2017-11-09 1 Primary Energy Renewable (PER): Strategies for Staying within Limits Monte Paulsen PHI-accredited Building Certifier NET POSITIVE SYMPOSIUM: PASSIVE HOUSE DEEP DIVE Five strategies to lower PER in taller Passive House buildings Primary Energy Renewable EUI, PE, PER Can large buildings achieve PER? Five strategies to lower PER Design for cooling Minimize ventilation Restrict recirculation Whittle every load Plan for PV
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2017-11-09
1
Primary Energy Renewable (PER): Strategies for Staying within Limits
Monte Paulsen
PHI-accredited Building Certifier
NET POSITIVE SYMPOSIUM: PASSIVE HOUSE DEEP DIVE
Five strategies to lower PER in taller Passive House buildings
�Primary Energy Renewable
� EUI, PE, PER
� Can large buildings achieve PER?
�Five strategies to lower PER
� Design for cooling
� Minimize ventilation
� Restrict recirculation
� Whittle every load
� Plan for PV
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Energy Use Intensity (EUI)
Total energy use per year ÷ floor area = EUI
9,000 kWh per year ÷ 200 m² = 45 kWh/m²a
Primary Energy (PE)
EUI x PE factor = PE
45 kWh/m²a x 2.6 (grid electricity) = 117 kWh/m²a
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Primary Energy Renewable (PER)
EUI x PER factor = PER
45 kWh/m²a x 1.3 (typical) = 58 kWh/m²a
PER in a single-family Passive House
� Achieves Passive House Classic limit of 60 kWh/m²a
� Add renewables = Passive House Plus
� Meets most definitions of “Net Zero”
Primary Energy Renewable = 43
Site EnergykWh/m²a
VancouverPER Factor
PERkWh/m²a
Heating 12 x 1.5 18
Cooling 0 x 1 0
Hot Water 7 x 1.15 8
Electric 14 x 1.2 17
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PER is extremely difficult for large buildings
� Large Passive House projects
find it relatively easy to
achieve the 15 kWh/m²a
thermal demand limits due to
efficient form factor.
� Most large Passive House
projects struggle to achieve
the 60 kWh/m²a Primary
Energy Renewable limit.
PER in multi-unit: …but not every tall Passive House can do it
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
Typical
Vancouver (RDH
MURB Study)
ASHRAE 90.1-
2010 - MURB
(BC Code 2012)
Net Zero Condo Passive House
Highrise MURB
Preliminary
Pineview Model
PER
(kW
h/m
²TFA
)
Heating
Cooling
Lighting
Equipment, Appliances, and Plug Loads
Fans and Pumps
DHW
30-storey
PH tower
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Strategy #1: Design for coolingDesign for the lowest possible combined demand
NET POSITIVE SYMPOSIUM: PASSIVE HOUSE DEEP DIVE
Small Passive House buildings rely on heat from the sun
Solar Heat Gains70%
Internal Heat Gains30%
Typical single-family home
Solar Heat Gains70%
Internal Heat Gains
30%
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Large Passive House buildings run on internal heat gains
Solar Heat Gains70%
Internal Heat Gains30%
Typical single-family home
Solar Heat Gains30%
Internal Heat Gains
70%
Those IGHs translate into higher PER, and trigger need for cooling
Solar Heat Gains70%
Internal Heat Gains30%
Typical single-family home
Solar Heat Gains30%
Internal Heat Gains
70%
Solar Heat Gains70%
Internal Heat Gains
30%
Typical single-family home Typical apartment building
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Don’t be fooled by PHPP!
Many large Passive House buildings
will require active cooling
even when PHPP indicates otherwise
� When IHGs likely to exceed PHPP defaults, run hourly models of individual
suites or localized sections of building
Example: Dynamic model of single suite in five-storey building
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Case 1: Internal gains per PHPP
� 1% of hours over 25 ͦC annually
0
500
1000
1500
< 20°C 20°C to 23°C 23°C to 25°C > 25°C
Hours
at
Opera
tive T
em
pera
ture
RUN 4A: AS DESIGNEDPH INTERNAL GAINS
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Case 2: Internal gains per NECB
� PHPP based on Passive House Institute assumptions