Preventive Ethics Beyond the Basics
Preventive Ethics Beyond the Basics. Module 4 Describing Current Ethics Practice.
Dec 18, 2015
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Preventive EthicsBeyond the Basics
Module 4Describing Current Ethics Practice
Learning Objectives
• Define what data are needed to describe current ethics practice.
• Choose appropriate data collection methods to describe current ethics practice.
• Develop an effective data collection plan to describe current ethics practice for a particular ethics issue.
3
ISSUES Link
STUDY the Issue
Diagram the process behind the relevant practice
Gather specific data about best practices
Gather specific data about current practices
Refine the improvement goal to reflect the ethics quality gap
4
Storyboard Progression
5
Advance Directives IssueSTUDY the IssueGather and summarize information about best ethics
practice.Identify sources for applicable ethical standardsDraft an operational definition of best ethics practice
based on the ethical standard(s) and the specific ethics issue.
Primary care patients who request assistance with completing an advance directive should receive it.
Advance Directives Issue
STUDY the IssueGather and summarize information about best ethics practice.
• Identify sources for applicable ethical standards• Draft an operational definition of best ethics practice based on the
ethical standard(s) and the specific ethics issue.
Primary care patients who request assistance with completing an advance directive should receive it.
Assessing Data Quality
“Good Enough” Data• Must be enough to determine how often best ethics
practice is actually occurring• Must have quality to convince others of level of
current ethics practice
6
Before Collecting Data
• Describe best ethics practice.• Decide what data you need to measure current
ethics practice.- Identify who or what “counts.”- Measure must accurately describe current ethics
practice.
7
Measuring Current Ethics Practice
8
Denominator: total # of Braeburn apples at fruit stand (excluding all other types of apples)
Numerator: # Braeburn apples at fruit stand of medium size (150–250 g), mostly red, and firm all over
medium sizemostly redfirm all over
Metrics:Advance Directives Issue
9
# of primary care patients provided with assistance
# of primary care patients who requested assistance with completion of an advance directive
1. Ethics Issue 2. EthicalStandard Source(s)
3. Ethical Standard Description(s) with
Exclusions
4. Best Ethics Practice “Should”
5. Metric 6. Current Ethics Practice
“Is”
A recent accreditation review of primary care health records found that only a few patient requests for assistance with completing an advance directive were followed up on by clinic staff.
VHA Handbook 1004.2 Advance Care Planning and Management of Advance Directives
VHA Handbook states that additional information about advance directives and/or assistance in completing forms must be provided for all patients who request this service.
Exclusion(s):Patients who change their minds about their requests for assistance, who withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity.
Primary care patients who request assistance with completing an advance directive should receive it [unless patients change their minds about their requests for assistance, withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity].
Numerator:
_________________
Denominator:
Method:
Sample size:
Time frame for data collection
MODULE 2 MODULE 3 MODULE 4
The number of primary care patients provided with assistance
Total number of primary care patients who requested assistance with completing an advance directive
Metrics and Best Ethics Practice
Metric must match the description of best ethics practice!
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CAUTION
Metrics:Adverse Events Issue
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1. Ethics Issue 2. Ethical
Standard Source(s)3. Ethical Standard Description(s) with
Exclusions
4. Best Ethics Practice “Should”
5. Metric 6. Current Ethics Practice
“Is”
The quality manager for surgical services found a number of instances in which adverse events that caused harm that should have been disclosed to patients or personal representatives were not disclosed.
VHA Handbook 2008-002 Disclosure of Adverse Events to Patients
There is an unwavering ethical obligation to disclose to patients harmful adverse events that have been sustained in t he course of care, including cases where the harm may not be obvious, or where there is potential for harm to occur in the future. Exclusion(s):Patient is deceased,incapacitated, or otherwise unable to take part in the process, and there is no personal representative.
Adverse events that cause harm to patients on surgical services should be disclosed to the patient or personal representative [unless patient is deceased,incapacitated, or otherwise unable to take part in the process, and there is no personal representative].
Numerator:
___________________
Denominator:
Method:
Sample size:
Time frame for data collection:
MODULE 2 MODULE 3 MODULE 4
# of adverse events that caused harm to patients on surgical services
# of adverse events that caused harm to patients on surgical services that were disclosed to patients or personal representatives
Group Activity InstructionsHandout 4.1 (20 min)
Ethics Issues 3, 4, and 51. Review Ethics Issues 3, 4, and 5 on handout.2. Determine numerator and denominator, and
consider exclusions.3. Record answers.
12
Core Elements of Data Collection Plan
• Method(s) • Sampling• Task definition and assignment• Time frame
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Data Collection Methods
• Health or other record • Observation• Interviews• Focus groups• Surveys
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Data Collection Methods
• Health or other record
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Data Collection Methods
• Observation
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Data Collection Methods
• Interviews– Telephone– Face-to-face
• Focus groups
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Data Collection Methods
• Surveys– Mail– Internet
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Data Collection Methods:Advance Directives Issue
Which data collection method will likely provide the data necessary to describe current ethics practice?• Healthcare record reviews, if we are confident that
the request and response are documented• Interviews―face-to-face or on the
telephone―because they enable us to directly question patients about their experiences
19
Revisiting the Metrics:Advance Directives Issue
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# of primary care patients provided with assistance
# of primary care patients who requested assistance with completion of an advance directive
1. Ethics Issue 2. EthicalStandard Source(s)
3. Ethical Standard Description(s) with
Exclusions
4. Best Ethics Practice “Should”
5. Metric 6. Current Ethics Practice
“Is”
A recent accreditation review of primary care health records found that only a few patient requests for assistance with completing an advance directive were followed up on by clinic staff.
VHA Handbook 1004.2 Advance Care Planning and Management of Advance Directives
VHA Handbook states that additional information about advance directives and/or assistance in completing forms must be provided for all patients who request this service.
Exclusion(s):Patients who change their minds about their requests for assistance, who withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity.
Primary care patients who request assistance with completing an advance directive should receive it [unless patients change their minds about their request s for assistance, withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity].
Numerator:
_________________
Denominator:
Method:
Sample size:
Time frame for data collection
MODULE 2 MODULE 3 MODULE 4
The number of primary care patients provided with assistance as measured by a note template completed by a social worker or someone equally trained
Total number of primary care patients who requested assistance with completing an advance directive
Group Activity InstructionsHandout 4.4 (20 min)
1. Choose spokesperson.2. In small groups, review ethics issue and best ethics
practice.3. Determine pros and cons of using each data
collection method.4. Choose top 2 data collection methods and prepare
to share them with whole group.
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Data Collection Bottom Line
There are no perfect methods!
The best data collection method is the one that provides data that match the practice we are interested in—and does so with the least amount of burden to the team.
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Sampling
• From which population are we sampling?• How much information do we need to
describe current ethics practice?
23
Sampling Methodology
The Joint Commission (TJC) sampling methodology• For a denominator of 30 or fewer, you would
review all 30.• For 30–100, you would review 30.• For 101–500, you would review 50.• Above 500, you would review 70.
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Sampling Plan
25
Denominator: total # of Braeburn apples at fruit stand (excluding all other types of apples)
Numerator: # Braeburn apples at fruit stand of medium size (150–250 g), mostly red, and firm all over
Sampling plan: 10% (50 apples) or using TJC (70 apples). Either number would be an acceptable plan.
When to sample: depends on our purpose for collecting the data
Sampling Plan:Advance Directives Issue
26
# of primary care patients provided with assistance
# of primary care patients who requested assistance with completion of an advance directive
1. Ethics Issue 2. EthicalStandard Source(s)
3. Ethical Standard Description(s) with
Exclusions
4. Best Ethics Practice “Should”
5. Metric 6. Current Ethics Practice
“Is”
A recent accreditation review of primary care health records found that only a few patient requests for assistance with completing an advance directive were followed up on by clinic staff.
VHA Handbook 1004.2 Advance Care Planning and Management of Advance Directives
VHA Handbook states that additional information about advance directives and/or assistance in completing forms must be provided for all patients who request this service.
Exclusion(s):Patients who change their minds about their requests for assistance, who withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity.
Primary care patients who request assistance with completing an advance directive should receive it [unless patients change their minds about their requests for assistance, withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity].
Numerator:
____________________
Denominator:
Method:
Record review
Sample size:
Time frame for data collection:
MODULE 2 MODULE 3 MODULE 4
The number of primary care patients provided with assistance as measured by a note template completed by a social worker or someone equally trained
Total number of primary care patients who requested assistance with completing an advance directive
30
1 week
Task Definition and Assignment
What tasks do we need for our record review collection?• Develop collection tool.• Collect the data from the healthcare record.• Summarize the findings.
Who will do each of these tasks?
27
Time Frame for Tasks
What questions do we need to ask regarding the time frame for each task in our data collection plan?
• How long will each task take?
• What is the target date for completion of each task?
28
Data Collection Plan
Will our data collection plan provide the data needed for understanding current ethics practice?If the answer is no…
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Current Ethics Practice:Advance Directives Issue
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# of primary care patients provided with assistance
# of primary care patients who requested assistance with completion of an advance directive
1. Ethics Issue 2. EthicalStandard Source(s)
3. Ethical Standard Description(s) with
Exclusions
4. Best Ethics Practice “Should”
5. Metric 6. Current Ethics Practice
“Is”
A recent accreditation review of primary care health records found that only a few patient requests for assistance with completing an advance directive were followed up on by clinic staff.
VHA Handbook 1004.2 Advance Care Planning and Management of Advance Directives
VHA Handbook states that additional information about advance directives and/or assistance in completing forms must be provided for all patients who request this service.
Exclusion(s):Patients who change their minds about their requests for assistance, who withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity.
Primary care patients who request assistance with completing an advance directive should receive it [unless patients change their minds about their requests for assistance, withdraw from the Health Care System, or who now lack decision-making capacity].
Numerator:
____________________
Denominator:
Method:
Record review
Sample size:
Time frame for data collection:
MODULE 2 MODULE 3 MODULE 4
The number of primary care patients provided with assistance as measured by a note template completed by a social worker or someone equally trained
Total number of primary care patients who requested assistance with completing an advance directive
30
1 week
3 /30 = 10%
Currently, 10% of primary care patients who have a documented request for assistance with completing an advance directive receive it.
Group Activity InstructionsHandout 4.6 (10 min)
1. Choose (another) spokesperson.2. Review information about ethical practice.3. Fill in 5 steps for data collection plan on
Handout 4.6.4. Prepare to report to whole group.
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Storyboard Progression
32
Advance Directives Issue
STUDY the IssueDefine the metric and gather specific data about current ethics practice.• Numerator = number of times the practice actually happens.• Denominator = population to whom specific ethics practice applies.
3 ÷ 30 = 10% of primary care patients who have a documented request for assistance with completing an advance directive receive it.
Takeaways
Describing current ethics practice• Defining the metric• Measuring current ethics practice• Data collection methods• Determining sample sizes• Data collection plan
33
Module 4
Questions?
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