity is
(A) the same
(B) same
in Europe as it is in North Africa.
(C) same as
(D) a same
2. Mr. Wang and Mr. Hoover are the
end of the fourth quarter. (A) any
(B) only
two sales managers ever to reach their quotas before
(C) every
(D) the only
QSB9 Other Uses of The
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C The is used with ordinal numbers (the first, the second, the third, etc.).
e.g. This is the first time I’ve seen this film.
D The is used with directions (the north, the south, the east, the west, etc.).
e.g. Go to the north of this city, you’ll see a newly built skyscraper.
E The is used with something that is unique [the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, etc.).
e.g. The sun rises in the east.
OTOEIC Questions Answers on page
312
1. The more the teachers and parents scolded the students, unpleasant the students
became. (A) the more (C) most
(B) more (D) better
2. The closer employees live to their companies, expensive their cost of living will be.
(A) the more (C) more
(B) the less (D) the least
3. I will never forget that today is day I started working.
(A) the first (C) a first
(B) first (D) any first
4. of Japan is warmer than any place here in Canada.
(A) The south (C) A south
(B) South (D) The southern
The Indefinite Article A/An
0 A or an is an indefinite article which is used when we are referring to one of many or when we do not know which one is
referred to. The only difference is that an is used before nouns or adjective-noun combinations beginning with a vowel sound
and a is used before nouns or adjective-noun combinations beginning with a consonant sound. e.g. a university, uniform,
union
an hour, honorable career, honest man, heir, MBA
I saw an elephant, a lion and a tiger come down to the watering hole in a clearing in the jungle.
I met an Australian backpacker in a bar in Birmingham.
oTOEIC Questions]
1. Is your mother working in old office building?
(A) a (C) the
(B) an (D) 0
2. After this tour, you’ll have whole afternoon free to explore the city.
(A) a (C) any
(B) an (D) 0
Answers on page 312
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A No articles are used with plurals or uncountable nouns when we refer to general ideas.
e.g. Water is the best drink.
Silence is gold.
Dogs are loyal.
B No articles are used with commonly used nouns when there is general reference and when they are used with prepositions:
school, college, university, work, home, bed, prison, hospital, church, breakfast, lunch, dinner, spring, summer, autumn,
Christmas, New Year, Easter, etc. e.g. He is in church. He goes to school.
He is going to bed.
Note: However, for specific reference, the definite article the will be necessary. e.g. The church I
went to as a child has been converted into a bingo hall.
The lunch they prepared to celebrate my birthday was stunning.
The summer of 1979 remains one of the wettest on record.
C No articles are used when we refer to subject matters: politics, statistics, economics, physics, mathematics, etc.
e.g. We don’t like to talk about politics.
,oTOEIC Questions} Answers on page 312
1. Generally speaking,
(A) a
(B) an
boys are physically stronger than girls.
(C) the
(D) 0
2. What is
(A) a
(B) an
capital city of Czech Republic?
(C) the
(D) 0
3. She is not working at the moment. She is unemployed technician.
(A) a
(B) an
(C) the
(D) 0
4. She lives in
(A) a
(B) an
north of Spain but her parents live in
(C) th
e
(0)
0
east.
5. economics is not easy to learn.
(C) the
(D) 0 (A) a
(B) an
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TOEIC Practice Articles
1. All of to the Grand Hotel’s res-
taurant said that the food was satisfactory but the
service was not.
(A) visitors
(B) the visitors
(C) visitor
(D) visit
of those 2. It is time for us to take ______________
children who live only with their siblings after
their parents get divorced.
(A) care
(B) a care
(C) the care
(D) caring
3. The board members made a peculiar last-
minute change in regulations of
the agreements.
(A) any
(B) a
(C) every
(D) the
________ that the
4. Hundreds of years ago, _____________
Earth was flat was widely believed to be true.
(A) idea
(B) the idea
(C) idea
(D) an idea
5. It is a growing concern that of
the recently laid-off workers are giving up
their efforts to get new jobs.
(A) the most
(B) almost
' (C) most
(D) the almost
6. If you want to know about our newly devel
oped product, the company will send you some more
information the
mail.
(A) by
Pin
(C) at
(D) on
7. Students have mentioned several of
why they enjoy studying English at the language
institute.
(A) reason
(B) a reason
(C) reasons
(D) the reasons
8. of a newly developed machine is
currently on display on the third floor of the National
Convention Center.
(A) Exhibition
(B) An exhibition
(C) The exhibition
(D) Exhibitions
9. Please deliver to Mr. Hunt, who is
in charge of the Manufacturing Department.
(A) an equipment
(B) equipments
(C) the equipment
(D) equip
10. The governor’s speech, which was originally scheduled
for next week, will be postponed
until ______________ notice because of the
presidential election.
(A) the further
(B) further
(C) the farther
(D) father
11. Most of in the union were
replaced with employees who were newly hired.
(A) workers
(B) the workers
(C) a worker
(D) worker
12. A higher fuel forced the people
to use public transportation instead of their cars.
(A) prices
(B) price
(C) the price
(D) a price
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13. The plan to renovate the old museum in the
park was canceled as of serious
concerns about some environmental problems.
(A) result
(B) a result
(C) resulted
(D) resulting
14. If you take a look atdata from our local offices, you will recognize the importance of the correlation between employee morale and their productivity.
(A) latest
(B) later
(C) the latest
(D) the later
15. The more students learn about management,meaning
it can have for
them.
(A) greatest
(B) greater
(C) the greatest
(D) the greater
E o U
OJ '>
4-» c ro
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00 (О
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1. Don’t forget to all the audiovisual
equipment to the storage closet when you’re done with
the training session.
(A) remit
(B) return
(C) refund
(D) replace
2. While guests must pay for any beverages
they take from the refrigerator, bottles of water are
provided free of ______________________________ .
(A) rate
(B) price
(C) fare
(D) charge
3. Ableton Investments has just secured the right to
build on the most expensive and
piece of property in Manhattan.
(A) erectable
(B) desirable
(C) permissible
(D) aggressive
4. All dormitory residents are required to
the Wellness Program this evening
discussing the dangers of smoking.
(A) attend
(B) register
(C) participate
(D) associate
5. LKC Laboratories is the dominant
in cancer research in the United States, with over 140
pharmaceutical patents to its name.
(A) force
(B) desire
(C) energy
(D) direction
6. The consultants claim that they have a
detailed method of __________________ cutting labor
costs and other operating expenses while optimizing
productivity.
(A) excessively
(B) distinctly
(C) emphatically
(D) drastically
7. Green World has been recognized through
out the years as a valuable ally in the fight to the
environment.
(A) perceive
(B) prevent
(C) preserve
(D) preside
8. One of a successful customer
service representative is the ability to listen patiently to
customer complaints.
(A) profile
(B) personality
(C) description
(D) characteristic
9. Since I didn’t get the raise I asked for, I’m ______
ready to give up on this company and go look for work
somewhere else.
(A) almost
(B) scarcely
(C) timely
(D) momentarily
10. Apple Electronics has vowed to redesign its keyboards
due to consumer complaints of discomfort during
periods of use.
(A) extended
(B) enhanced
(C) expanded
(D) empowered
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1. The author told the audience that he has
every of continuing his highly
popular “Jack Blade” series for at least two more
books.
(A) focus
(B) purpose
(C) business
(D) intention
2. Even though Mr. Campbell was tired of going on
business trips every month, he liked traveling to new
places for the change of
(A) scenery
(B) area
(C) region
(D) ecology
3. Never go into a bargaining session with the
that you have no choice other than to
accept the job.
(A) attitude
(B) vision
(C) aversion
(D) solution
4. The public relations manager made a mistake
when she two interviews
for the same time on the same day.
(A) sorted
(B) arranged
(C) adjusted
(D) correlated
5. Constructed ten years to the
courthouse, the Tremont Hotel is the oldest building in
the city, a fact few people are aware of.
(A) before
(B) previously
(C) prior
(D) older
6. Although more than two hundred people
have inquired about the trip, our chartered bus can
only forty passengers.
(A) appreciate
(B) articulate
(C) accommodate
(D) alienate
7. The most desirable _______ has proven
to be Hank Jarvis, who has 13 years’ experience in
international arbitration.
(A) apply
(B) applicant
(C) application
(D) appliance
8. If you keep refusing to to the
dress regulations, we will have no choice but to take
disciplinary action that may result in termination.
(A) receive
(B) accept
(C) comply
(D) conform
9. The new policies to change the amount charged to
see the physician will be put into
before the end of July.
(A) effect
(B) beginning
(C) condition
(D) progress
10. Though your starting salary will be
with your experience, we can include your part-time
work when negotiating your vacation time.
(A) based
(B) continual
(C) similar
(D) commensurate
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Vocabulary
T E S T 3
1. Despite the engineers’ assurances, some
critics still doubt that the new dam will generate enough
power to the entire
city with cheap electricity.
(A) supply
(B) enhance
(C) deliver
(D) distribute
2. According to all current theories of finance,
in the absence of , shares are
worthless and have no value.
(A) dividends
(B) trustees
(C) capitals
(D) distributions
6. , if these new procurement pol-
icies are approved, we will be able to finish the
building renovations two weeks ahead of time and
well under budget.
(A) Principally
(B) Ideally
(C) Rationally
(D) Believably
7. Luckily, none of the factory workers were
to the mercury gas when the
machine malfunctioned.
(A) exposed
(B) harmed
(C) breathed
(D) attacked
3. We said that we would be willing to split the
losses with our partner firm, but,
in the end, we were left with the entire debt.
(A) fully
(B) evenly
(C) eventfully
(D) intensively
4. During the first few weeks after the surgery,
it will be necessary to the pa
tient for even the slightest signs of infection.
(A) monitor
(B) protect
(C) prevent
(D) comfort
5. Dentistry is the only health that
deals with the prevention and treatment of oral
diseases.
(A) career
(B) treatment
(C) operation
(D) profession
8. The price seems greater than
what could be explained by transmission cost
differences between high and low cost regions.
(A) terms
(B) range
(C) limitation
(D) area
9. An important passage in the promotional
brochure was accidentally during
the proofreading process.
(A) deleted
(B) cancelled
(C) destroyed
(D) dissolved
10. With the proper equipment, you can reduce in your
factory and increase productivity by as much as 30
percent.
(A) injuries
(B) damages
(C) falsehoods
(D) risks
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1. You must your supervisor at
least a month in advance if you intend to resign from
the position.
(A) notify
(B) message
(C) infer
(D) notice
2. Because his business has been so
over the last several years, Bernard Feldstein has been
asked to speak at the entrepreneurs’ convention.
(A) prosperous
(B) seasonable
(C) advantageous
(D) opportune
3. Out of a lineup of ten suspects, witnesses
were able to help police the
culprit because of the distinctive scar on his face.
(A) evaluate
(B) judge
(C) identify
(D) isolate
4. From 530 initial applicants for
these positions, we must select a maximum of 75 for
consideration in the first round of the interview process.
(A) as much as
(B) more than
(C) exceeding
(D) equivalent
5. In order to ensure that both their projects were
finished ahead of schedule, the two teams decided it
would be best if they
the tabulation of their surveys.
(A) compromised
(B) conceded
(C) cooperated
(D) coordinated
6. Losses resulting from widespread recalls of
unsafe products did not preclude the company from
reporting the that
shareholders had expected.
(A) profits
(B) damages
(C) accounting
(D) productions
7. Groups may reserve the swimming pool for private
parties; however, this option is not
on any major holidays.
(A) achievable
(B) reachable
(C) amenable
(D) available
8. Southern California has a certain quality that
people, particularly celebrities, who tend to own
several properties there.
(A) attracts
(B) adores
(C) attains
(D) appeals
9. On Tuesday of last week, the Board of Labor released
the results of its most recent investigation into payroll
accounting
(A) practices
(B) actions
(C) morals
(D) exercises
10. As you know, our regulations regarding client
confidentiality, including the consequences of violating
it, have always been strict.
(A) widely
(B) primarily
(C) approvingly
(D) extremely
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1. In order to become a qualified senior technician,
one must a considerable
amount of time in studying for the certification exams.
(A) invest
(B) obtain
(C) pursue
(D) expand
2. Our lawyers will shortly be in
with their legal affairs division so that we can begin
negotiating a settlement before the matter goes to court.
(A) writing
(B) conversation
(C) contact
(D) exchange
3. If possible, I’d like to arrange a meeting with
you at 5 P.M. so that we can go
over your recent proposal to the board.
(A) timely
(B) appropriately
(C) apparently
(D) approximately
4. Some athletes so outshine their competitors
that they an exalted place in the
pantheon of sports heroes.
(A) reserve
(B) sanction
(C) foster
(D) occupy
5. You’re going to receive a if the
attendants don’t see a parking permit sticker on your car
windshield.
(A) fine
(B) fee
(C) fare
(D) cost
6. Copyright laws internationally,
but as a basic rule, they protect authors’ rights to their
works.
(A) differ
(B) alter
(C) emerge
(D) define
7. Due to unexpected circumstances, we will have to
reschedule your dental
with Dr. Patel for later in the week.
(A) notice
(B) plan
(C) reservation
(D) appointment
8. The press has recently reported that several
local restaurants are not with
the new federal sanitation policies.
(A) composing
(B) comparing
(C) complying
(D) compiling
9. According to this survey, enthusiasm for the new
holiday and vacation schedule that we announced
last week has been all but
(A) popular
(B) approved
(C) unanimous
(D) victorious
10. The Sales Manager, Mr. Sanz,
telling the president that the past few months’ sales
were at an all-time low.
(A) hesitated
(B) loathed
(C) insisted
(D) unwilling
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1. When faced with a serious crisis in which time is of
the essence, a successful leader’s actions should be
as swift and
as possible.
(A) unyielding
(B) reckless
(C) pivotal
(D) decisive
2. Mr. Windsor her to leave
early
for the weekend provided that all of her work was
completed in advance.
(A) made
(B) ensured
(C) permitted
(D) suggested
3. Union members are objecting to the new
limiting workers to only two hours
of overtime each week.
(A) policy
(B) symbol
(C) conference
(D) presentation
4. Administration officials are well
of how important it is to be honest and open with the
local media in times of crisis.
(A) aware
(B) attuned
(C) focused
(D) known
5. The hospital will new safety
procedures next week regarding the proper disposal of
toxic waste.
(A) install
(B) implement
(C) notify
(D) fulfill
6. Some parts of the assembly line were automated,
resulting in a 20% increase in plant
(A) abundance
(B) execution
(C) creation
(D) productivity
7. Finding an economical excursion fare does
not mean that your trip must be
different from a more expensive one.
(A) relatively
(B) correctly
(C) necessarily
(D) selectively
8. Tobacco companies have experienced
pressure in recent years to disclose
formerly confidential industry documents.
(A) increasing
(B) inflicting
(C) resisting
(D) constructing
9. Narrowing the gap in between
men and women was one of many topics discussed at
the forum.
(A) costs
(B) wages
(C) prices
(D) charges
10. Applicants should make sure that they are dressed
when they go for an
interview.
(A) readily
(B) intensely
(C) appropriately
(D) admiringly
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Vocabulary
T E S T 7
1. Any components that are during
the shipment can be returned for a full refund.
(A) hurt
(B) injured
(C) damaged
(D) maimed
2. If customers place an order for the wrong size, they
will be responsible for freight
to return or exchange the clothes.
(A) charges
(B) money
(C) fees
(D) interests
3. If you would like to have an opportunity to
present your paper, you should register for the
conference by December.
(A) annual
(B) recent
(C) happening
(D) appearing
4. You should communicate with your health
insurance company regarding any difficulties you
encounter related to the of
your medical care costs.
(A) enforcement
(B) depositing
(C) settlement
(D) reimbursement
5. In the commercial, the company
that its toothpaste will be more effective than any
other currently on the market.
(A) suggests
(B) requires
(C) imitates
(D) demands
6. It requires credit bureaus to report informa
tion accurately and to remove credit report
information that is or inaccurate.
(A) outdated
(B) existent
(C) realistic
(D) purposeful
7. Rather than pay a 20% increase in rental fees,
Brine Financial elected to
to a building with more space and a less expensive
lease.
(A) deliver
(B) transport
(C) transmit
(D) relocate
8. The new law banning smoking in public parks
is of the health-conscious atti
tudes of many people nowadays.
(A) reflective
(B) thoughtful
(C) intentional
(D) contemplative
9. Please do everything in your power to
that Helen receives the promotion
she was promised.
(A) inquire
(B) insure
(C) ensure
(D) require
10. Even though the house was in good
we didn’t want to lock ourselves into a longterm lease
by signing a contract of more than three years.
(A) term
(B) basis
(C) situation
(D) condition
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1. The fruit bat is known for its small size and
high-pitched screech when startled
in flight.
(A) distinctively
(B) quickly
(C) spontaneously
(D) distantly
2. He attended several employee training
courses in order to his knowl
edge of the new software.
(A) learn
(B) invest
(C) expand
(D) intend
3. Military personnel are expected at all times
to follow strict of conduct as
described in the Code of Conduct Handbook.
(A) standards
(B) means
(C) lengths
(D) degrees
4. The new policy on shipping procedures made it
possible for Jessie to estimate when the goods would
arrive at the port.
(A) repetitively
(B) accurately
(C) critically
(D) prospectively
5. Remember to with the Human
Resources Director before transferring any
employees to a different department.
(A) consult
(B) discuss
(C) comprise
(D) conceive
6. The organizer and the caterer weren’t able
to reach a on acontract
that the
flowers will be also provided by the caterer.
(A) dispute
(B) assurance
(C) retention
(D) consensus
7. Since the directors believe that we aren’t a
very efficient department, we’d better hold meetings to try to improve our
performance.
(A) periodically
(B) productively
(C) considerably
(D) progressively
8. The subways have been delayed for the last couple
of days due to union strikes, but leaders announced
that they would return to
as of today.
(A) station
(B) work
(C) regular
(D) normal
9. The driver was expelled from the race for using an
engine that exceeded the imposed by the racing
authority.
(A) findings
(B) diagrams
(C) limitations
(D) confirmations
10. We have no vacancies right now, but I’ll notify you as
soon as one becomes
(A) empty
(B) taken
(C) noticed
(D) available
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Vocabulary
T E S T
1. Special arrangements have been made to
recall the merchandise and im
prove the overall quality control.
(A) deliberate
(B) untrue
(C) defective
(D) repellent
2. Working for General Industry for eight years,
Steve being promoted to general
manager next year.
(A) arranged
(B) anticipated
(C) consented
(D) deserved
3. The Marketing Department has determined that the
new product will be most
with men between the ages of 18 and 27.
(A) liked
(B) attractive
(C) popular
(D) attentive
4. I believe we should about oppor
tunities to buy small areas of unused land from the
federal government.
(A) inquire
(B) acquire
(C) request
(D) require
5. As an to switch to Oscar Tele
com, new business accounts become eligible to use
one-hour international call service.
(A) action
(B) explanation
(C) anticipation
(D) incentive
6. Despite the suspicious circumstances, the
police investigators finally that
the man’s death was an accident and not a murder.
(A) alluded
(B) eluded
(C) included
(D) concluded
7. The inventory process that
you
have accounted for all the items that are supposed to
be in the store.
(A) rearranges
(B) discounts
(C) verifies
(D) displays
8. Mr. Steven’s delaying tactics may
us to cancel the contract since the job must be done
on time.
(A) compel
(B) diverse
(C) suggest
(D) ensure
9. My supervisor asked me to make a table
for five people to celebrate Jim’s
promotion.
(A) book
(B) reservation
(C) assistance
(D) reserve
10. Customers are our most valued assets and
often have
(A) imperative
(B) imperial
(C) impertinent
(D) imperceptive
needs.
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Vocabulary
T E S T 1 0
1. We lost confidence in him because he never
on the promises he made regarding the
following regulations.
(A) treated
(B) renewed
(C) delivered
(D) yielded
2. One of just-in-time manufactur
ing strategies is that if one part fails to be delivered on
time, the whole assembly process is stalled.
(A) loss
(B) crisis
(C) catastrophe
(D) disadvantage
3. Money is these days since I have
not been able to find a job, so we must be frugal.
(A) narrow
(B) tight
(C) small
(D) down
4. The St. Kilda Esplanade Art and Craft market
hundreds of stallholders, with something
for everyone.
(A) presents
(B) features
(C) creates
(D) takes
5. Internet banking gives people the freedom
to perform many banking with
out waiting in lines or the restrictions of traditional bank
hours.
(A) policies
(B) liquidations
(C) transactions
(D) evaluations
6. All homeowners should have inspections
____________ regularly of both their plumbing
and electrical systems.
(A) conducted
(B) alerted
(C) engaged
(D) protected
7. A discussion with the staff about the
of the merger took place at the meeting.
(A) implications
(B) solicitations
(C) compensations
(D) nominations
8. He has been as the leader of the
market research team.
(A) defrayed
(B) designated
(C) determined
(D) demanded
9. Acting toward your colleagues
improves not only the work relationships with them
but also the overall atmosphere of the workplace.
(A) respectfully
(B) repeatedly
(C) rewardingly
(D) respectively
10. A number of people are willing to
the law for the large amounts of money they could make
by trading fake antiques.
(A) interfere
(B) disconnect
(C) grant
(D) violate
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PART 6
73
'' This part consists of four short reading passages. Each passage has three gaps and below each gap are four answer
choices. You must decide which of these four choices produces a complete grammatical and logical sentence.
Basically, the testing points in Part 6 are the same as those in Part 5, except that they occur in longer passages.
Similarly, vocabulary and grammar points are tested in this part.
Similar to Part 5, you should begin by skimming through the passage quickly. Then, you have to look at the sentences
that have gaps and try to choose the best item from the four answer choices given. Note that at least one question in
each passage requires you to read more than one sentence to find the correct answer. You have no more than 5
minutes for each passage in this part. So, remember not to spend too much time working on any one question.
Exercise Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.
A second resort could open near White Creek State Park. Bryson Development of Iowa is currently looking at two
sites. Tim Moore, project manager of the proposed resort, said company officials did not want to village
officials until a site was selected.
141. (A) approach
(B) deal
(C) sponsor
(D) agree
The resort will be called Wild Bill’s at White Creek. The decision about the location will be made in a couple of weeks,
Moore said.
The $90 million Grizzly Jack’s Grand Bear resort opened this summer to for
142. (A) attract
(B) take
(C) accommodate
(D) cater the large number of people who go to White Creek State Park each year.
Wild Bill’s developers have drawn up plans a 61,000-square-foot water park, a hotel,
143. (A) for
(B) with
(C) of
(D) to a conference center, and condominiums costing from $190,000 to $400,000 each.
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TOEIC Questions
Questions 1-2 refer to the following passage.
Foodland is currently looking to one member to its kitchen staff. You should have
1. (A) add
(B) attain
(C) allow
(D) join
previous experience in preparing Italian food, especially pasta. You should be ready to start soon.
This will be a top-rated restaurant, and we will open for business in one month. Please
2. (A) stop
(B) apply
(C) enter
(D) send
in person between 2 and 4 P.M.
Questions 3-4 refer to the following passage.
Net@Home has been working hard to develop a new web browser. We are pleased to announce that it is now for
download. You will see a lot of improvements in our service when
3. (A) use
(B) able
(C) eligible
(D) available
you use Net@Home 4.1. We apologize for the delay in our new product. Our project
4. (A) relating
(B) refunding
(C) releasing
(D) resolving
engineers want to thank all of our customers for their patience.
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Questions 5-6 refer to the following passage.
Attention Visitors!
Groups must come in through the Zebra Entrance. Payment must be when entering,
5. (A) done
(B) given
(C) sent
(D) made
and all members of a group must enter together. The zoo does not have public storage
6. (A) facilities
(B) productions
(C) supplies
(D) equipment
and no items may be left in the care of zoo employees.
Questions 7-8 refer to the following passage.
There was a 7-percent drop in the state’s smoking rate during the late 2000s. Researchers think it was because of a big in
cigarette taxes. The number of adults who smoked
7. (A) increase
(B) increasingly
(C) increased
(D) increasing
dropped from 24 percent in 2009 to 17 percent in 2011. In 2008, voters raised the cigarette tax from 16 cents to 38 cents
pack.
8. (A) by
(B) every
(C) per
(D) in
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Questions 9-10 refer to the following passage.
Subscribe to American Gardener today, and have it delivered to your home. The bi-monthly issues will give you tips on
growing the garden. For a yearly fee of $19.95, you’ll save 25%
9. (A) perfect
(B) perfection
(C) perfectly
(D) perfectionist off the newsstand rate.
Subscribe today, and our North American Plants CD-ROM, a useful reference for any
10. (A) reform
(B) receive
(C) rebate
(D) resume gardener.
Questions 11-12 refer to the following passage.
Dear Ms. Goldsmith,
Thank you for coming to our bank. We are sure you will be happy with our loan service.
11. (A) normally
(B) apparently
(C) recently
(D) gradually In this envelope there is a coupon book. Please one coupon with each payment, as it
12. (A) indeed
(B) inspire
(C) involve
(D) include will also be a record of your monthly payments.
Please feel free to stop by the bank at any time if we can be of assistance to you in any othe r way.
Sincerely,
Bonnie Clydesdale Loan Manager
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Questions 13-15 refer to the following passage
As athletes begin to train for their events, they become somewhat like machines. They keep a consistent diet to control how
many calories they are ingesting, they do exercises to help with their , and they completely focus on their events. To keep
this sort of schedule for a number
13. (A) coordination
(B) complication
(C) allocation
(D) stimulation
of weeks requires a lot of discipline. But many athletes do not mind because they know that all the hard work will pay off
when it comes time for their event. Unfortunately for some, this training period is not always so easy, and they need a little
extra to help them get through their
14. (A) termination
(B) intervention
(C) simulation
(D) motivation
training sessions. This can come in many forms. Some athletes use their family while others p icture themselves winning the
events. When the training is all done, the athletes on only
15. (A) investigate
(B) concentrate
(C) transmit
(D) appreciate one thing — winning.
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Questions 16-18 refer to the following passage.
If you think one must be a curator or a security guard to work inside an art museum, think again. Many Wisconsin
employees work among pieces of art each day.
16. (A) origin
(B) original
(C) originate
(D) originally
That’s because some Wisconsin companies place a high value on aes thetics in the workplace. Unfortunately for the rest of
us, many corporate art can only be viewed by company
17. (A) collections
(B) suggestions
(C) contributions
(D) sections
employees. But some are available for public viewing. Just keep in mind that these are places of business; they don’t hold
regular gallery hours.
One such business where people can view art is Wassau Hospital. Over time, it has stuck to its policy of purchasing
original art for display in its public areas. Mary Aldridge, the hospital staff member with purchasing the art, always
stays mindful of the artworks’ color and
18. (A) commend
(B) responsible
(C) employed
(D) charged design and often buys landscape paintings because of the light colors and cheery moods.
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Questions 19-21 refer to the following passage.
A fully functional Koln 21-1 wind turbine was on Saturday on the grounds of the State
19. (A) equipped
(B) set
(C) installed
(D) performed
Science Building Museum in Madison, Wisconsin. The wind turbine was being used to
20. (A) offer
(B) display
(C) arrange
(D) promote
the museum’s upcoming exhibition entitled Clean & Green: Solutions to Energy Demands in the 21 st Century, which runs
from July 1st to October 31st. The exhibition highlights a growing interest to curb Americans’ insatiable demand for
electricity by generating electricity from renewable energy sources. In the past, turbines were noisy and expensive and
broke down too often. Now, all of that has changed. They have become a more alternative source of power.
21. (A) replaceable
(B) visible
(C) viable
(D) entitled
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Part 6
Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer choices are
given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on
your answer sheet.
Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.
With the recent storms that had been affecting the area, Staysafe, Inc. decided that it was time to assess the of its
office building in the downtown area. In order to do this, they had
141. (A) assembly
(B) integrity
(C) maturity
(D) importance
many steps to take. The first was to hire a meteorologist to help explain the weather patterns and the possibility of
continued storms and their potential damage. The second was to bring in a building inspector to analyze the of
thebuilding.
142. (A) structure
(B) production
(C) protection
(D) flexibility
Finally, Staysafe had to bring in a contractor to take the necessary steps to increase the safety of its building. After some
long discussions with the inspector, the contractor decided on a three- phase plan for the building. The first phase included
the upgrades that were most to
143. (A) durable
(B) accurate
(C) critical
(D) confident
the long-term stability of the building. The second phase dealt with the upgrades that would help the building survive harsh
weather conditions. The final phase of the project focused on the minor damage that had been caused by the recent
weather.
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Questions 144-146 refer to the following passage.
The dollar and the yen — in that order — are the most actively traded currencies in the world, with the New Zealand and
Australian dollars being key currencies in Asia. Currency trading was hugely for banks in the 1980s. But, in the 1990s,
policy coordination among European Union
144. (A) profitable
(B) achievable
(C) affordable
(D) attainable
members decreased the market volume for major currencies.
As a result, banks are looking more to Asian-Pacific currencies for trading opportunities. For example, the Thai baht, the
Indonesian rupiah, the Malaysian ringgit, and other so-called exotic currencies are in increasing as bank
traders expand their activities in the region.
145. (A) needs
(B) presence
(C) demand
(D) shortage
Trading the currencies of emerging markets is riskier than trading the currencies of
146. (A) considered
(B) considerable
(C) considering
(D) consideration stable industrialized countries because there is often less information, or less reliable information.
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Questions 147-149 refer to the following passage.
During the of his latest movie, Hollywood director Davis Brown ran into some unusual
147. (A) certification
(B) investigation
(C) participation
(D) production
difficulties. Many actors developed cases of food poisoning because the caterer failed to follow industry guidelines, write rs
had to deal with computer viruses placed by hackers, and the film crew had to deal with film that had passed its date.
148. (A) satisfaction
(B) expiration
(C) regulation
(D) transportation
On top of all this, Davis Brown was experiencing difficulties of his own. As the director, it was his responsibility to oversee
all aspects of the filming. Unfortunately, due to all the problems that had been occurring, Brown became too distracted and
failed to secure the filming site for an extra week. It seemed that if anything could go wrong for Davis Brown, it did.
149. (A) moderately
(B) possibly
(C) additionally
(D) specifically
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Questions 150-152 refer to the following passage.
Arthritis is a kind of joint inflammation. It is the body’s natural response to injury and plays an important role in healing
and fighting infection. Joint injury can be by trauma or by
150. (A) caused
(B) resulted
(C) thrived
(D) created the wear and tear of aging.
Arthritis treatments have three objectives: to reduce pain and swelling, to keep joints moving safely, and to avoid further
damage to joints. They may include medicines to pain,
151. (A) decline
(B) declaim
(C) diminish
(D) deplete special exercise, use of heat or cold, weight control, and surgery.
Strengthening and endurance activities are recommended, but should be limited or avoided during flare -ups. Arthritis
patients should their doctors before starting an exercise program.
152. (A) talk
(B) refer
(C) consult
(D) counsel
When damage to the joints becomes disabling or when other treatments fail to reduce pain, your doctor may suggest
surgery. Surgeons can repair or replace damaged joints with artificial ones.
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Test H
Part 6
Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer choices are
given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on
your answer sheet.
Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.
Our college seeks to have as many students as possible involved in extracurricular activities. Involvement in activities such
as sports remains optional, according to the that was
141. (A) decision
(B) agreement
(C) option
(D) experiment made between the college and its students.
However, attendance for all classes or other educational seminars is . The college
142. (A) stressed
(B) appealed
(C) required
(D) permitted
places a great deal of importance on the academic success of its students and hopes that participation in these classes and
seminars will further their academic success. Consequently, failure to comply with these will result in
a meeting with the deanand possible disciplinary action.
143. (A) regulations
(B) applications
(C) ambitions
(D) encounters
However, should a student present a satisfactory reason for his or her absence, an exemption may be made.
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Questions 144-146 refer to the following passage.
While libraries are known to be quiet places, the opposite is true right now at the Hamilton Public Library, but officials
expect the end result to be a more place for people to read, do
144. (A) comfort
(B) comfortable
(C) comfortably
(D) comforting
research, and enjoy activities such as story hours. Work on the library’s outdated heating and cooling system has begun.
With the updates come several temporary changes in public to the building.
145. (A) use
(B) access
(C) contribution
(D) availability
During the six-month project, the library staff hopes the inconvenience to patrons is minimal, but guaranteeing that will be
difficult. However, officials are certain the $951,000 project will provide better conditi ons for library visitors.
The library might have to close at times because the electricity will be shut off. The library will receive three days’
from the firm contracted to do the work and will use its own
146. (A) notice
(B) information
(C) adjustment
(D) report
website and the local media to inform the public of the closings. Also, signs will be placed outside the building.
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Questions 147-149 refer to the following passage.
To protect you and your fellow passengers, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is required by law to
inspect all baggage. As part of this process, some bags are
147. (A) checked
(B) registered
(C) submitted
(D) admitted
opened and physically inspected. Your bag was among those selected for physical inspection. During the inspect ion, your
bag and its contents may have been for prohibited items.
148. (A) watched
(B) reached
(C) sought
(D) searched
At the completion of the inspection, the contents were returned to your bag, which was resealed. If the TSA screener was
unable to open your bag for inspection because it was locked, the screener may have been forced to break the locks on
your bag. TSA sincerely having
149. (A) apologize
(B) regards
(C) considers
(D) regrets
to do this, and has taken care to reseal your bag upon completion of inspection. However, TSA is no t liable for damage to
your locks resulting from this necessary security precaution. We appreciate your understanding and cooperation. If you
have questions, comments, or concerns, please feel free to contact the Transportation Security Administration Cons umer
Response Center.
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Questions 150-152 refer to the following passage.
Shadow is one of the easiest to of all nature’s beauties. As one may see the charm of
150. (A) conceive
(B) perceive
(C) receive
(D) deceive a profile for the first time when looking at a silhouette, one becomes of the perfection
151. (A) serious
(B) aware
(C) cautious
(D) careful
of a natural outline simply by seeing it drawn in one color. It is much simpler to trace the outline of an ash tree when it lies
on the grass in shadow than when the eyes are dazzled by the vivid green of leaves and clustering scarlet of berries
against the sky. It has become a blue tree on the green canvas of a field. the shadow, we could not
also appreciatethe light, the texture, or
152. (A) Unless
(B) Except
(C) Without
(D) Regardless
the ripples on a pond. With it come reality and rounded loveliness.
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Test 3
Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer choices are given
below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your
answer sheet.
Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.
Electric heaters come two types: convector heaters, which are used to heat an entire
141. (A) in
(B) by (C) with
(D) of
room by heating the air throughout the room, and radiant heaters, which have a shiny surface that reflects heat onto objects
and are good for heating just one spot.
According to the Consumer Products Safety Commission, about 45 million electric heaters are in use, and more than 130 people
die every year in fires started by them.
142. (A) primarily
(B) currently
(C) costly
(D) obviously
As with wood stoves, the fires are usually caused by careless use. The heaters are either placed too close to a sofa or
draperies or located where they can be knocked over by a pet or a small child.
Frayed cords start many fires, as does the use of ordinary cords, which cannot handle
143. (A) extend
(B) extensive
(C) extension
(D) extensively
the electrical current. If you decide to buy one of these units, follow the basic safety rules that come with the product.
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Questions 144-146 refer to the following passage.
A recent study conducted by the National Employers Board shows the Internet has
144. (A) invaded
(B) overtaken
(C) upturned
(D) eradicated
all traditional sources of hiring, including newspaper classified ads, which now only account for 5 percent of new hires.
The study, which was conducted on the board’s by the
145. (A) benefit
(B) interest
(C) behalf
(D) support
management consulting firm J.P. Price, revealed that Internet sources produced 51 percent of all hires last year, with the
largest source of hires being the employers’ own corporate websites.
Employers interviewed for the study reported they find the highest-quality candidates and receive the highest on
their investment from their own corporate websites and from employee
146. (A) rerun
(B) restate
(C) resupply
(D) return
referrals. The majority agreed they preferred to hire in-house, as it saved on training time for new recruits and reduced the
loss of proprietary knowledge to competitors.
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Questions 147-149 refer to the following passage.
More than 82 million Americans (nearly 40% of the teen and adult population) _______________________________ from
147. (A) experience
(B) suffer
(C) exhausted
(D) undergo
some form of insomnia, meaning they routinely have trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. Only 32% get the
recommended eight hours of shut-eye on weeknights, according to a 2013 poll by the National Sleep Society. Among them
are both students and office workers trying to finish the next day’s work, write a paper, or prepare for a test. Studies show
that as we age, the quality of our sleep . And living in this information society makes it worse,
bombarding us with news
148. (A) determines
(B) defined
(C) deteriorates
(D) demanded
of war, disease, rising tuition costs and so on.
Scientists have found that sleep deprivation is a major risk factor for depression, alcoholism, and obesity. Sleep deprivatio n
costs $45 billion a year in lost , health-care bills, and expenses
149. (A) production
(B) productivity
(C) progress
(D) prospects
related to traffic accidents — rivaling the impact of depression or strokes.
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Questions 150-152 refer to the following passage.
There are many difficulties in conducting effective scientific studies aimed at the
150. (A) assessing
(B) locating
(C) interpreting
(D) answering
nutritive value of organic vs. conventionally produced foods. The first is that the difference in terms of health effects is not
large enough to be apparent. In other words, if people stayed healthy on an organic diet but got violently ill as a of
consuming food grown with chemical fertilizers
151. (A) cause
(B) result
(C) reaction
(D) determination
and pesticides, then the difference would be perfectly obvious; however, this is generally not the case.
The second reason is that it is difficult to conduct and interpret agricultural research investigating the nutrient content.
Factors such as sunlight, temperature, and rainfall, which influence the nutrient content of plants, vary from year to year.
Additional changes in the nutrient content of a crop can also during storage and shipping. For all of these reasons, it
is difficult both to plan
152. (A) erupt
(B) arrive
(C) adjust
(D) occur
effective studies and to make sense of the results.
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Test 4
Part 6
Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer choices are
given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or
(D) on your answer sheet.
Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.
Over a very long period of time, many kinds of animals and plants have from the Earth.
141. (A) disappear
(B) disappearance
(C) disappeared
(D) disappearing
This has happened for several reasons. Animals are threatened when the climate of their habitat changes in a major way.
Sometimes animal habitats are when people need
142. (A) destroyed
(B) deserted
(C) deteriorated
(D) demolished the land.
Buffaloes once ranged over the entire Great Plains of the United States, but they were hunted to extinction in the 19 th
century. Since then, they have been protected by laws, and
143. (A) still
(B) once
(C) yet
(D) almost
their numbers are increasing. Sometimes, when an animal population is too large, controlled hunting may reduce the number
of animals enough so that the surviving animals can live comfortably with the food available to them.
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Questions 144-146 refer to the following passage.
The Globe Theater was constructed in 1599 on the south bank of the Thames and was one of several major theaters in the
area. It was the principal playhouse of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the playing company to Shakespeare
belonged.
144. (A) that
(B) who
(C) which
(D) where
Most of Shakespeare’s post-1598 plays were originally at the Globe. The first Globe
145. (A) shown
(B) performed
(C) displayed
(D) exhibited
burned to the ground in 1613, apparently by flaming material expelled from a cannon used for special effects that ignited
the roof of the theater. It was immediately, this time
146. (A) rebuilt
(B) refurbished
(C) renovated
(D) remodeled with a tiled roof, and reopened in July of the following year.
Questions 147-149 refer to the following passage.
A computer is a very machine comprised of many different parts that all work together
147. (A) adequate
(B) uniform
(C) complex
(D) internal
to form a working unit. From the smallest transmitter to the largest component, it is crucial that all parts be fully functional .
If any of these parts fail to work, the results can be disastrous. A small failure can cause anything from a minor problem
with the computer to the computer not working at all. When this happens you must call a tocome and look at
your computer.
148. (A) researcher
(B) practitioner
(C) colleague
(D) professional
This person will be able to help you assess the amount of damage that has been done to your computer and whether or
not it can be fixed. He may also be able to help you find the most way to fix or replace your machine.
149. (A) excessive
(B) relevant
(C) intricate
(D) economical
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Questions 150-152 refer to the following passage.
The Newport Power Company plans to raise its rates starting May 1, 2014, according
150. (A) of
(B) to
(C) from
(D) with
a press release issued by the company early this morning. A typical customer should expect a 3.4% increase in bills
beginning in May. The company the rate increase to the rising
151. (A) attributes
(B) blames
(C) contributes
(D) explains
cost of fuel.
Americans across the nation have seen the price of natural gas and fuel oil rise to their highest levels since the late
1970s. , Newport Power is expecting to pay increasingly higher
152. (A) Considerably
(B) Consecutively
(C) Consequently
(D) Conventionally
prices for the fuel it will need to use at its electrical power plants.
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Test 5
Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer choices are
given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D)
on your answer sheet.
Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.
Containerization contributed to the standardization of freight handling in the 20 th century. Malcolm McLean claimed to
have the shipping container in the 1930s in New Jersey.
141. (A) promoted
(B) invented
(C) suggested
(D) impressed
Then a truck owner-operator, McLean explained that while sitting at a dock waiting for cotton bales to be unloaded from
his truck and then reloaded onto a ship, he realized that, with some minor , the truck itself could
be transferred much more efficiently.
142. (A) foundations
(B) reparations
(C) evaluations
(D) alterations
Containerization revolutionized cargo shipping. Today, approximately 90% of cargo moves by containers on
transport ships. As of 2013, some 18 million containers make over
143. (A) found
(B) affixed
(C) stacked
(D) delivered
200 million trips per year. The widespread use of standard containers distressed modifications in other freight moving
standards, such as gradually forcing removable truck bodies into the same sizes and shapes.
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Questions 144-146 refer to the following passage.
A bank is an institution that provides financial services, particularly taking deposits and
144. (A) reaching
(B) gaining
(C) earning
(D) extending
credit in the form of loans. Currently the term bank is generally understood as a business that holds a banking license.
Banking licenses are by bank regulatory authorities and provide
145. (A) granted
(B) accepted
(C) sponsored
(D) allowed
rights to conduct the most fundamental banking services, such as accepting deposits and making loans. There are also
financial institutions that provide certain banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank. Traditionally, a
bank generates profits from fees on financial
146. (A) bond
(B) account
(C) transaction
(D) purchasing
services and from the interest it charges for lending. In recent history, much of banks’ income is provided by overdraft fees
and riskier investments.
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Questions 147-149 refer to the following passage.
When doing any sort of science experiment, there is much that must be taken into consideration. The first thing that y ou
must do is to ensure that you have all of the that you will need
147. (A) applications
(B) materials
(C) features
(D) categories
to perform the experiment. Once you have all of these in place, then you can begin to set up your experiment. One thing
that is very important during the set-up phase is to make sure that you are able to control as many as possible.
This will help you toachieve consistent results.
148. (A) statistics
(B) investments
(C) techniques
(D) variables
When the set-up of the experiment is complete, you are ready to start. As you begin your experiment, be careful to follow
the very carefully to keep your results accurate.
149. (A) translation
(B) prediction
(C) procedure
(D) revision
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T Questions 150-152 refer to the following passage.
In December 2013, Azure Publishers celebrated the centennial of its Harborview Classics with the publication of its one-
hundredth volume. Although the is one of the most preeminent
150. (A) list
(B) array
(C) series
(D) sequence in the publishing industry, the event received little public attention.
This is not surprising as the volumes are sent as gifts to customers, employees, and special friends. They are never sold by
the company. Over the years, however, many of them have found their way into the rare book market and quickly
collectors and serious readers.
151. (A) exerted
(B) induced
(C) injected
(D) attracted
Once seeing them, it’s easy to understand why the volumes are appealing in a number of special ways. They are
conveniently in size, handsomely bound in durable cloth, and have
152. (A) solid
(B) bunched
(C) compact
(D) compressed
pages whose upper edges are gilded in gold. All in all, when placed on a shelf, even a small group of them enhances
a library.
E o U
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Types of Questions
In Part 7, five types of questions are frequently asked: overview questions, detail questions, NOT questions,
inference questions, and questions about synonyms or lexical meanings.
Types of Texts
In Part 7, the questions are based on a variety of reading text types such as notices, letters, e -mails, forms,
newspaper and magazine articles, and advertisements. Especially, letters and e-mails are most commonly found.
Reading Passages
For the final part of the Reading section, there are 48 questions in total. For the first part, you will have one
passage to read and 2 - 5 questions to answer. The second part is just like the first part, but you now have 2
related passages to read. The second passage is generally a response or an inquiry based on the situation
presented in the first passage. There will be 5 questions which will cover the contents of both passages. Answers
to the questions are based on what is stated or implied in the passages. Overall, you will have at least 10 passage
sets in this part.
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Paraphrasing Practice
1. We had hoped to visit the family long ago, but one thing after another interfered with our plans. This event would be the
perfect opportunity to catch up on all the news. Unfortunately, Don has his final exam for medical school that week. I
wouldn’t feel right going alone since he needs me to he lp him study. We sent you a little gift which should arrive soon.
Q: Why won’t Don be at the event?
A: He has to t at
Key take / test
2. Dear Mr. Trilby:
As you requested in your letter of April 12, I have reviewed the market for your new Orion Health Club facility and have
examined three sites which would prove most adequate for your needs. The sites are located in the cities of Winchester,
Pinkerton, and Waymouth. All are less than thirty minutes’ drive from Los Angeles, which satisfies your primary conditio n.
Q: What requirement did Mr. Trilby specify?
A: The site must be n m than a half hour drive from L.A.
Key no / more
3. I will call you next Tuesday between 2:00 and 3:00 P.M., and I would appreciate the opportunity to hear your ideas about
where you think someone with my skills and abilities might be needed.
Many thanks!
Chris MacDonald
Q: Why is Chris MacDonald writing this letter?
A: To talk to someone for some a
Key advice
4. Our new program makes travel faster and more convenient. We believe our First Class program makes traveling safer than
ever before. And that’s why, according to the latest issue of Traveler’s Digest, we are now the number one airline with
women traveling on business.
Q: Why is this First Class program popular with women?
A: The program makes traveling less d
Key dangerous
5. Have you ever been driven by a beautiful home and seen brown, dying grass and ugly, out -ofcontrol bushes? It changes
the whole impression of that lovely house. That is why you need Green Thumbs Lawn Care. Our service i s complete and
all-year-round. We keep hedges trimmed and neat.
Q: When will the service be provided?
A: Alls
Key seasons
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I
: 07. To: Sales Representatives
: From: Tony Aikman, Sales Manager
I attended the first meeting of the annual conference, and I found it very informative. The topic of the conference was
increasing online sales. I feel that the information presented at this conference is worth sending to the members of our
sales staff.
Q: What is Tony Aikman’s opinion of the conference?
A: It’s h
Key helpful
8. In recent years, the Food and Drug Administration has switched a number of drugs from prescription to nonprescription
status. In most cases, that will enable you to save money. Experts worry, however, because consumers sometimes forget
that over-the-counter medicines are still drugs, which can be dangerous if misused.
Q: What is true about over-the-counter medication?
A: It can be u to use.
9. Somehow the paperwork on your order was misplaced in our records and then was incorrectly sent to another account. It
wasn’t until the other customer called the error to our attention that we became aware of the mix -up.
Q: How was the mistake discovered?
A: Another customer i the company of the error.
Key informed
10. Unlike other programs that are partially delivered via mail, telephone, or videotape, or require some on -campus
attendance, 100% of our curriculum, including all administration, registration, and book buying, can be completed via the
Internet. At University of Phoenix Online, you’ll earn your bachelor’s or master’s degree in the most practical and efficient
way possible. You are free to participate at the times and places that work best for you.
Q: What is an advantage of this school?
A: It is more c than other schools.
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11. Mr. Dillan,
By paying us within 10 days of delivery, you can actually save 24% offyour average monthly
bill over the period of a year. There are, in fact, firms that prefer toborrow funds to take advan
tage of this discount.
Q: How often must Mr. Dillan pay his bill?
A: O am
Key Once / month
12. The Riley Hotel - Cascade Falls
$175 package includes:
One night’s lodging in a spacious king suite
18 holes of golf for two (power cart extra)
(You must arrange your own tee times at least two days in advance.)
Q: What are guests required to do?
A: Make r to play golf
Key reservations
13. Our weekly newsletter is your one-stop guide to careers in retail and where to find retail jobs. If you would like it delivered
directly to your home, just fill out and send in the card below.
Q: If people want home delivery of the newsletter, what should they do?
A: R the subscription card
Key Return
14. This information compares rental prices at two properties over a three-year period. The size is given in square feet while
the rent is monthly. The rents went up because of raised property taxes. If the rent didn’t go up, it was because the tenant
signed on for another year (a rental contract renewal gives the tenant the right to keep the rent at a fixed rate).
Q: Why did some of the rents go up?
A: Because of i property taxes.
Key increased
15. Premier Computers is having its yearly clearance sale. We need to unload our old stuff to make room for the new pro ducts.
All of the PCs will be discounted 10% off their original prices. Monitors will be 15% off, and printers will be 25% off.
Q: What will be discounted by a q of the original price?
A: Printers
Key quarter
16. This sale will last for only 72 hours, so be sure to come down early to get the best selection.
If your purchase exceeds $1,000, we’ll throw in a pair of computer speakers, usually priced at $69 a set, for free!
Q: What will be i with a $1,000 purchase?
A: A speaker set
Key included
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17. If you want to join us, please contact our treasurer, Paul Nelson, at 223-3892 to sign up for membership. You will receive
our membership packet, which includes the monthly newsletter Lake News, as well as membership information.
Q: How can a person join this club?
A: C Paul Nelson
Key Call
18. Medical leave requires a note from the physician. If this is not handed in to the Human Resources Office before the end
of the pay period, you will be docked pay for the number of days that you’ve taken off.
Q: What must be done when reporting medical leave?
A: An explanation written by the doctor should be p
Key provided
19. Sunbelt has its headquarters and the only other factory in Iowa City, Iowa. The assembly work done in Moline will be
moved there. About 145 new positions will be created to relocate the most skilled and experienced of the Moline
employees. The rest, however, will have to seek new employment elsewhere.
Q: What will happen to the employees who are not relocated to Iowa City?
A: They will have to f new jobs with other companies.
Key find
20. The Pendleton Herald has faithfully delivered the news to you for over seventy years, and now it has just gotten better.
After bringing more people on board in our Editorial, Advertising, and Subscription departments, we’re now able to offer a
better quality paper delivered to you with better service.
Q: How could the Pendleton Herald make these changes?
A: It h more employees for several departments.
Key hired
21. We are hoping you can make our upcoming May 9 National Broadcasting Seminar a great success. Since you have
covered three recent battles for your newspaper, we felt you would make the perfect choice of speaker. We will provide
you with a first-class round-trip ticket and a room at the Carlton.
Q: What is provided for the speaker at the seminar?
A: Travel expenses and a
Key accommodations
22. The first decision is whether to choose wool or polyester. Wool is more durable, and its color does not fad e as quickly.
Q: Why is wool a better choice?
A: It I longer.
Key lasts
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23. Applicants should be in good physical condition, as work will include light to heavy labor. At least two -year basic
installation experience is required. One year of specialization in restoration or special items handling is beneficial.
Q: What prior experience is n for the applicant?
A: Two years of experience in basic installation
Key necessary
24. Rockman Office Supplies has 1,700 square feet of prime office space on the third floor of its headquarters available for
immediate occupancy. Located adjacent to Lincoln Towers, this building offers many advantages not usually found in a
commercial space.
Q: When can new tenants move into this office?
A: R a
Key Right / away
25. Dear Mr. Tyron,
In the past twelve months, you have purchased a considerable amount of merchandise from us. Needless to say, we
appreciate your business very much.
Q: What has Mr. Tyron done?
A: He has o many products.
Key ordered
26. I have just returned from the conference, and, in general, I found the meetings interesting and informative. As you know,
the main subject of the conference was building a website on the Internet for sales and advertising.
Q: What was the conference about?
A: Using the Internet for b
Key business
27. It was a thrill and a pleasure to hear the announcement last night on the evening news. It’s great that you have been
selected as one of the outstanding scientists of the year for your work in physics. As one of your old students, I have
waited for the scientific community to recognize your important work. And sure enough, here comes this wonderful news!
Q: Who wrote the letter?
A: A f student
Key former
28. Enclosed with the order form was a check for $438.95 covering the full amount of the order as well as the shipping cost.
Delivery was guaranteed within 4 to 6 weeks. After 8 weeks had passed, we received the 3-ring binders and ballpoint pens
along with a note explaining the backpacks were no longer available. No refund for the backpacks was included or even
mentioned in the letter. Beyond this, the logos on the binders were printed upside down, making it impossible for us to sell
them.
Q: Why couldn’t some items be sold?
A: The logos were printed i
Key incorrectly
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29. Put paper in paper bags or tie it with string. Each of the following paper types should be bagged or bundled separately:
newspapers, mixed paper, and cardboard boxes. These types of paper are recycled into different products and can be
sold at a higher value if kept separate from each other.
Q: What is true about the paper?
A: Paper of various types are w m m when separated.
Key worth / more / money
30. Carl Hammond has submitted his resignation as Vice President of Marketing and Sales effective today. I have accepted
his resignation. Joshua Baylor will take over his position immediately. Joshua will be spending one week per mon th in the
Boston office to continue his work there. He has been responsible for building our sales and marketing efforts in the
Northeast since the company’s inception.
Q: Who will f the s of Carl Hammond?
A: Joshua Baylor
Key fill / shoes
31. All staff members are reminded that when reporting days off, it is important to distinguish between sick days and medical
leave. You are allotted four sick days and one week of medical leave per year. The reporting procedure for each, however,
is different.
Q: What is the subject of this memo?
A: Procedures for reporting days off due to h c
Key health / concerns
32. Back in 1922 when Energon was just a small local company, we didn’t have to worry about a shortage of fuel. There
weren’t even very many cars on the roads.
Q: What was true when Energon was established?
A: Fuel was in p supply.
Key plentiful
33. Dear Mr. Banner,
As we discussed over the phone, according to company policy, employees terminating employment prior to the completion
of their employment contract must reimburse the company for vacation days taken but not earned. You will need to
reimburse the company for the extra vacation days taken in December 2013. In the enclosed envelope, please send a
personal check for $339.45 payable to Romeo Limited.
Q: What is the writer asking Mr. Banner to do?
A: To r the company for some extra vacation time
Key repay
34. We recognize that it’s easier for us to visit the customer than for the customer to come to the Environ offices. Therefore, i f
your company is within a 200-mile radius of Chicago, we will conduct an on-site evaluation of your company’s facilities at
no charge.
Q: What f service does this company provide?
A: An evaluation of nearby companies’ current systems
Key free
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35. Sonia New York’s Women’s Apparel is going out of business! After 28 years in business, Sonia New York’s is shutting
down all 50 stores. As a “Thank you” to all our loyal customers, we’re having an enormous sale of up to 80% off our retail
prices.
Q: Why is Sonia New York’s having a sale?
A: It is c its b
Key closing / business
36. Unlike the huge resorts nearby, Hotel State Street is a cozy place that offers simple, warm hospitality usually found only in
European inns. Spend your day walking along some of the most beautiful coastlines in the U.S. or swimming in our
Olympic-sized heated indoor pool for a minimum fee.
Q: How would you describe the hotel?
A: C
Key Comfortable
37. Leaflets by Eaton Plus is the most direct way to target the right areas and the people you want as customers. You can
distribute any number of leaflets to any specific area of your choice. Our design and print services will make your leaflets
for you at highly competitive rates. This is our promise to you.
Q: What does Eaton Plus g ?
A: Reasonable prices
Key guarantee
38. Is the downtown area safer?
36% saw a decrease in the number of crimes committed downtown.
51 % said they detected no appreciable difference from three years ago. 13% said that crime would
probably continue to decrease in the coming year.
Q: How do most people feel now about crime in the downtown area?
A: It h really c
Key hasn't i changed
39. I have included our invoice, which reflects expenditures up to this date. You will receive another invoice closer to the end of
this project. We hope the Planning Authority is pleased with the quality and punctuality with which we are completing this
project and that you will contact us with any questions.
Q: What is e w the letter?
A: Cost updates
Key enclosed / with
40. Continuing Education: Are you interested in going back to school but just can’t find the money? This class will help you find
financial assistance from sources you’ve never thought of. You will learn to go online to complete scholarship applications
from your company as well as public and government institutions.
Q: Which of the following will be covered in the Continuing Education class?
A: How to find student financial a on the Internet
Key aid
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41. The SAT measures a student’s potential for academic work rather than solely assessing knowledge already learned. How
you perform on the SAT can mean the difference between getting into an Ivy League school and a local community
college. Due to complaints that the test was outdated, it was changed recently for the first time in 20 years.
Q: Why was the SAT a ?
A: It was out of date.
Key altered
42. On May 13, 2014, our office sent you the machine partsyou ordered from our catalog. The
cost of the shipment came to a total of $690.65, which you agreed to paywithin 30 days of
receipt. It is now 60 days later, and you have neither made the payment nor made any attempt to contact our company to
explain the delay.
Q: When was the payment expected to be made?
A: Within 30 days a the order was d
Key after / delivered
43. Please take some time to fill out this form and return it to the Census Bureau in the envelope provided. It will take
approximately 35 minutes to complete all of the questions. Census takers will come to your place of residence only if we
have not received your form by the September 3 deadline.
Q: What will happen if your census form is late?
A: An employee of the Census Bureau will v your h
Key visit / home (or house)
44. A special orientation seminar has been scheduled for two weeks prior to the move of the employees and their families.
They will be introduced to the region and its customs. This will help smooth the way to an easy transfer and may help
remove any fears family members may have about life in a new country.
Q: When will the seminar be given?
A: Two weeks b the move
Key before
45. Women often complain that men don’t help around the house as much as they should. To find out if that complaint is
justified, we studied 200 couples and recorded how much time each spent on various household duties.
Q: Why was the study done?
A: To see if women h the r to complain
Key have / right
46. In recent years, changing climatic patterns have caused extended droughts and serious shortages of water across the U.S.
Here in Bryce City, the limited water supply is a major concern since we are in the midst of an ongoing dry period. At the
request of the Bryce City Council, we will limit the amount of water consumed at our offices.
Q: What is the subject of this memo?
A: Water c efforts
Key conservation
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47. Most cases of diarrhea may be treated with over-the-counter medications; however, if symptoms do not resolve within two
to three days, then professional assistance is needed because of the risk of dehydration.
Q: What is true about diarrhea?
A: It can usually be cured by n medicine.
Key nonprescription
48. I plan to leave New York for three weeks beginning on August 7 and will travel by train to San Francisco, where I am taking
an extended vacation. Since I do not have time to do the planning, I shall appreciate the cooperation of your firm. Kindly
inform me when you have completed the arrangements, and I will call your office to go over them with you.
Q: What is the writer requesting?
A: A complete i
Key itinerary
49. Unfortunately, our stock of Silver eagle claw bracelets (item 834-B) has been depleted
because of a delay in shipments from Taiwan. Our craftsmen have been trying to keep up with the demand for these
popular bracelets. We have put your one dozen bracelets on back order and hope to have them on their way to you before
the end of the month.
Q: Why is the current shipment incomplete?
A: They are o of s
Key out / stock
50. Business News: Sparkling Cola, Inc. has reached an agreement. The company has agreed to pay $190.5 million to settle a
sexual discrimination lawsuit filed by a group of female former employees. The case drew national attention when women’s
advocacy groups around the country led a protest campaign and boycott against Sparkling Cola, Inc.
Q: What was the main argument of the lawsuit?
A: The company d on the basis of g
Key discriminated / gender
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I r
I f
Part 7 TOEIC Practice
Single Passages
Advertisement
Questions 1-2 refer to the following advertisement.
I Families Helping Families Benefit ■
J Saturday October Ist, 4 P.M. - Midnight [
l Kids welcome until 8 P.M. i
Eagle National Bank is sponsoring the Families Helping Families Benefit for Phil Martin I& family. The benefit will be held at the VFW Post 672, located at 206 E. Lincoln St., |
I Blair Springs. •
1 A $15.00 donation includes food and entertainment. There will also be a live auction, 1
. raffles, and door prizes. .
I This benefit is being held in memory of Phil’s wife, Lucia, and in support of the continued |
I leukemia treatment for his son Mark. I
I If you want more information or have any questions, please contact Eagle National Bank *
| at 201-930-2300. ]
I Entertainment: Blues House Rockers / Neon Nights Karaoke / The Amazing
Armand and |
I His Magical Wonderland I
1. What is being advertised?
(A) Musical performances
(B) A trade show
(C) A flea market
(D) A charity event
Who is Mark Martin?
(A) The sponsor of the event
(B) The co-host of the event
(C) The beneficiary of the event
(D) The organizer of the event
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Questions 3-5 refer to the following advertisement.
I
Kookaburra Wildlife Gardens
Located 100km east of Brisbane and 40km north of Toowoomba, near the Wivenhoe Dam,
Kookaburra Wildlife Gardens presents visitors with a unique opportunity to interact with nature
more closely than ever before.
Kookaburra is both locally and internationally known for its hands-on encounters with animals.
Guests at Kookaburra can get “up close and personal” with a variety of local fauna. Come cuddle
the koalas, cajole the kangaroos, and dance with the dingoes! We also feature aviaries housing
bird species that include cockatoos, emus, cassowaries, and kookaburras, of course! Or, if you
like a touch of danger, take in one of our crocodile demonstrations. These run daily from 10 A.M.
to 6 P.M., every hour, on the hour.
We’re open Tuesday through Sunday and on all major holidays except Christmas. Children 6-10
years of age pay half price while tykes 5 and under get in for free!
For full details, please visit us online at www.kookaburrawilds.info.
3. What is a unique feature of Kookaburra Wildlife Gardens?
(A) It’s free for all children.
(B) It’s at the base of a dam.
(C) It’s open on all major holidays.
(D) Visitors can pet some of the animals.
4. What is being provided every hour?
(A) A guided tour
(B) A visit to an aviary
(C) A crocodile show
(D) A koala demonstration
5. Who can get a 50% discount?
(A) Children aged 6-10
(B) Children aged 5 and under
(C) Senior citizens
(D) A group with more than 10 people
Part 7 | TOEIC Practice - Single Passages
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Questions 6-9 refer to the following advertisement.
• •
• Idaho State University *
• Staff Counselor, Student Counseling Services • • •
• Ten-month, full-time position. Primary responsibility to provide individual and group alco- •
9 hol/drug counseling; participation in prevention efforts and data collection/assessment #
• also required. Some evening/weekend work. Master’s degree in counseling or social work •
a required. Idaho licensure as Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor (CADC) certification a
• preferred. Review of applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position •
• is filled. To assure full consideration, apply by June 3, 2014. Preferred start date of August •
£ I, 2014. Salary is based on qualifications and experience. Submit resume, cover letter, and *
• contact information for three professional references to Kendra Carlyle, Coordinator, •
2| Health Promotion, Campus Box 2540, Boise, ID 38923-0083. * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • m• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
6. What is NOT a requirement of this position?
(A) CADC licensure
(B) Counseling for students
(C) Availability to work on weekends
(D) A graduate degree related to the field
7. How long will the university accept applications?
(A) Until June 3
(B) Until August 1
(C) Until the position has been filled
(D) Until the end of July
8. How should someone apply for this position?
(A) Mail the appropriate documents
(B) Schedule a meeting with Kendra Carlyle
(C) Fax a resume to Student Counseling Services
(D) Attach the required information to an email
9. Which factor will be used to determine the new employee’s salary?
(A) What university the person attended
(B) The amount of time the person has worked in this field
(C) The salary in the person’s previous position
(D) The grades the person earned during graduate school
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•7
Announcement / Notice / Memorandum / Information
Questions 10-12 refer to the following notice.
BLOCK PARTY and GARAGE SALE
Come join us this Saturday at Wisteria Lane Flea Market for a day of browsing, barbecuing, and
fun in the sun! Other folk’s trash can become your treasure — all at rock bottom prices! You
never know what you’ll find! Guests can also buy raffle tickets for $2, $5, and $10. The grand
prize of the raffle will be a 1969 Ford Mustang in fair condition. There will be a whole pig
barbecued over charcoal and mesquite, gallons of potato salad, buckets of coleslaw, and
several kegs of ice-cold beer. An auction of celebrity-related items will be held and is
scheduled to start at 1:40 P.M.
Anyone who is interested not only in shopping but also in selling their own items can reserve
one of our 500 stalls at the eight-square-kilometer site along Main Street ahead of time or try
their luck on a first-come, first-served basis. You’re advised to make a reservation unless you
want to risk having to turn around and haul that bag of old clothes and books back home again.
And for those of you who like to compete, we will be blocking off the street for a game of
roller hockey between 9 A.M. and noon. There will also be volleyball nets set up on several of
the larger lawns. All the food and fun you can stand for a $5 ticket! Come one and all!
10. What will NOT take place during the event?
(A) A performance
(B) A sports competition
(C) A drawing
(D) A cookout
11. What are people who want to sell their items recommended to do?
(A) Try to arrive at the site as early as possible
(B) Make their arrangements in advance
(C) Purchase a raffle ticket first
(D) Register the items they sell
12. What will happen in the morning of the event day?
(A) They’ll sell items that were owned by famous people.
(B) They’ll announce the winner of the grand prize.
(C) They’ll ban cars from parking on the street.
(D) They’ll start registering vendors.
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Page 233
Questions 13-16 refer to the following memorandum.
Wfff.V.V.'f.'.WAVS.WSAVf.VAW.V.V.Wff.'.Wi ■ To: All retail location staff members ■
From: Steve Scrimshaw, CEO i Date: June 7, 2014 "J
^ Re: Colonial Dining Set recall ^
■jj Following an investigation into numerous customer complaints about our Colonial Dining ■
^ Set (table and chairs), Washington HomeFurnishings (WHF) issuspending all sales of the line J
effective immediately. WHF will be sending letters to those clients whose contact information J
we have, and will soon be posting notices in catalogs and newspapers to alert the public. ÿ
This affects all of our retail locations. Retail representatives should follow these guidelines ^
starting immediately: ^
% 1. Remove all Colonial Dining Sets from your showrooms. Send them to the district
^ warehouse until further notice.
jjj 2. Contact all customers that have purchased these sets, explain the situation, and offer /
Ji to refund their money or allow them to exchange their purchase for a similarly priced C
ajj set, no matter how long ago it was purchased. %
Ji 3. If the customers cannot bring in the sets, send a delivery van to pick up the pieces. Do L
a" not charge them either for this service or for the service to deliver their replacement \ i sets. ^
4. Explain to the customers that the sets are being recalled because of an inferior-quality BJ
adhesive that was used during manufacture. This adhesive degrades at an advanced %
rate, causing the pieces to collapse under even light weights. This adhesive was used
only in the Colonial Dining Set line. No other furniture manufactured by WHF used
this adhesive. ji ■ 5. Let the customers know that WHF is proud of its 120-year history as a quality furniture
producer and that it accepts full responsibility for this matter. B|
JJi ij ■ The WHF home office will send updates as more information is gathered. If you have any ■
questions, contact Terry Wright at (309) 384-8831, ext. 10.
i.V.W.ViV.V.V.VVV.B.V.V.SW.WAW/.W.VAVV.W;
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13. What initiated this product recall?
(A) The factory realized there was a problem.
(B) Dissatisfied customers raised the issue with the company.
(C) Several sets fell apart in the showrooms.
(D) The catalog printers alerted the company to the problem.
14. Why are the Colonial Dining Sets being recalled?
(A) They have structural defects.
(B) They were sent to the wrong customers.
(C) They were painted the wrong color.
(D) They look different than the catalog pictures.
15. What option is NOT available to customers?
(A) A full refund of their money
(B) An exchange for a different set
(C) Free shipping of replacement sets
(D) Repairs performed on their Colonial Dining Sets
16. How many product lines are being affected by this recall?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
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Questions 17-20 refer to the following memorandum.
TO: Dr. James T. Calhoun, President, Commission for Sustained Economic Development
FROM: Jenny Alvarez, Supervisor, Forest Development Group DATE: July 13
SUBJ: Proposal for managing fuel wood consumption
The situation regarding fuel wood availability in the state has not yet reached a crisis stage.
Currently, forested land is readily available for multiple uses-recreation, fisheries, etc., as
well as fuel Compared to the other 49 states, deforestation in our state is in the lowest
quartile.
However, the long-term trends are not good. We have noticed a significant increase in the
illegal harvesting of fuel wood. Given the ever-growing prices of fuel oil, we can expect this
trend to continue as individuals collect wood for fuel without regard for the consequences.
Our proposed reform has three components. First, we should offer individual communities
small plots of land in the forest for legal harvesting with the proviso that these plots must be
replanted at the same rate they are harvested. Second, we should establish a network of
regional fuel wood management offices to monitor the illegal trade of fuel wood, to encourage
fuel efficiency, and to offer technical assistance for the sustainable use of the forest plots.
Third, an interstate system of forest plantations should be encouraged to ensure future fuel
wood supplies.
If this proposal meets with your initial approval, I’d like to set up a meeting in your office with
all affected departments to discuss ratification and next steps. Please let me know what you
think.
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17. What is the main issue that prompted this memo?
(A) Recreational use of forests by state residents
(B) The potential deforestation of the state
(C) The increasing costs of fuel oil
(D) Economic impacts of the illegal harvesting of fuel wood
18. What is the cause for the actions residents are taking?
(A) The increasing cost of fuel oil
(B) Insufficient law enforcement personnel
(C) Outdated wood-burning heating systems
(D) An opportunity to earn income by selling fuel wood
19. What is the desired response to the memo?
(A) Modifying the three-part plan to solve the problem
(B) Agreeing to host a discussion about how to implement the proposal
(C) Increasing the use of alternative power in the state
(D) Hiring extra law enforcement personnel
20. Which of the following is NOT part of the proposed solution?
(A) Promoting the use of high-technology alternatives to burning wood
(B) Cooperating with other states to increase the amount of forested land
(C) Helping residents to understand how to use the forest resources wisely
(D) Reforestation at a rate equal to the harvest rate
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Letter / E-mail/Card
Questions 21-22 refer to the following letter.
i i Dec. 12
Dear Mr. Wagner,
Thank you for your letter expressing interest in our hydraulic systems. It just so happens that I am scheduled to be
in Seattle on business from January 3 to 17. If you are still in the Tacoma area during this time, perhaps we can
arrange to meet in whichever city you find more convenient. I would be happy to provide you with a full range of
specifications, sample blueprints, and any other technical data that you might need.
Unfortunately, I cannot provide exact pricing information until we have actually designed a system custom-
suited to your needs.
If you have any questions, you may contact me at any time through the toll -free number at our Main Sales
Department.
21. What does Brian Fiske suggest Mr. Wagner do?
(A) Set the place for a meeting
(B) Send him design specifications
(C) Come to Tacoma to see him
(D) Contact his sales crew
22. What will Brian’s company probably do once Mr. Wagner agrees to buy the system?
(A) Send the invoice
(B) Show some sample blueprints
(C) Get the system delivered
(D) Design a system as required
* Sincerely,
► Brian Ffs&e ►
A
A*
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Questions 23-25 refer to the following letter.
I Dear Dr. Fraser: |
I I p I am writing to request that you consider Dr. Harold Meyers for inclusion in next |
| year’s Visiting Scholars Program in the field of Resource Allocation Systems. |
I I
| As you know, before turning to academia. Dr. Meyers accumulated almost two decades |
| of practical experience in the field as an RAS consultant to over 130 companies, |
| 53 of which are still ranked in the Empire 500. His doctoral thesis, New Insights |
| into RAS Design and Management, has since become an industry classic and re- |
| quired reading for any serious student of the subject. $
i I | I have worked closely with Dr. Meyers and can vouch for his personal character and ^
| academic integrity. Hosting him for a year would both strengthen our program and |
| give our students an invaluable opportunity to learn from a groundbreaking |
I scholar. I Sincerely,
jfarn/Cftp, Ph.D.
23. Where does Dr. Meyers work?
(A) In a company
(B) In a doctor’s office
(C) At a university
(D) At a hotel
24. Why did Ham Klig write this letter?
(A) To recommend Dr. Meyers as a valuable asset
(B) To ask Dr. Fraser to join the program
(C) To request Dr. Fraser’s assistance with Dr. Meyers’s research
(D) To recommend publishing Dr. Meyers’s thesis
25. What does the Empire 500 do?
(A) It lists universities.
(B) It rates companies.
(C) It ranks consultants.
(D) It publishes books. o U
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Questions 26-28 refer to the following letter.
From: [email protected] To:
[email protected] Subject: Regarding
the accident
Dear Ms. Perkins:
I am writing to confirm the main points of our recent conversation regarding my dissatisfaction with
your company’s products and services. Unfortunately, we lost our connection toward the end of our
talk because I had just driven out of my mobile service zone. I apologize for that.
To my understanding, we agreed that your workers had been negligent in using half-inch plywood for
the frame of the outdoor staging area rather than high-density particle board, as specified in the
contract. As a result of this negligence, a dozen people were injured during the festival when the
staging area collapsed.
If Tyler Construction does not agree to compensate the victims for their hospital bills and other
damages, I will have no choice but to take this matter to court. Please inform me of Tyler
Contruction’s position as soon as possible.
Sincerely,
fit ax, Sandora
26. Why did Max Sandoval write this letter?
(A) To apologize for the delay
(B) To confirm the schedule of the construction
(C) To change some terms of the contract
(D) To blame someone for the accident
27. How did they have their previous conversation?
(A) In person
(B) By videoconference
(C) By phone
(D) By online messenger
28. What does Max Sandoval request that Tyler Construction do?
(A) File a lawsuit
(B) Pay medical costs
(C) Rebuild the staging area
(D) Review their contract
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V
Article / Report / News
Questions 29-30 refer to the following news report.
Sales of Canadian homes set a record-breaking pace in December, rising 2.9 percent from
November, as buyers continued to take advantage of low-interest mortgages, the
Commonwealth Realtors' Association reported yesterday.
The sales avalanche drove the national median price of a house to an all -time record $312,940,
up 5.1 percent from $297,755 in December of last year. This represents the biggest year -over-
year increase since April 1983, when annual appreciation stood at 1 1.4 percent and the median
price at $157,350, the association said. If sales continue at their current pace, the average price
could hit almost $330,000 by this time next year.
Analysts were surprised by the report. Many, not foreseeing the drop in interest rates, had
expected that the housing market would slip into decline owing to higher prices and lack of
affordability.
29. What has been an advantage to people buying houses?
(A) A sales boom
(B) Low-interest housing loans
(C) Expensive houses
(D) Surprised analysts
30. What had the analysts expected?
(A) That the housing market would expand
(B) That the housing market would get worse
(C) That interest rates would decrease
(D) That records would be broken
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Questions 31-32 refer to the following news article.
31. Who is most likely to be interested in the service?
(A) Moms who want to shop online for baby supplies
(B) Young children interested in learning about the Internet
(C) Parents who want to travel with their children
(D) Manufacturers of car seats, cribs, and other items for children
32. What advantage can people enjoy by using this service?
(A) They can rent sports equipment.
(B) They can shop online for travel items.
(C) They can ship large items to their destinations.
(D) They can travel hassle-free with their babies.
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Questions 33-35 refer to the following article.
^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiib
E Windows XP is now the OS of choice for the majority of the PC-using public, not E E only because it
comes pre-installed on 95 percent of PCs but also because it’s E E widely seen as both flexible and user-
friendly. But despite this, there’s a rapidly =
E growing community that has opted for an alternative - Linux. E
E Linux has many different flavors, such as Red Hat, Fedora, SUSE, Debian and E E even no-install
versions such as Knoppix. Most of these distributions (“distros” =
E in the Linux vernacular) can be downloaded for free, though some, such as Red E E Hat, are sold
complete with hefty installation manuals, user guides, and customer E E support plans. E
= Linux, while not quite as easy to learn, can be every bit as powerful as Win- =
E dows. In most speed tests, Linux beats Windows, and it has the added bonus E E of total control. Users
can tailor the OS to their own liking, and, if they possess E = the technical skills, they can even dip into the
source code in order to improve =
E and alter the whole thing. Major application software, such as word processing, E E spreadsheets, video
editing, etc., is freely available for downloading, a welcome =
= alternative to the high-priced Windows world. As a further benefit, Linux is more =
E secure than Windows and has a remarkable anti-virus record. E
^i 1111111111111111111111111 i 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111 i 11111111111111111 ii 111111111111 ii 111111111 iF
33. What is one reason that Windows XP is more popular than Linux?
(A) It is included on most newly-purchased PCs.
(B) It is cheaper to upgrade than Linux.
(C) It runs faster than Linux in most speed tests.
(D) Free desktop publishing software is widely available.
34. What can be predicted for the future of Windows operating systems?
(A) They will continue to lose market share to Linux systems.
(B) They will become less expensive.
(C) They will become more efficient than competing systems.
(D) They will be completely replaced by other systems.
35. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the Linux OS?
(A) A variety of application software is available for download.
(B) Users can refine the source code to their preferences.
(C) It is generally as user-friendly as Windows XP. §
(D) It is more secure than Windows XP. %
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Recipe / Graph / Table / Form
Questions 36-37 refer to the following invoice.
36. Which item on the invoice can NOT be returned after a certain time?
(A) Kitchen scale
(B) Escargots
(C) Kitchen scissors
(D) Stainless steel serving spoon
37. How does the customer pay this bill?
(A) In cash
(B) By credit card
(C) By monthly bank transfer
(D) By corporate check
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Questions 38-40 refer to the following form. imMmMmmimiNHiMmmmmMmmiMimiMimiiimiMNiiiiimiimmiimmMiiiiimiiiiiiiiiMimmiimmMiiMimiiiMiiiiimiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiimmiim iinMimiimiimmiimmiiiimmiimmi
Yes! I want to be a Friend of the Lincoln Theater!
Name: Janet Smith
Address: 301 Mabry Avenue
City: Lincoln
State: NY
Zip code: 63721
Phone:
Send to: Friends of the Lincoln Theater, 241 S. Elm St., Lincoln, NY 63723
Check One:
____________ $25 Patron
_____ )L _____ $35 Star
____________ $50 Producer
____________ $100 Director
Your donation will contribute to keeping the Lincoln Theater open for years to come!
MIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
38. What type of form is this?
(A) A membership application
(B) A sales receipt
(C) A customer survey
(D) A loan application
39. What information is lacking on this form?
(A) The name
(B) The donation amount
(C) The phone number
(D) The address
40. What is the smallest donation a person can make?
(A) $25
(B) $35
(C) $50
(D) $100
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Part 7 TOEIC Practice
Double Passages
Notice & Letter
Questions 1-5 refer to the following notice and letter.
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1. Who is the notice written for?
(A) Current Monterey Golf Club members
(B) Children of club members
(C) The staff of the Monterey Golf Club
(D) Members of the general public
2. What is being advertised?
(A) A golf resort
(B) Childcare services
(C) Golf equipment
(D) Club membership
3. How long has Ms. Parker been a member of the golf club?
(A) Since August
(B) For one year
(C) For three years
(D) For six years
4. Why is Ms. Parker writing the letter?
(A) To sign her children up for childcare
(B) To renew her club membership
(C) To get a club membership for her sister
(D) To see if the club will extend its childcare services
5. What might Ms. Parker have to do upon the club’s response?
(A) Check the Clubhouse Information Board
(B) Pay an additional fee for three more children
(C) Look for an alternative solution for her sister
(D) Forward the information to her sister
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Questions 6-10 refer to the following notice and letter.
CITY OF PEMBROKE
CONSTRUCTION NOTICE
Issued: May 3
This is to notify you that Brandt Construction will soon begin working on the Maple Street Storm Drain Project for the
City of Pembroke Wastewater Division. The work consists of improving the water system and upgrading the storm
drain system along Maple Street. Brandt Construction will be working on Maple Street for approximately five months,
starting on July 15. Brandt Construction will establish traffic control systems, which will be removed when construction
is completed. Please look for construction signage regarding parking, as some areas will be temporary no-parking
zones. We realize that construction may be an inconvenience. Brandt Construction will make every effort to minimize
public impact on residents. Thank you for your patience.
Dear Brandt Construction,
My name is Margaret Binns, and I am a resident of Maple Street. First, I would like to say that I am pleased to
hear that the storm drains are finally being upgraded.
Second, I would like to ask a question about your construction project on our street. My question is: How will
this construction impact the children of this neighborhood? During the summer months, many of the children
like to play in their front yards and even in the street when it is not busy. I would like to know if your company
has thought about the measures it will take to ensure the safety of our children.
Sincerely,
ftfarparet Bms
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6. What is the purpose of the construction?
(A) To improve the pavement
(B) To widen the lanes
(C) To make the water system better
(D) To upgrade the traffic control system
7. When will the construction take place?
(A) In five months
(B) May 3
(C) July 15
(D) Next summer
8. What will NOT be affected by the construction?
(A) Parking
(B) Sidewalks
(C) Storm drains
(D) Traffic control systems
9. Who is Ms. Binns?
(A) A representative of the local community
(B) A principal of a school
(C) A construction worker
(D) Someone who lives on Maple Street
10. The word “impact” in passage 2, paragraph 2, line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) improve
(B) affect
(C) damage
(D) shock
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Article & Advertisement
Questions 11-15 refer to the following article and advertisement.
O O O O O O O O O O O O O
As you are no doubt aware, the Fourth of July is just a week away. Many of you will head out to
watch the spectacular display of fireworks at Pierce Park. You may be thinking about taking your
camcorder with you to the show. It is going to be difficult to capture both faint detail and color at the
same time with a camcorder in the nighttime setting. Here are a few tips that should help you
achieve good results:
To achieve better color capture, you will need to adjust your exposure to allow a bit less light in.
This will prevent the bright fireworks from overexposing the image. When auto exposure is on and
you point your camcorder at the dark sky, the camcorder will try to pull in as much light as possible.
To prevent this, turn off the auto exposure, and set it manually. The other important adjustment you
need to make is white balance. If you have full manual white balance, use your camcorder's on-
camera light and a white card. If you have to choose from presets, use the indoor option. As with
exposure control, the most important setting is to the auto white balance feature. Make sure you
turn it off to prevent the color from shifting unnaturally while filming.
Fired of your failed attempts to film or photograph fireworks? Fantastic Foto has the solut ion
for you - we'll do the taping!
Just stop by our booth at the north entrance of Pierce Park anytime on July 4 and pre- order
your copy of the Smithville Fireworks Show for only SIO. Sign up early to reserve your copy, or
stop by our store anytime after July 5 to order a copy.
Why bother worrying about, light meters and balancing feat ures? Let us take care of the
filming so you can sit back and enjoy the show!
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11. Why is it difficult to film a fireworks display?
(A) A balance of color and detail is hard to achieve.
(B) Most camcorders are not able to film at night.
(C) The fast movement of the fireworks is hard to capture.
(D) It’s hard for a person to hold the camera still enough.
12. How can a user accurately capture the light of the fireworks?
(A) By using a secondary light source, such as a flash
(B) By using the manual setting only
(C) By using a special film for high-speed motion
(D) By allowing the camera to adjust automatically
13. What is the advertisement for?
(A) A camcorder
(B) A sale at Fantastic Foto
(C) The fireworks show at Pierce Park
(D) Fireworks videos
14. Where can people place a late order?
(A) At designated booths in the park
(B) At Fantastic Foto
(C) At the north entrance to Pierce Park
(D) At the Smithville Fireworks Show
15. Why should people place an order in advance?
(A) They can get a better price.
(B) There are limited copies.
(C) They can have a copy made for them.
(D) They can have additional copies.
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News Report & Review
Questions 16-20 refer to the following news report and movie review.
Crossroads Pictures, the Hollywood-based movie production company that has been filming
a romantic comedy entitled A Quiet Few in Harperville, is nearly ready to begin post-
production work. The independent movie will feature some four hundred area residents in
small speaking parts or as extras.
The cast of A Quiet Few is a mixture of seasoned professional actors and firsttime extras who
just wanted the experience of being involved in a movie production.
One of the professional actors is Ansel Jones, a famjliar local face who plays a grandfather
in the movie. Jones has been acting for years. Ed Emerson talked with him about his career,
which has included appearances in some movies now regarded as classics. Tune in
tomorrow to station WIKP to hear what he had to say about his experience on the set.
Resident Joyce Hamilton was one of the many extras. She worked four days in a wedding
scene that was shot at North Meadow Church. She also discusses her experience on
tomorrow's broadcast.
............. ^
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A Quiet Few (2014)
Romantic Comedy Crossroads
Pictures, 112 min.
It starts off a little slowly but quickly gains momentum and finally develops into one of the
smartest romantic comedies of the season. Director Jon Woods’s use of Capra’s technique — a
rapid-paced montage of newsreel footage punctuated by a dramatic voice-over narration — is
evident in this story of a rich man’s daughter who rebels against her father’s objection to her
planned marriage to an aviator. She escapes from her home in Winchester by bus and is
assisted in her flight by a recently-fired newspaper reporter. Hilarious complications arise along
the way to Harperville. Cathy Wright and Ansel Jones make a grand team, with Jones exhibiting
excellent talent as a laugh provoker. A preview audience ate it up.
Reviewed by Davis Moore — Box Office Weekly.
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16. What has recently taken place in Harperville?
(A) The screening of A Quiet Few
(B) The filming of a new movie
(C) Auditions for an upcoming performance
(D) A television broadcast of a local production
17. What can be inferred about Ansel Jones?
(A) He is a resident of Harperville.
(B) He is the grandfather of the director.
(C) He is a minister at a local church.
(D) He is a famous Hollywood director.
18. Who is getting married in the film?
(A) A wealthy man
(B) A reporter
(C) Joyce Hamilton
(D) A pilot
19. What is Davis Moore’s opinion of this movie?
(A) It is a little too long.
(B) It has good acting.
(C) It is a good sequel.
(D) It is an excellent remake.
20. Who most likely is Capra?
(A) A director
(B) An actor
(C) A narrator
(D) A resident of Harperville
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Memorandum & E-mail
Questions 21-25 refer to the following memorandum and e-mail.
To: All employees
From: Leslie Miner
Date: November 23
Employees may be scheduled to work overtime hours when operating requirements or other needs cannot be met
during regular working hours.
In this case, the management will try to notify employees of these mandatory assignments in advance. Anyone who
needs to work overtime must receive the supervisor’s prior authorization. Overtime assignments will be distributed as
equitably as possible to all employees qualified to perform the required work.
Overtime compensation is paid to all non-exempt employees in accordance with federal and state wage and hour
restrictions. Overtime pay is based on actual hours worked. Time off on sick leave, vacation leave, or any leave of
absence will not be considered hours worked for the purposes of performing overtime calculations.
Failure to work scheduled overtime without prior authorization from your immediate supervisor may result in
disciplinary action, up to and including possible termination of employment.
From: Jack Davis [jd@canmaiLnet]
To: Leslie Miner [mineri0massey.com]
Subject: Overtime Hours - — ■ I ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ i r ■ ■ - M — I I — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ■ ■ ■ . . . . . ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ • r nf- lY ' I
VVîKTf
1
Dear Ms. Miner,
I have read over the memorandum on overtime hours that you sent out, and I may have a conflict that does not allow
me to comply with the overtime requirements. I recently started coaching my son’s little league hockey team in the
evenings, so I will be unable to work any overtime shifts on Mondays, Thursdays, and Fridays. I don’t think it would be
fair to the other workers that I do not have to work any overtime, so I will make myself available for overtime on
Tuesdays and Wednesdays if it is needed.
My children are very important to me, so missing out on this opportunity is not an option for me. I hope the company
can understand my position.
As I said, I am still available for some overtime work and will let you know as my schedule allows me to take more.
Sincerely,
Jack Davis
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\
21. What is the subject of the memorandum?
(A) Disciplinary actions and termination of employment
(B) Hiring non-exempt employees for specific needs
(C) Operating requirements for senior personnel
(D) Policies on working overtime hours
22. In order to work overtime, what do employees need?
(A) A temporary assignment
(B) An explanation letter
(C) Approval from a supervisor
(D) Special skills
23. How is overtime work calculated?
(A) By position
(B) Per hour worked
(C) Per assignment
(D) By salary
24. Why did Jack write the e-mail to Ms. Miner?
(A) To raise a complaint about company policies
(B) To inquire about the requirements of overtime work
(C) To ask for an approval for overtime work
(D) To explain his limitation for overtime work
25. What does Jack suggest that he do to solve the problem?
(A) He’ll partially clear his schedule.
(B) He’ll find a replacement for his overtime hours.
(C) He’ll make himself available for the weekends.
(D) He’ll circulate an e-mail to everyone in the office.
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Letter & Document
Questions 26-30 refer to the following letter and document.
Ms. Smith,
We received your toaster oven that was sent to us through express mail yesterday. After
checking the oven, we found that the temperature control has been reset. Unfortunately, this
modification is a violation of the terms of our warranty.
In case you have misplaced yours, I am forwarding a copy of our written warranty. You will
note that the warranty does not cover a defect caused by modification or repair other than that
done by an authorized agent.
We still can make the necessary repair for you, if you wish, at our flat charge of $150. We
have enclosed a form for your convenience with pre-printed instructions. Simply check off the
appropriate box and we will act accordingly. We must ask that you remit the cost for repairs
with your instructions, if you would like us to service the product.
I trust you will understand why we are unable to provide this service free for you this time.
Thank you for purchasing one of our products. We hope that we can be of service to you in
the near future.
Sincerely,
/Ifci Sterns Sylvania Appliances
_______________________________ ___ ______ ——
WARRANTY EXCLUSIONS
warranty is extended to SYLVANIA Toaster Ovens purchased and used in
Canada. This warranty shall not apply to appearance or accessory items including
but not limited to shelves, cabinets, cabinet parts, knobs. This warranty shall,
in addition, not apply to damage due to handling, transportation, unpacking,
set-up, installation, customer adjustments that are covered in the instruction
book, repair or replacement of parts supplied by other than the SYLVANIA
authorized service depot, any malfunction or failure caused by or resulting from
abnormal environmental conditions, improper unauthorized service, improper
maintenance, modifications or repair by the consumer, abuse, misuse, neglect,
accident, fire, flood, or other acts of God, and incorrect line voltage.
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26. Why did Ms. Smith send the company her toaster?
(A) To have the temperature control reset
(B) To exchange it for a different model
(C) To get a refund for the product
(D) To have the company fix it
27. What did Ms. Smith do that was wrong?
(A) She harassed a company employee.
(B) She neglected to fill out some forms.
(C) She threw away her product warranty.
(D) She made changes to the appliance she purchased.
28. What was sent to Ms. Smith with the letter?
(A) An instruction manual
(B) Product documents
(C) A tool kit
(D) Store coupons
29. What will the company do for Ms. Smith?
(A) Contact a repairman
(B) Send a new toaster
(C) Make alterations for a fee
(D) Mail a new warranty
30. Which of the following is NOT a warranty exclusion?
(A) Damage during shipping
(B) Faulty wiring
(C) Repairs by an authorized electrician
(D) Lightning
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Letter & Minutes
Questions 31-35 refer to the following letter and minutes.
Dear Leo,
I read your most recent progress report on the McElroy Building renovations this afternoon. I am alarmed by
how much we are exceeding our budget on this project. This matter should have been brought to my
attention sooner.
Please get back to me regarding the reasons why this project is turning out to be so expensive. Before I
take definitive action, I would like your input on the best way to reduce costs. Phase 3, which involves work
on the building's exterior, has not yet begun. If we need to make changes to that phase of the work, this is
the time to do it.
I have called an emergency meeting that will be attended by the senior managers of this project for this
coming Friday at 9 A.M. Please come prepared with a detailed cost breakdown at that time. Call me if you
have any questions or need further clarification.
ii Regards,
Joshua Goad Project Leader
McElroy Building Renovation Project
Boone Construction Minutes 24 April 2014
Subject: First Meeting for McElroy Building Project Budget Revision Leo Mink, Financial
Director, was present to present this item.
Leo Mink stated the second phase of the McElroy Project is exceeding its budget by 30%.
This is a deficit of $38,400.
Leo Mink proposed a budget revision (attached) for the third phase of this project.
The budget revision will reduce the material costs of this building project budget by $27,000
and the labor costs by $9,800.
Mr. Goad noted the company has applied for a grant for architectural fees but it is unknown if
the county will approve the grant. The grant would require the money be spent before
December 31, 2014. This is the reason this item is being moved forward at this time.
There was no further discussion on this item.
Mr. Goad stated this is the first meeting and requested the clerk schedule this item for a
second meeting once the status of the grant is known.
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31. What is Joshua Goad unhappy about?
(A) How much more the project is costing than was expected
(B) How much longer it is taking to complete the renovations
(C) Leo’s behavior at a recent meeting
(D) The work done on the exterior of the McElroy Building
32. What does Joshua Goad want Leo to do?
(A) Set up a meeting with the senior managers
(B) Prepare a budget report
(C) Make adjustments to Phase 3 of the project
(D) Acquire additional financing for the project
33. What action has Joshua Goad taken?
(A) He has called a special meeting to discuss the problem.
(B) He has removed Leo from the McElroy Building Renovation Project.
(C) He has made changes to Phase 3 of the project.
(D) He has recommended firing Leo to the senior managers.
34. What was the intention of the meeting?
(A) To discuss the second phase of the project
(B) To discuss the status of the grant
(C) To discuss the finances for Phase 3
(D) To discuss a 30% budget increase
35. How does Leo propose they save money?
(A) Spend less on workers
(B) Use grant money from the county
(C) Revise the second phase of the project
(D) Progress to the third phase immediately
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E-mails
Questions 36-40 refer to the following e-mails.
To: Stanley Lane-Armco Expert Jewelers ([email protected] )
From: Bob Disenthrall - Supreme Fashions ([email protected] )
Subject: Order cancellation
Date: May 14, 2014
Mr. Lane,
Please cancel the unfilled part of our order, B1663, of April 11, for one hundred units of small jewelry boxes. We have
already received fifty units from you. However, we do not wish to receive the one hundred still on order since we find
that we have ordered in excess of our needs. Those on hand will be sufficient for our demands for some time to
come.
Thank you,
Bob Disenthrall
a ..................................... ............ ....... ....... _ .. . ...... .................. ....... ............. ..................................... ............ ....... 3
: To: Bob Disenthrall - Supreme Fashions ([email protected] )
j From: Stanley Lane - Armco Expert Jewelers ([email protected] )
! Subject: RE: Order cancellation
Date: May 15, 2014 '
.................... ........ d
Mr. Disenthrall,
In response to your request of May 14, we have cancelled fifty units of small jewelry boxes that were to be sent to
you. As you state, fifty have already been shipped.
We cannot cancel the entire order as we have twenty-five of the boxes ready for shipment this week and twenty-five
so far in the works that it will be necessary to complete them.
Possibly you were not aware that boxes of the specification you set down constituted a special order for which no
other firm with which we deal has ever put in a request. Consequently, we would have a difficult time finding a buyer
for your cancelled units. In view of this condition, we feel sure that you
will permit us to send you the additional finished and in-production units. If youhave further need for
this item, we shall be very much pleased to accept a reorder.
Sincerely,
Stanley Lane
_ _______________________________________________________________________ 4 2zz: ..... ___ц ": * . " • •• ..... .............. : -"j
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36. Why does Supreme Fashions want to change the order?
(A) They couldn’t afford the rest of the order.
(B) They received some defective items.
(C) They are not selling as many as they expected.
(D) They have enough of the product in stock.
37. What did Supreme Fashions order?
(A) A customized container
(B) Fine jewelry
(C) A wooden box
(D) Accessories for women
38. How many units are still being made?
(A) 25
(B) 50
(C) 75
(D) 100
39. What is Armco Expert Jewelers unable to do?
(A) Complete the order on time
(B) Send the entire order in one batch
(C) Cancel the entire order
(D) Complete the order at an earlier date
40. Why is Armco Expert Jewelers unable to satisfy Mr. Disenthrall’s request?
(A) They can’t offer such a large discount.
(B) They wouldn’t be able to sell the remaining units.
(C) They don’t have the resources to satisfy the request.
(D) They can’t finish the order in such a short period of time.
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TỊ
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READING TEST
274
In the Reading test, you will read a variety of texts and answer several different types of reading comprehension questions.
The entire Reading test will last 75 minutes. There are three parts, and directions are given for each part. You are
encouraged to answer as many questions as possible within the time allowed.
You must mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do not write your answers in the test book.
Part 5
Directions: A word or phrase is missing in each of the sentences below. Four answer choices are given below each
sentence. Select the best answer to complete the sentence. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer
sheet.
101. Although everyone in the school thought
he would fail, not only did he do the entire job by ,
but healso did it in
record time.
(A) him
(B) himself
(C) ourselves
(D) itself
102. Given the of the situation and
the cost of further delays, the decision to postpone
must be made by noon at the latest.
(A) urgent
(B) urge
(C) urgency
(D) urgently
103. Steve was so desperate ____________________ my
new club that he promised to mow my lawn for me for
the entire summer.
(A) to join
(B) joining
(C) joined
(D) joins
104. she hadn’t ever worked in this field, we still believed
Kendra was the right choice for the job.
(A) Even though
(B) Because
(C) Despite
(D) Unless
PRIME T0EIC READING
105. When the e-mail server was down, John could not
reach you by telephone, so he
you a fax late last night.
(A) sent
(B) sends
(C) has sent
(D) sending
106. Generally speaking, of all the tree species
in California, the typical Redwood both is much
taller and has a larger girth than trees of
species.
(A) any
(B) other
(C) those
(D) another
107. Even though I was looking forward to meeting Mr.
Hans in person, I couldn’t
his invitation because I was on a
business trip.
(A) accept
(B) admit
(C) agree
(D) attend
108. The Italian teacher, when
about an extra lesson before our vacation, said that
he would come over quickly.
(A) contacts
(B) contacting
(C) contacted
(D) contactable
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109. The real estate agent began advertising
on the Internet last week because she wanted to
new clients to
increase her business.
(A) prospect
(B) attract
(C) inquire
(D) investigate
110. When I was a senior, I was told that an attractive,
readable, and
resume is one of the important things I needed to
get a job.
(A) information
(B) informative
(C) informed
(D) informing
111. In order to reach its of adding
one million new customers by 2014, NoWire is
providing free cell phones with two-year
subscriptions.
(A) conclusion
(B) target
(C) productivity
(D) outcome
112. The instruction manual noted adjusting, oiling, or
otherwise maintaining a running machine could
result in serious injury or even death.
(A) when
(B) whose
(C) which
(D) that
113. As soon as she got home from school,
Julia listened carefully the
message from her mother, who was still out
shopping.
(A) about
(B) to
(C) of
(D) through
114. Although I thought he made too many references
to Greek mythology, on the whole I found
Samuelson’s new novel simply
(A) delightful
(B) delight
(C) delighting
(D) delighted
115. Mary’s dog, a pure-bred Doberman, is much taller
than John’s, even though John’s Alsatian is a full
year
(A) old
(B) oldest
(C) older
(D) most old
116. Without conclusive proof of
his discovery, Dr. Wharton claimed that he found
a way to extend the human lifespan to 150 years.
(A) granting
(B) revealing
(C) proposing
(D) attempting
117. With the end of the dot.com boom, new
Internet startups usually need to hire independent
auditors to their
fiscal stability before they can make a successful
stock offering.
(A) assess
(B) assert
(C) abscess
(D) assist
118. Provided you drive safely and return it with a full tank
of gas, you may take
car to the mountains next Tuesday.
(A) your
(B) its
(C) my
(D) theirs
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119. Extensive and relevant professional experience is
always a prerequisite
to gaining an upper-management position at a firm.
(A) nearly
(B) hardly
(C) primarily
(D) firstly
120. Seeing the puzzled looks and frowns on the faces of
most of her students, the teacher realized that she
needed to give a
explanation.
(A) simplified
(B) simplify
(C) simplifying
(D) simplifies
121. After looking all over a vacant
seat and noticing the wet paint everywhere, I decided
not to sit down but to stand.
(A) at
(B) for
(C) out
(D) from
122. having a sore throat from shouting so much at the
football match,
I had to sing at the wedding to keep my promise.
(A) Since
(B) Although
(C) However
(D) In spite of
123. While he occasionally tries new foods,
Bob eats more common
American dishes, such as hamburgers and pizza.
(A) particularly
(B) typically
(C) briefly
(D) knowingly
124. Although they’re only four minutes
in age, the difference in mental development
between the one-year-old twins seems like four
months.
(A) aside
(B) close
(C) apart
(D) away
125. We checked with our warehouse superin
tendent and found out that Mr. Cliff’s order was being
this afternoon.
(A) inspects
(B) inspected
(C) inspecting
(D) to inspect
126. Regular exercise keeps your spirits up and
your confidence and self-esteem.
(A) proceeds
(B) boosts
(C) thrives
(D) flourishes
127. Despite his success in the
comprehensive procedures for our product
distribution, Jason didn’t get the promotion he had
anticipated.
(A) implement
(B) implementing
(C) implementation
(D) implementer
128. Since there have been a few cases of theft, we
recommend that all workers keep their personal
belongings in a
place.
(A) safe
(B) complete
(C) sincere
(D) decent
129. The members of the association were
asked for the reception well
in advance because the ballroom had limited
space.
(A) register
(B) registering
(C) registration
(D) to register
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130. yesterday, no one knew that, in addition to having a
PhD in biology, Dr. Parker also possesses an MBA
from Stanford University.
(A) By
(B) Until
(C) Since
(D) When
131. Because the of the film are
hoping to release it in time for the holidays, the
director will have to reduce its length.
(A) product
(B) producing
(C) production
(D) producers
132. The flight attendant made an announcement the
passengers that
they needed to complete a customs declaration.
(A) remind
(B) reminded
(C) reminding
(D) reminds
133. As a preferred customer, I receive a 20%
discount off all priced items,
and my orders will be sent within two days for
free by air express.
(A) regularly
(B) preferably
(C) additionally
(D) commonly
134. In most western countries, the unemployment rate is
considered an important
for predicting future economic
growth.
(A) indicator
(B) milestone
(C) segment
(D) evidence
135. His constant poor has disap
pointed me ever since I hired him instead of
promoting the mail clerk.
(A) perform
(B) performing
(C) performed
(D) performance
136. In order to discuss the latest ramifications of recent
global warming research, the United Nations will be
meeting next week
a special session.
(A) on
(B) in
(C) to
(D) with
137. The loan payment for my new house shows
up as a on my monthly state
ment.
(A) deduct
(B) deducting
(C) deduction
(D) deductive
138. While there are exceptions, it’s
true that most people don’t mind flying, especially for
relatively short distances.
(A) generally
(B) timely
(C) nominally
(D) scarcely
139. Although our legal department is willing to
make some modifications within reason, they don’t
want to rewrite the entire contract with
Allied Construction.
(A) specific
(B) specifying
(C) specifically
(D) specifications
140. As your health service provider, we want to make
sure that you are happy and
with the service you are receiving.
(A) satisfy
(B) satisfying
(C) satisfied
(D) satisfaction
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Part 6
Directions: Read the texts on the following pages. A word or phrase is missing in some of the
sentences. Four answer choices are given below each of these sentences. Select the best answer
to complete the text Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet.
Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.
Dear Mr. Kopper:
I have had some preliminary discussions with Ace Printing in Montana, a printing company you may have heard of. They are
building a new plant and are installing our state-of-the-
141. (A) deciding
(B) thinking
(C) determining
(D) considering art air-cooling system. This is the same system that has worked so well for your San Diego plant.
If you know any of the top managers there, I would it if you would call them and tell
142. (A) enhance
(B) grateful
(C) disregard
(D) appreciate
them about your experience with our system. I am meeting with them on March 23rd, so anything you can do on our
would be much appreciated.
143. (A) aid
(B) behalf
(C) benefit
(D) support Sincerely,
Bill Stanger
Macron Cooling Systems
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Questions 144-146 refer to the following passage.
The Panama Canal is a major ship canal that traverses Panama in Central America,
144. (A) relating
(B) equating
(C) detaching
(D) connecting
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The construction of the canal was one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects
ever undertaken. It has had an impact on shipping. A
145. (A) inefficient
(B) excessive
(C) enormous
(D) insignificant
ship sailing from New York to San Francisco via the canal travels well under half the distance of the previous route around
Cape Horn.
Although the of building acanal in Panama dates back to the early 16th century,
the
146. (A) gesture
(B) concept
(C) approach
(D) impression
first attempt to construct a canal began in 1880 under French leadership. After this attempt failed, the work was finally
completed by the United States in 1914. The building of the 77 kilometre canal was plagued by problems, including disease
and massive landslides.
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Questions 147-149 refer to the following passage.
At the town of Springfield swimming pools, we believe we exceed standards in almost everything we do. For years, our
facilities have the Montana Department of Health standards
147. (A) met
(B) gained
(C) allowed
(D) retained
that require children younger than 9 years old to be accompanied by an adult. Still, children of this age and younger were
getting dropped off at the pools and left unattended. We know there is no for parental supervision, so we conducted a survey
of area parents to see what age 148. (A) addition
(B) substitute
(C) remainder
(D) successor
they would feel comfortable leaving their children alone at the pools. The response
149. (A) gathering
(B) marginal
(C) unimpressive
(D) overwhelming
was that children should have to be 12 years old or older to come to the pools on their own. Therefore, town pools will
continue to require children to be 12 years old or older to be able to come to the pools unaccompanied.
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Questions 150-152 refer to the following passage.
You could have heard a pin drop at the Jazz Masters concert on February 14th. That’s how intently the was listening to two
of the best jazz musicians performing that day as they worked
150. (A) guests
(B) members
(C) audience
(D) attendance their very own brand of music before an enthusiastic crowd.
Guitar legend Jimmy Winton opened the show and amazed everyone with a solo performance that was powerful and
moving. His tender, thoughtful arrangements the attention of the
151. (A) caused
(B) conducted
(C) conserved
(D) captured
audience. Phil Carlson the crowd with his stylistic piano arrangements. His natural
152. (A) pleased
(B) was pleased
(C) was pleasing
(D) was pleasant ability entertained from beginning to end.
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Part 7
Directions; In this part you will read a selection of texts, such as magazine and newspaper articles, letters, and advertisements.
Each text is followed by several questions. Select the best answer to each question and mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on
your answer sheet.
Questions 153-154 refer to the following letter.
E Dear Mr. Carson,
= Thank you for your order of May 12. We regret that our stock of the type of lawn mower
| that you ordered (Model #12-338) is sold out. Unfortunately we do not know for certain
E when we shall be able to ship one to you.
E Rather than keep your money until the manufacturer can supply us, we are returning it
E to you. Along with your original check, please find our product catalog enclosed. You
E may see an alternate model that would answer your lawn-care needs.
E As soon as we have a new stock of your requested model, we shall promptly inform
E you. We are looking forward to continuing our business relationship with you.
E Very truly yours,
| Be'tcni& ardwritfkt E ABC Lawn and Gardening
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153. Why can’t the company fill the customer's order?
(A) They no longer produce lawn mowers.
(B) They are currently out of stock.
(C) The customer failed to send a payment.
(D) The company doesn’t sell that specific model.
154. What has been included with this letter?
(A) A competitor’s product catalog
(B) A payment that the customer had sent
(C) An invoice form for future orders
(D) A manual for using the lawn mower
282 PRIME TOEIC READING
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Questions 155-156 refer to the following article.
The Hopedale Historical Museum is the first historical museum in the nation to earn a gold
rating in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design from the U.S. Green Building Council.
“It’s fantastic that we’re the first historical museum to receive a gold rating,” said Hopedale
Mayor Andrea Anderson. Anderson said the local museum achieved the status through such
things as recycling construction waste, using a roof that reflects light, installing a high energy-
efficient heating and air-conditioning system, and providing showers and locker rooms to
encourage employees to bicycle or use other alternatives to driving to get to work.
The museum also gained points by using building materials with a high content of recycled
products and by procuring all materials within a 500-mile radius.
Experts say environmentally friendly buildings pay for themselves in the long run. But Anderson
said there also are other benefits. “Employees are healthier in a building where glue, paint, and
primer meet air standards,” she said.
155. Why has the museum received a gold rating?
(A) It was built on energy efficiency principles.
(B) It was constructed entirely of recycled materials.
(C) It has been judged the most interesting museum in the country.
(D) It has been elected to lead the U.S. Green Building Council.
156. Which of the following was NOT used in the construction of the museum?
(A) Energy-saving systems
(B) Bathing facilities for workers
(C) Materials from recycled bicycle parts
(D) Construction materials made of recycled products
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Questions 157-159 refer to the following notice.
^ ered normal yard waste and will require the $1 yard waste st icker. Yard waste pickup ^ continues
through January 13, 2014
^ Additionally, City Street Department crew will begin vacuuming leaves from the edge ^
^ of residential curbs November 7 through December 9, 2013, and December 12, 2013 ^
^ through January 13, 201Л. Click the link below for more information on leaf collection ^
§ dates and routes, or watch your mail for the scheduled leaf collection dates. ^
157. What is true if residents use the special leaf-collection bags?
(A) The Sanitation Department will pick up the leaves on any day of the week.
(B) The residents won’t have to pay the cost of disposal.
(C) The $1 bag fee will be donated to a local fire station.
(D) The bagged leaves can be burned instead of buried in the ground.
158. Where would a reader find this notice?
(A) On the board of a fire station building
(B) In a local newspaper
(C) On the City of Sybil’s website
(D) On the biodegradable leaf-collection bags
159. What should residents do in order to use the leaf-collection service?
(A) Register for the service
(B) Pick up the free bags from a fire station
(C) Call and ask the crew to stop by
(D) Put the yard waste sticker on the bag
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Questions 160-162 refer to the following e-mail.
To: John Ferguson, Vice-President, Planning and Operations
From: Dan Crandall, President
Re: River Queen Cruises — Nile River Overnight Cruise —
I’m concerned about the Nile River Overnight Cruise package losing ground to competitors. When we first offered
this trip twenty years ago, there were only five competitors on the scene; there are now fifteen, and they all provide
more services for less money than we do. Therefore, I think it’s time for us to make some difficult decisions. Either
we need to permanently suspend the Nile River Overnight Cruise service and concentrate on other projects, or we
need to ramp up our efforts and offer a more competitive package, not only in terms of cost but also services. To this
end, I'd like you to work up a cost projection for a longer, more luxurious Nile River Overnight Cruise package a nd
submit it to me by the end of the week. It doesn't need to be down to the penny. Just paint in broad strokes what you
think we should do in terms of financial investment and effort. The Nile River Overnight Cruise package was our
flagship offering twenty years ago - we shouldn’t give it up without a fight.
160. What two choices does Dan Crandall describe?
(A) Discontinue or expand the current service
(B) Charge more or charge less for overnight cruises
(C) Go out of business or merge with a competitor
(D) Lay off employees or reduce salaries and bonuses
161. What is significant about the Nile River Overnight Cruise?
(A) It is the company’s only tour package on the Nile River.
(B) It is the only tour package the company currently offers.
(C) It is the highest profit-making service this company has.
(D) It was once the company’s main tour package.
162. What should John Ferguson do in the near future?
(A) Locate another river with a higher tourist visitation rate
(B) Put together a merger offer with one of this company’s competitors
(C) Write a report on how to save the Nile River Overnight Cruise package
(D) Detail how much money discontinuing the Nile River Overnight Cruise can save the company
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Questions 163-165 refer to the following advertisement.
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a
Brookgreen Job Announcement
There is an opening for the position of Library Director for the Brookgreen Public
Library.This is a permanent full-time position with full benefits. Starting wage will
be $20 to $22 per hour, depending on qualifications.
This position plans and directs all phases of the operations of the Brookgreen Pub-
lic Library and administers the professional, financial, personnel, and business ac-
tivities requiring adherence to library standards. Will perform librarian duties.Those
with a working knowledge of the Dewey classification system, computer programs,
Internet, and typing skills will be considered first. Must be willing to attend State
Library’s sponsored training. Schedule will include Monday through Saturday opera-
tions with some evenings until 7:00 P.M.
Resumes can be dropped off at Brookgreen Public Library at 402 W. Main, Brook-
green. Applications will be taken until October 24. Job will start as soon as possible
after that date.
163. What will NOT be a requirement of this position?
(A) Mandatory training sessions
(B) Working on the weekends
(C) Giving presentations at training seminars
(D) Handling of library budgetary matters
164. What is true of this position?
(A) It oversees several branch libraries.
(B) The director must work on all holidays.
(C) The director must pay for his or her additional training.
(D) The salary is determined by the applicants’ qualifications.
165. How can people apply for the position?
(A) By sending their resumes to the given address
(B) By calling the Brookgreen Public Library
(C) By delivering their resumes to the location
(D) By submitting their applications online
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Questions 169-172 refer to the following notice.
REGISTERING FOR DentalWorld
The National Dental Association (NDA), the International Association of Dental Assistants (IADA), and Manta Dental
Products, Inc. (MDP) are pleased to co-sponsor our 7th annual conference — DentalWorld. We’re certain that all
conference attendees will come away from their 3-day experience with significant new insights into many areas of
advanced dental technology.
HOW TO REGISTER There are 3 ways to register for DentalWorld.
Good: Fill out the registration form on page 5 of this brochure, and mail it to the MDP Conference Coordinator. You may
pay the conference fees by credit card or personal check.
Better: Fill out the registration form with credit card data, and fax it to MDP at (303) 454-1212. (Do not mail the original
copy.)
Best: Register online with your credit card data. (Click here to go to the registration form.)
Conference badges (full registration) include entrance to the Exhibit Hall, all lectures, the plenary session, and eligibility
to register for one workshop. (Attending more than one workshop is available for a small additional fee.) Exhibits Only
badges include entrance to the Exhibit Hall only (no access to lectures or workshops). A 10% “Early Bird” discount is
available for online registrations received 3 or more weeks prior to the conference. Hotels, meals, local transportation,
and other incidental expenses are not covered by the conference fees and must be paid directly by the attendees.
Please be sure to specify your affiliation (NDA, IADA, or MDP), as we have several special events planned for our
sponsors’ attendees. (You must be over 21 years of age to attend the special events.)
HOTEL & TRAVEL INFO
MDP has arranged a special conference discount at the Fairmont Hotel (only 1 minute away from the conference
venue). You may arrange your accommodations by contacting the Fairmont Hotel reservation desk directly (at 303-343-
2235). Please mention promotion code 34W to obtain the special conference discount. Alternatively, you may call the
Housing Bureau (at 303-333-5945), which can search for more economical hotels near the conference venue.
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169. Who may attend the DentalWorld conference?
(A) The announcement does not specify this.
(B) Any member of the NDA, IADA, or MDP
(C) Anyone who pays the conference fees by cash
(D) Anyone over 21 years of age
170. How should attendees pay the hotel charges?
(A) They should be paid directly to the hotel.
(B) They should be paid to the Housing Bureau.
(C) The conference fees include hotel room charges.
(D) NDA, IADA, and MDP will pay the charges.
171. How should someone apply to attend the conference?
(A) Online registration is preferred by the conference organizers.
(B) A faxed registration is acceptable if payment is mailed separately.
(C) The Housing Bureau can register an applicant as part of the hotel package.
(D) Walk-in registrations are permitted if payment ismade bycredit card.
172. Who may visit the conference exhibits?
(A) Any member of the NDA or IADA
(B) The general public
(C) People with a Conference badge
(D) Only people with an Exhibits Only badge
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Since its foundation in 1904, First National Bank has prided itself on providing the most secure,
efficient and friendly service possible to its customers. However, even in the best-run
operations, human errors may occur.
We regret to inform our customers that a recent audit of our credit card operations by BDB
Accounting Services has uncovered the possibility of such an error. The auditors discovered a
security flaw, which, if exploited, would allow the release of sensitive customer information,
including account numbers and PIN codes.
So far there’s no evidence of an actual leak. However, the auditors have recommended that
First National Bank alert its customers to the potential for abuse. We encourage customers to
monitor their statements closely for the next several months. Online monitoring using the bank’s
FirstMX service would be ideal. If customers notice any irregularities, they should call the
state’s bank fraud hotline at 1-888-555-0909 immediately.
First National Bank wishes to reiterate its policy on controlling customer data. Simply stated,
we never sell or share such data with anyone (except when legally required by law
enforcement agencies). Please rest assured that we value your privacy and do everything
possible to protect it.
Again, First National Bank regrets the need to make this announcement. We do not believe
there has been any compromise, but we also believe that we have the responsibility to alert our
valued customers to the potential. For more information about the possible security leak,
customers may call the special hotline at 1-888-208- 4434 during normal business hours.
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173. Who caused the bank to issue this notice?
(A) The local police department
(B) The customers affected by the leak
(C) The bank manager
(D) The auditors
174. What can be learned from this notice?
(A) Banks hire outside companies to validate security procedures.
(B) Using the internet for online banking is on the increase.
(C) Banks often sell or share customer data with other banks.
(D) The government closely monitors bank security.
175. What does the notice say about customer information?
(A) Credit card transaction history is available online.
(B) Customer data may be sold with the consent of the customer.
(C) Some customer data has been compromised.
(D) Computer technology ensures the security of customer data.
176. What should customers do if their information seems to have been used improperly?
(A) Contact the federal government
(B) Contact the state’s bank fraud hotline
(C) Contact the auditors
(D) Continue careful monitoring
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Questions 177-180 refer to the following memorandum.
To: Richard Wainwright
From: Andy Sharpe Re:
Upcoming Interviews
As you know, the company will be interviewing
around eighty applicants for thirty-five positions in six
departments. As the Human Resources representatives,
you and I will be on the interviewers’ panel and will be
joined by one representative from whichever
department we’re interviewing for at that time. Each of
us will have approximately five minutes to ask each
applicant questions. Thus, I feel it’s important for each
of us to know what questions the others intend to ask
the applicants. I have compiled a list of thirty questions
and attached it to this memo. Please look them over,
let me know if there are any you intend to ask, and
send me your list of questions by tomorrow. I’ve
circulated a memo similar to this to each of the
departments, asking for their lists of questions. Doing
this will keep us all on the same page come interview
day and should help things move along smoothly.
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177. Why did Andy Sharpe write this memo to Richard Wainwright?
(A) To discuss the interview process
(B) To ask him to review the applications
(C) To tell him to compile the entire list of questions
(D) To ask him if he could join the interview
178. How many people will sit on the interviewers’ panel?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
179. How long will each interview last?
(A) Five minutes
(B) Ten minutes
(C) Fifteen minutes
(D) Thirty minutes
180. What should Richard Wainwright do within today?
(A) Submit his list of interview questions
(B) Telephone the other departments for more information
(C) Notify the applicants of their interview dates
(D) Email the interview questions to the applicants
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Questions 181-185 refer to the following advertisement and e-mail.
Comfort Hotel Manassas ; *
$ 1 7 / Single Occupancy
$29 / Double Occupancy '
Awesome facilities & low prices!
Freebies!
Breakfast, Tea, & Coffee ;
.
Airport Shuttles (min. 3 nights’ stay)
City & Beach Shuttles
Internet Access
Swimming Pool I
Parking & Laundry
■ BSBBR ijj
Pay 6 nights, get the 7th free!
Toll-free number: 1-800-384-9901
E-mail: [email protected]
239 Great Eastern Highway, Manassas
To: Comfort Hotel [[email protected] ]
From: Jenny Hart [email protected] ]
Re: Reservations
Dear Comfort Hotel,
My husband and I are planning on visiting the Manassas area a few times during our summer vacation, as his mother
lives in the area and is quite ill. I am writing you because I read your ad and would like to ask about the “pay 6 nights,
get the 7th free” deal that you have.
We will not be staying in Manassas for more than four or five days at a time, but I was wondering if the hotel would be
willing to work out any sort of deal for us. Here are the dates we will be staying:
June 17-20
July 7 - 10 July
24 - 28 August
3 - 8 August 23
- 25
By my calculation, that will be twenty-two nights in total. That would be three free nights by your advertised deal, but
whatever you can work out for us would be great.
If there is any way that you can accommodate this request, we would greatly appreciate it. If not, please still reserve a
room for us on these nights.
Thank you.
Jenny Hart
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181. How much will it cost for two people to share a room?
(A) $17
(B) $29
(C) $34
(D) $58
182. What is provided for guests who stay for six days?
(A) A discount on future reservations
(B) A free lunch
(C) Use of a rental car at no charge
(D) One free night of occupancy
183. What is NOT provided free of charge?
(A) Transportation to certain places
(B) A morning meal
(C) Facilities for washing clothes
(D) Use of the fitness center
184. Why are the Harts going to visit Manassas?
(A) To have a summer vacation
(B) To stay at the Comfort Hotel
(C) To care for a relative
(D) To get free accommodations
185. What does Jenny ask the hotel to do for her?
(A) Make reservations
(B) Provide accommodations for her mother-in-law
(C) Give her discounts on her meals
(D) Let her use a hotel vehicle
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Questions 186-190 refer to the following letter and response.
Dear Mr. Barnett,
I am writing to request additional time to pay the balance owed on my account. Although I
normally pay in full each month, my biggest retailer has not yet paid me, so I find myself in a
cash flow crisis.
I have never been late with a payment in the three years that I have been a client of your firm.
I expect that I will be able to bring my account current and paid in full within the next 60 days.
To show my good faith, I am enclosing a check for $1,500.
Please contact me as soon as possible, and let me know if this arrangement is agreeable to
you. Thank you for your consideration.
Grand Fashion, Inc.
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Dear Mr. Scrimshaw,
I received your letter with the enclosed payment. We have been very impressed with the
punctuality of your payments, so we have no problem with granting you this extension. There
will be no service charges applied to your account for this extension.
Thank your for your business.
RonaidBarnztt
Barnett's Fabrics & Co.
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186. Why has Steve Scrimshaw written this letter?
(A) He is asking the company to pay its debt in full.
(B) He is asking to borrow additional funds.
(C) He is not able to pay all of the money he owes the company.
(D) He is requesting a loan of $1,500.
187. What has Steve Scrimshaw proposed to do?
(A) Pay his balance in full within two months
(B) Extend the customer’s loan for 60 days
(C) Pay a penalty fee if his debt period is extended
(D) Pay $1,500 a month for two months
188. What did Mr. Barnett find in the letter?
(A) A loan application
(B) A copy of Mr. Scrimshaw’s bankbook
(C) Mr. Scrimshaw’s payment record
(D) A partial payment
189. What is Mr. Barnett impressed with?
(A) Mr. Scrimshaw’s letter
(B) Mr. Scrimshaw’s prompt payments
(C) Mr. Scrimshaw’s products
(D) Mr. Scrimshaw’s enclosed check
190. The word “granting” in passage 2, paragraph 1, line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) affording
(B) allowing
(C) allocating
(D) assigning
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Questions 191-195 refer to the following notice and memorandum.
Notice
Tomorrow afternoon, all seniors will meet in the auditorium for a lecture regarding graduation.
Issues to be discussed will include class and grade requirements, options for after high school,
including universities and military service, and preparing university and job applications.
All fourth-year students, regardless of what they plan to do after leaving Clearwater High, must
attend. The lecture will include seven different guest speakers and will take about three hours, not
including a one-hour break for lunch.
To: All Teachers
From: James Witherbee, Principal, Clearwater High School Subject: Senior Class
Lecture
This is just a memo for you to remind all your homeroom students about the lecture
for fourth-years tomorrow. Attendance is mandatory for all seniors.
After the abysmal turnout at last year’s lecture, it would be good if we could get all
the students excited about this year’s. Be sure to have enthusiasm when you make
the announcement.
As an added incentive, also inform your students that a free BBQ lunch will be
provided for everyone.
Thank you, and I hope to see you all there. 7,
298 PRIME TOEIC READING
• ft.
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191. What will NOT be discussed during the lecture?
(A) Requirements for graduation
(B) Joining the military after graduation
(C) How to prepare an employment application
(D) How to study for final examinations
192. Who is required to attend the lecture?
(A) All students
(B) Only seniors
(C) Juniors and seniors
(D) All teachers
193. Who is the memorandum written to?
(A) The faculty
(B) All seniors
(C) All students
(D) Homeroom students
194. Why does the principal want all the students to attend?
(A) A free lunch will be provided.
(B) Because of the good attendance last year
(C) So he can brag to the other principals.
(D) Not many people attended last year.
195. What should the homeroom teachers do?
(A) Be excited about the lecture
(B) Give out tickets for the lecture
(C) Give out coupons for the free BBQ lunch
(D) Attend the lecture
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
Mock Test 299
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Questions 196-200 refer to the following letter and response.
Dear Joan Acacia,
We regret to inform you that the Runner's stopwatch, Model #24-0385, you ordered is tem-
porarily out of stock. We do not anticipate having inventory of this item for another three to six
weeks.
However, we do have two other models you might be interested in. Model #24-0429 is a high-
end version of what you originally requested. Model #24-0129 is a less expensive model than
what you ordered but still enjoys brisk sales. I am enclosing brochures on both of these products
and hope that one of them will meet your needs.
Unless you notify me otherwise, I will assume that you still want us to ship Model #24-0385 as
soon as it arrives in our warehouse. Thank you for your understanding in this matter.
Sincerely,
Boi Smith, Runner's Equipment Co.
•' ■, •" •' • I:/ • .• •' • • .. • ■ . •,
% Dear Mr. Smith,
0 I have looked over the brochures that you included with your letter and have decided that 9
I would like to wait until the Model #24-0385 becomes available.
While the two watches that you recommended to me were very nice, there were a couple of •, difficulties that I had
with each of them. *,
The Model #24-0429 was an extremely nice watch with a large number of features; however, the price is a lot
more than I can afford at this time. Also, some of the features *'
seemed that they would be difficult for me to use as I do not have the greatest eyesight, *'
and the display is quite small.
• The Model #24-0129 was also very nice but not what I was looking for. While this watch #
was well less than 1 was expecting to spend, it was lacking in some of the basic features f
that I was hoping for. Foremost was the fact that it was not waterproof. 1 am an avid swimmer, so a
waterproof watch is important to me (which is why I choose the Model #24- 0385 — it’s a waterproof
stopwatch).
I would be very interested in a watch with more features (like the Model #24-0429) if it
• were a little less expensive and had a slightly larger display. •
Thank you for all your help.
Sincerely,
• *.
(loan Acacia • ’Vr'V* • • • • • • • • • • •' •
300 PRIME T0EIC READING
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196. What is Runner’s Equipment Co. unable to do?
(A) Fulfill a customer’s order
(B) Pay for the product they ordered
(C) Waive the shipping costs
(D) Find the customer’s order
197. What has been included with the first letter?
(A) Product samples
(B) Informational pamphlets
(C) A refund payment
(D) A copy of the invoice
198. Why did Joan choose the Model #24-0385?
(A) It had the most functions.
(B) It was the cheapest one.
(C) It suited her needs.
(D) It had a small display.
199. What does Joan want to do?
(A) Purchase a less expensive watch
(B) Choose one from the catalog
(C) Receive the model she originally ordered
(D) Look at more models that are available
200. What is the difficulty with the Model #24-0429?
(A) It is not waterproof.
(B) The buttons are too small.
(C) It doesn't have a stopwatch.
(D) It is too costly.
Mock Test 301
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ANSWER SHEET READING (Part V-VII)
No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER
101 ® ® © ® 121 ® ® © ® 141 ® ® © © 161 ® ® © ® 181 ® ® © ®
102 ® (D © ® 122 ® ® © ® 142 ® ® © ® 162 ® ® © ® 182 ® ® © ©
103 ® ® © ® 123 ® ® © ® 143 ® ® © ® 163 ® ® © ® 183 ® ® © ®
104 ® ® © ® 124 ® ® © ® 144 ® ® © ® 164 ® ® © © 184 ® ® © ©
105 ® ® © ® 125 ® ® © ® 145 ® ® © ® 165 ® ® © ® 185 ® ® © ®
106 ® ® © ® 126 ® ® © ® 146 ® ® © ® 166 ® ® © ® 186 ® ® © ®
107 ® ® © ® 127 ® ® © ® 147 ® ® © ® 167 ® ® © ® 187 ® ® © ©
108 ® ® © ® 128 ® ® © ® 148 ® ® © ® 168 ® ® © ® 188 ® ® © ©
109 ® ® © ® 129 ® ® © ® 149 ® ® © ® 169 ® ® © ® 189 ® ® © ©
110 ® ® © © 130 ® ® © ® 150 ® ® © ® 170 ® ® © ® 190 ® ® © ®
111 ® ® © ® 131 ® ® © ® 151 ® ® © ® 171 ® ® © ® 191 ® ® © ®
112 ® ® © ® 132 ® ® © ® 152 ® ® © ® 172 ® ® © ® 192 ® ® © ©
113 ® ® © ® 133 ® ® © ® 153 ® ® © ® 173 ® ® © ® 193 ® ® © ©
114 ® ® © ® 134 ® ® © ® 154 ® ® © ® 174 ® ® © ® 194 ® ® © ©
115 ® ® © ® 135 ® ® © ® 155 ® ® © ® 175 ® ® © ® 195 ® ® © ©
116 ® ® © ® 136 ® ® © ® 156 ® ® © ® 176 ® ® © ® 196 ® ® © ©
117 @ ® © © 137 ® ® © © 157 ® ® © ® 177 ® ® © © 197 ® ® © ®
118 ® ® © ® 138 ® ® © © 158 ® ® © ® 178 ® ® © ® 198 ® ® © ©
119 ® ® © ® 139 ® ® © ® 159 ® ® © ® 179 ® ® © ® 199 ® ® © ©
120 ® ® © ® 140 ® ® © ® 160 ® ® © ® 180 ® ® © ® 200 ® ® © ®
LISTENING (Part 1 -IV)
No.
ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER
1 ® ® © © 21 ® ® © 41 ® ® © ® 61 ® ® © ® 81 ® ® © ©
2 ® ® © © 22 ® ® © 42 ® ® © ® 62 ® ® © ® 82 ® ® © ©
3 ® ® © © 23 ® ® © 43 ® ® © ® 63 ® ® © ® 83 ® ® © ®
4 ® ® © ® 24 ® ® © 44 ® ® © ® 64 ® ® © ® 84 ® ® © ®
5 ® ® © ® 25 ® ® © 45 ® ® © © 65 ® ® © ® 85 ® ® © ®
6 ® ® © ® 26 ® ® © 46 ® ® © ® 66 ® ® © © 86 ® ® © ®
7 ® ® © © 27 ® ® © 47 ® ® © ® 67 ® ® © © 87 ® ® © ©
8 ® ® © © 28 ® ® © 48 ® ® © ® 68 ® ® © © 88 ® ® © ©
9 ® ® © © 29 ® ® © 49 ® ® © ® 69 ® ® © ® 89 ® ® © ©
10 ® ® © ® 30 ® ® © 50 ® ® © © 70 ® ® © © 90 ® ® © ©
11 ® ® © 31 ® ® © 51 ® ® © © 71 ® ® © © 91 ® ® © ®
12 ® ® © 32 ® ® © 52 ® ® © © 72 ® ® © © 92 ® ® © ©
13 ® ® © 33 ® ® © 53 ® ® © ® 73 ® ® © © 93 ® ® © ©
14 ® ® © 34 ® ® © 54 ® ® © ® 74 ® ® © ® 94 ® ® © ®
15 ® ® © 35 ® ® © 55 ® ® © ® 75 ® ® © ® 95 ® ® © ®
16 ® ® © 36 ® ® © 56 ® ® © © 76 ® ® © © 96 ® ® © ©
17 ® ® © 37 ® ® © 57 ® ® © © 77 ® ® © © 97 ® ® © ©
18 ® ® © 38 ® ® © 58 ® ® © ® 78 ® ® © ® 98 ® ® © ®
19 ® ® © 39 ® ® © 59 ® ® © © 79 ® ® © ® 99 ® ® © ®
20 ® ® © 40 ® ® © 60 ® ® © © 80 ® ® © © 100
® ® © ©
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I PART 5 TEST QUESTIONS |
|§2 Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs
Nouns
p.JM
1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (A)
1 (C) 2(A)
1 (B) 2(A)
1 (B) 2(A)
1 (0) 2(A)
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)
1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (B)
Adjectives
p.4/
1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (C)
1 (B) 2(D)
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (C)
1 (B) 2 (C)
1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (C)
1 (C) 2(A)
j POINT 8 ------------------------------------------
2 (B) 3 (C)
Adverbs
p.00
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (B)
2 (B) 3 (C)
1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (A)
* POINT 4 2(D)
1 (D) 2(D)
■■■
1 (A) 2(C)
TOEIC Practice -------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.6i
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (B) 5 (A)
6 (A) 7 (C) 8 (A) 9 (D) 10 (B)
11 (C) 12 (B) 13 (D) 14 (B) 15 (B)
16 (A) 17 (C) 18 (A) 19 (A) 20 (D)
21 (B) 22 (A) 23 (A) 24 (B) 25 (A)
26 (B) 27 (C) 28 (D) 29 (C) 30 (B)
31 (D) 32 (D) 33 (D) 34 (C) 35 (D)
36 (C) 37 (D) 38 (C) 39 (B) 40 (B)
jpj|0 ; Pronouns & Determiners
Pronouns ---------------------------------------------------------------- p.65 POINT 1
1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (A)
POINT 2
1 (D) 2 (C) 3 (D)
POINT 3
1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (C)
POINT 4
1 (D) 2 (C)
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Determiners ■ p.67
j POINT 1
2 (D) 3 (D) 4 (A)
2(A)
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)
2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (A)
2(D)
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (B)
2(B)
TOEIC Practice
1 (C) 2 (D) 3
6 (D) 7 (B) 8
4 (C) 5
9 (C) 10
■ p.73
p.74
POINT 1
1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (B)
POINT 2
1 (C) 2 (D)
POINT 3
1 (B) 2 (D)
1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (B)
POINT 5
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (C) 4 (B)
j POINT 7 ------------------------- .-----------------------------------------------
2 (A) 3 (B)
j POINT 8 I“ .......... .. ............... ■
2(B) 3(A)
1 (C)
2 (A) 3 (B)
TOEIC Practice ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.80
------------ ■—» --------- .... ■ • *
Subject-Verb Agreement
■ p.82
POINT 1
1 (D) 2 (B) 3 (A) 4 (D) 5 (A)
POINT 2
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (A)
POINT 3
1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (D) 4 (C)
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (B)
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (A)
1 (B) 2 (A)
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (D)
TOEIC Practice ' p.87
POINT 6
1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (D)
Answer Key 307
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T
e
n
se
s
Si
m
pl
e
Te
ns
es
1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (A) 4 (C)
POINT 2
1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (C)
POINT 3
1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (C)
Perfect Tenses
POINT 1
1 (D) 2 (C) 3 (D)
POINT 2
1 (D) 2 (B) 3 (C)
POINT 3
1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (A)
Tenses in Complex Sentences
• p.88
■ p.90
• p.92
1(B) 2(C) 3(B)
I
1 (A) 1 .................... .............. 2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (C)
i
1 (B) 1 .................................... . — ....................................
2 (A) 3 (D)
TOEIC Practice p.95
POINT 2
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (C)
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)
2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (B)
1 (D) 2(A)
1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (C)
1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (B)
TOEIC Practice -p.103
5) 3 (C) 4(C) 5 (<
;) 8 (C) 9(A) 10 (
5) 13 (A) 14 (C) 15 (I
;) 18 (C) 19 (D) . 20 (
Conditiopals & Subjunctives
"p.105
POINT 1
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (A)
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (D)
1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (B)
■■■■
1 (A) 2(C)
1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (D)
MÊÊÊÊÊÊ
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (D)
^oSSf
2 (D) 3 (C)
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POINT 8 POINT 5
1 (B) 2 (C)
TOEIC Practice ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.iii
To-lnfinitives ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.112
POINT 1
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (B)
POINT 2
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (C)
POINT 3
1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (B)
POINT 4
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (B)
POINT 5
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (C) 4 (C)
POINT 6
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)
POINT 7
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (D)
POINT 8
1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (A)
Gerunds ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.117
POINT 1
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (C)
POINT 2
1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (D)
POINT 3
1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (A) 4 (C)
POINT 4
I 1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (A) |
I
1 (C) r ■
2 (C) 3 (A)
I
2 (C) 3 (B)
Participles
P. IZ I
1 (A) r
2 (B) 3 (A)
1 (C) \
2(B)
1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (C)
1 (D) r —
2 (A) 3 (D)
TOEIC Practice ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.125
1 (D) 2 (D)
co
(B) 4 (A) 5 (D)
6 (B) 7 (A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D)
11 (A) 12 (C) 13 (D) 14 (B) 15 (D)
16 (C) 17 (D) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (C)
21 (D) 22 (A) 23 (D) 24 (C) 25 (C)
26 (C) 27 (A) 28 (B) 29 (C) 30 (A)
31 (C) 32 (D) 33 (C) 34 (B) 35 (A)
36 (B) 37 (D) 38 (B) 39 (A) 40 (C)
41 (C) 42 (D) 43 (C) 44 (D)
Phrases, Clauses , & Sentences >
p.129
POINT 3 -----------------------------------------------------------------
2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (C)
1 (A) -----------
2 (B) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (A)
1 (A) ....... .............
2 (A) 3 (A)
5
(B
10
(D
1 (A) 2
6 (D) 7
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (D) 4 (A)
Answer Key 309
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POINT 6
1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (D)
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (C)
TOEIC Practice
2 (C) 3 (B
7 (C) 8 (B
"p.134
[gp11 Sentence Structures,
-p.135
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (D) 4 (B)
WÊÊÊ
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)
2 (C) 3 (D)
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)
■■■■
1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (B) 4 (A)
■■■
1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (A) 4 (A)
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (A) 4 (D) 5 (C)
TOEIC Practice
p. 146
1 (C) 6
(C) 11
(A) 16
(B)
2 (A) 3 (D) 4 (A) 5 (B) 7(D) 8(A) 9(A) 10(B) 12(A)
13(B) 14(A) 15(C) 17(A) 18(D)
»12 Conjunctions. ■ -r
POINT 3
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (C)
POINT 4
1 (D) 2 (B) 3 (C)
1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (D)
POINT 6
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (A)
POINT 7
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (B) 4 (D)
POINT 8
1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (C)
POINT 9
1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (A)
1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (C)
TOEIC Practice
"p. 148
POINT 2
1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (C)
-p.157
Relative Pronouns
"p. 159
1 (B) i
2 (A) 3 (A) 4 (C)
1 (A) 1 .......... ...............
2 (C) 3 (D)
1 (B) 1
2 (C) 3 (A)
310 PRIME TOEIC READING
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POINT 5 POINT 9
1 (D) 2 (A) 3 (B)
1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)
...................
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (B) 4 (A)
1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (A) 4 (B) 5 (B)
1 (B) 2 (A)
TOEIC Practice
......... . p.166
1 (D) 6(B)
11 (B) 16
(D)
2 (B) 3 (D) 4 (C) 5 (C) 7(A) 8(B) 9(A) 10(C)
12(D) 13(A) 14(D) 15(A)
jpy -------------- r-—— . • •
k Prepositions ,
Positions & Common Prepositions
|J. I Do
1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (A) 4 (D)
1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (D)
1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (A)
1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (C)
1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (A)
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (A)
1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (C)
POINT 10
1 (D) 2 (A) 3 (A)
Frequently Tested Prepositions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- p. 174 j POINT 1 2(C)
1 (B) 2(B)
1 (B) 2(D)
■IMi
1 (B) 2 (C)
1 (B) 2(A)
1 (C) 2(A)
1 (A) 2(C)
WÊÊÊ^M
1 (D) 2(B)
■■■■
1 (D) 2(B)
TOEIC Practice
p. 180
1 (B) 6(C)
11 (D)
16(A) 21
(B) 26 (A)
2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (A) 5 (D) 7 (A) 8 (D) 9 (D) 10 (C)
12(B) 13(B) 14(D) 15(C) 17(C) 18(C) 19(C)
20(C) 22 (D) 23 (B) 24 (A) 25 (C)
POINT 7 I ----------------------------------------------------------------
2 (A) 3 (D)
POINT 8
|
2 (D) 3 (A)
Answer Key 311
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1 (A) 2 (A)
-p.183
POINT 2
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I PART 6 TEST QUESTIONS |
TOEIC Questions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.203
1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (D) 4 (C) 5(D)
6 {A) 7(A) 8 (C) 9(A) 10(B)
11 (C) 12 (0) 13 (A) 14 (0) 15(B)
16 (B) 21
(C)
17 (A) 18 (D) 19 (C) 20 (D)
TOEIC Mini-Tests
141 (B) 142 (A) 143 (C) 144 (A) 145 (C)
146 (A) 147 (D) 148 (B) 149 (B) 150 (A)
151 (C) 152 (G)
141 (B) 142 (C) 143 (A) 144 (B) 145 (B)
146 (A) 147 (A) 148 (D) 149 (D) 150 (B)
151 (B) 152 (C)
141 (A) 142 (B) 143 (C) 144 (B) 145 (C)
146 (D) 147 (B) 148 (C) 149 (B) 150 (A)
151 (B) 152 (D)
141 (C) 142 (A) 143 (D) 144 (C) 145 (B)
146 (A) 147 (C) 148 (D) 149 (D) 150 (B)
151 (A) 152 (C)
41 (B) 142 (D) 143 (C) 144 (D) 145 (A)
46 (C) 147 (B) 148 (D) 149 (C) 150 (C)
51 (D) 152 (C)
I PART 7 TEST QUESTIONS*!
Part 7 TOEIC Practice - Single _______ Passages
Advertisement
p.240
p.243
10(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 13 (B) 14 (A)
15 (D) 16 (A) 17 (B) 18 (A) 19 (B)
20 (A)
Letter / E-mail / Card
p.248
5 5
Answer Key 313
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Recipe / Graph / Table / Form
p.254
36 (B) 37 (C) 38 (A) 39 (C) 40 (A)
Part 7 TOEIC Practice - Double
Passages
Notice & Letter
p.256
Article & Advertisement
p.260
11(A) 12(B) 13(D) 14(B) 15(C)
News Report & Review
p.262
16(B) 17(A) 18(D) 19(B) 20(A)
Memorandum & E-mail
p.264
21 (D) 22 (C) 23 (B) 24 (D) 25 (A)
Letter & Document
p.266
26 (D) 27 (D) 28 (B) 29 (C) 30 (B)
Letter & Minutes
p.268
31 (A) 32 (B) 33 (A) 34 (C) 35 (A)
E-mails
p.270
36 (D) 37 (A) 38 (A) 39 (C) 40 (B)
Final Check
-------------------------------------------------------------- p.273
101 (B) 102 (C) 103 (A) 104 (A) 105 (A)
106 (B) 107 (A) 108 (C) 109 (B) 110 (B)
111 (B) 112 (D) 113 (B) 114 (A) 115 (C)
116 (B) 117 (A) 118 (C) 119 (A) 120 (A)
121 (B) 122 (D) 123 (B) 124 (C) 125 (B)
126 (B) 127 (B) 128 (A) 129 (D) 130 (B)
131 (D) 132 (C) 133 (A) 134 (A) 135 (D)
136 (B) 137 (C) 138 (A) 139 (D) 140 (C)
141 (D) 142 (D) 143 (B) 144 (D) 145 (C)
146 (B) 147 (A) 148 (B) 149 (D) 150 (C)
151 (D) 152 (A) 153 (B) 154 (B) 155 (A)
156 (C) 157 (B) 158 (C) 159 (B) 160 (A)
161 (D) 162 (C) 163 (C) 164 (D) 165 (C)
166 (A) 167 (B) 168 (C) 169 (B) 170 (A)
171 (A) 1 72 (C) 173 (D) 174 (A) 175 (A)
176 (B) 177 (A) 178 (C) 179 (C) 180 (A)
181 (B) 182 (D) 183 (D) 184 (C) 185 (A)
186 (C) 187 (A) 188 (D) 189 (B) 190 (B)
191 (D) 192 (B) 193 (A) 194 (D) 195 (A)
196 (A) 197 (B) 198 (C) 199 (C) 200 (D)
1 (A) 2
6(C) 7
314 PRIME TOEIC READING