National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) 3 rd Annual NECA Safety Professionals Conference Chicago, Illinois National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Christine M. Branche, Ph.D., FACE May 20, 2014 Prevention through Design in OSH
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Transcript
National Electrical Contractors
Association (NECA)
3rd Annual NECA Safety Professionals Conference
Chicago Illinois
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Christine M Branche PhD FACE May 20 2014
Prevention through Design in OSH
Background information on NIOSH
Construction Safety and Health Program
Electrical Safety
Green Construction
Prevention through Design
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy
Overview
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
(PL 91-596) created OSHA and NIOSH
To assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women
Organizational Chart of Federal Entities
for Occupational Safety and Health
Regulation and Enforcement Department of Labor (DOL)
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Research and Prevention Recommendations Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The sole federal government organization
charged with conducting occupational safety
and health research
ldquoProvide hellip leadership to prevent work-related illness injury disability and death by hellip gathering information conducting hellip research and
translating the knowledge gained into products
solutions and services tailored to meet construction
needsrdquo
Mission - NIOSH Construction Program
Intramural
Research
National
Construction
Center
Extramural
Investigator-
initiated Grants
NIOSH Construction
Safety and Health Program
Program Structure and Focus Areas
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Background information on NIOSH
Construction Safety and Health Program
Electrical Safety
Green Construction
Prevention through Design
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy
Overview
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
(PL 91-596) created OSHA and NIOSH
To assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women
Organizational Chart of Federal Entities
for Occupational Safety and Health
Regulation and Enforcement Department of Labor (DOL)
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Research and Prevention Recommendations Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The sole federal government organization
charged with conducting occupational safety
and health research
ldquoProvide hellip leadership to prevent work-related illness injury disability and death by hellip gathering information conducting hellip research and
translating the knowledge gained into products
solutions and services tailored to meet construction
needsrdquo
Mission - NIOSH Construction Program
Intramural
Research
National
Construction
Center
Extramural
Investigator-
initiated Grants
NIOSH Construction
Safety and Health Program
Program Structure and Focus Areas
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
(PL 91-596) created OSHA and NIOSH
To assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women
Organizational Chart of Federal Entities
for Occupational Safety and Health
Regulation and Enforcement Department of Labor (DOL)
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Research and Prevention Recommendations Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The sole federal government organization
charged with conducting occupational safety
and health research
ldquoProvide hellip leadership to prevent work-related illness injury disability and death by hellip gathering information conducting hellip research and
translating the knowledge gained into products
solutions and services tailored to meet construction
needsrdquo
Mission - NIOSH Construction Program
Intramural
Research
National
Construction
Center
Extramural
Investigator-
initiated Grants
NIOSH Construction
Safety and Health Program
Program Structure and Focus Areas
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Organizational Chart of Federal Entities
for Occupational Safety and Health
Regulation and Enforcement Department of Labor (DOL)
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Research and Prevention Recommendations Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The sole federal government organization
charged with conducting occupational safety
and health research
ldquoProvide hellip leadership to prevent work-related illness injury disability and death by hellip gathering information conducting hellip research and
translating the knowledge gained into products
solutions and services tailored to meet construction
needsrdquo
Mission - NIOSH Construction Program
Intramural
Research
National
Construction
Center
Extramural
Investigator-
initiated Grants
NIOSH Construction
Safety and Health Program
Program Structure and Focus Areas
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
The sole federal government organization
charged with conducting occupational safety
and health research
ldquoProvide hellip leadership to prevent work-related illness injury disability and death by hellip gathering information conducting hellip research and
translating the knowledge gained into products
solutions and services tailored to meet construction
needsrdquo
Mission - NIOSH Construction Program
Intramural
Research
National
Construction
Center
Extramural
Investigator-
initiated Grants
NIOSH Construction
Safety and Health Program
Program Structure and Focus Areas
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
ldquoProvide hellip leadership to prevent work-related illness injury disability and death by hellip gathering information conducting hellip research and
translating the knowledge gained into products
solutions and services tailored to meet construction
needsrdquo
Mission - NIOSH Construction Program
Intramural
Research
National
Construction
Center
Extramural
Investigator-
initiated Grants
NIOSH Construction
Safety and Health Program
Program Structure and Focus Areas
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Intramural
Research
National
Construction
Center
Extramural
Investigator-
initiated Grants
NIOSH Construction
Safety and Health Program
Program Structure and Focus Areas
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Graphic-oriented aid
Inclination indicator
Ladder Safety Application for
Smart Phones
Peter Simeonov DSR
and team
Developed APP to
quickly and easily
position extension
ladder at correct
angle
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Nancy Romano Division of Safety Research
Fatality Assessment and Control
Evaluation (FACE) Project
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
FACE includes NIOSH amp STATE reports
FACE reports are very useful for
training and toolbox talks
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Encouraging more ldquoDigital Storyrdquo Videos
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Web Addresses
Main campaign website (CPWRmdashThe Center for Construction
Research and Training) httpwwwstopconstructionfallscom
Campaign posters and fact sheets
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstructionstopfallshtml
httpwwwoshagovstopfalls
NIOSH Science blog httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog
Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program (FACE)
reports httpwwwcdcgovnioshface
To become a campaign partner email fallscpwrcom
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
httpswwwoshagovStopFalls
StandDownindexhtml
bull Participate in the stand-down
bull Help raise awareness among
workers and employers about
fall hazards
bull New resources
bull Formal recognition ldquoCertificate
of Participationrdquo
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Construction Safety Culture and Safety
Climate
June 11-12 2013 Workshop
Safety Culture and Safety
Climate in Construction Bridging
the Gap Between Research and
Practice
httpwwwcpwrcompublicationssafet
y-culture-and-climate-construction-
bridging-gap-between-research-and-
practice
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NIOSH Construction Page
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NIOSH Construction Program on Twitter
NIOSHConstruct
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NIOSH Electrical Safety Publications
For more on this and other topics
httpwwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
15 Strategic goals on
top construction problems
bull Steer research to problems
bull Go for IMPACT
bull Sector-based solutions
httpwwwcdcgovnioshnoracommentagendasconstruction
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NORA Electrical Safety Goals
Goal 21 - Investigate ways to improve power line proximity
warning alarms to protect operators of mobile vehicles
cranes and nearby construction workers
Goal 22 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from electrocution hazards involving power line contact
through hand-carried metallic objects and vehicle-related
contacts
Goal 23 - Investigate ways to protect construction workers
from contact with live electrical wiring and components by
studying electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
and recommending ways to improve work practices
techniques and tools
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NORA Electrical Safety Sub-goals
Goal 231 ndash Identify workers tasks and risk factors associated with
the greatest risk for electrocution involving common electrical and
non-electrical installation maintenance and repair tasks
Goal 232 - Evaluate why electrical workers believe they need to
work on energized equipment vs de-energized equipment Use
human factors approaches to identify root causes and evaluate
worker awareness of risks and precautions associated with ldquoliverdquo
work
Goal 233 ndash Identify and evaluate interventions to address risk
factors associated with the groups and tasks most at risk
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
National Construction Center
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Rate of fatalities selected construction occupations
2008-2010 average (All employment)
96
35
38
63
63
76
83
88
101
143
143
146
174
214
228
329
378
565
All construction
Construction manager
Drywall
Carpenter
Heat AC mech
Painter
Plumber
Brickmason
Electrician
Operating engineer
Helper
Foreman
Laborer
Welder
Truck driver
Roofer
Ironworker
Power-line installerDeaths per 100000 FTEs
This research was conducted with restricted access to
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed
here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Number and rate of electrocution deaths in construction
1992-2010 (All employment)
00
05
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Dea
ths
per
1000
00 F
TE
s
Num
ber
of
dea
ths
Year
Number
Rate
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views
expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Number of electrocution deaths in construction selected
construction occupations 2008-2010 total
(All employment)
9
13
13
14
17
17
22
41
69
Carpenter
Plumber
Painter
Heating
Roofer
Power-line installer
Foreman
Laborer
Electrician
Number of deaths
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Overhead power-line electrocution deaths by construction
occupation 2008-2010 total (All employment)
Roofer (13)
Painter (9)
Carpenter (5)
Total = 119 deaths
Other trades (18) Construction laborer (23)
Electrical worker
(19)
Foremanmanager (13)
This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) data The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the
views of the BLS
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Working Live
ldquoBetween 2008 and 2010 the main
cause of electrocution deaths among electrical
workers was contact with live (energized)
electrical equipment and wiring (575 chart
45d) This suggests that many electrocution
deaths could have been avoided if the electrical
circuits and equipment were de-energized
locked out or tagged out before a worker began
working on themrdquo
Fatalities from Contact with Electricity in Construction p 45 Construction Chart Book
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Green Building on the Rise
76 of Architects
66 of Contractors
51 of Subcontractors
hellip believe that green construction will be
the norm for their trade or profession by
2016
McGraw Hill (2012) Expectation of Green as a Norm for FirmIndustry by 2016 p 15
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Is Green Construction Better
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Not Always
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Las Vegas CityCentermdashThe Wake Up Call
Six deaths during 2007-2008 construction phase (Las Vegas NV) - MGM Miragersquos CityCenter
Development wins 6 coveted
design certifications (Las Vegas NV)
- More than three months before it opens
the $85 billion CityCenter development
has received six Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design (LEED) gold
certifications from the US Green Building
Councilhellip(Las Vegas Review Journal September 14 2009)
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NIOSH Perspectives on Sustainability
NIOSH Science Blog Going Green Safe and Healthy Jobs January 4 2010
httpblogscdcgovniosh-science-blog201001green-2
ldquoAs green and sustainable practices become more
common in the US there is an opportunity to
promote worker safety and health as a fundamental
dimension of true sustainability hellip
A sustainable product process or technology should
not only protect the environment and the consumer
but also the worker Green jobs must be safe jobsrdquo
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
IDEA Integrate Safety amp Health into
Green Construction
GREEN building is on the increase
Rating systems (eg LEED) are driving best practices
How do SAFETY and SUSTAINABILITY relate
Target Safety and Health community
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Architects and Designers
Owners
LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
It is common to assume that green building
projects are inherently safer for workershellip
EXAMPLE ldquoAttention to environmental issues during construction leads to a safer and healthier work siterdquo Los Alamos National Lab Sustainable Design Guide p64
hellipand common to overlook safety and health
EXAMPLE ldquoThere currently is a blind spot in sustainable design practice when it comes to worker safety and healthhellip Tremendous focus is placed on materials energy and the environment but designers typically give little if any consideration to the safety and health of the people who install the green features or build the projectsrdquo
John Gambatese ldquoDonrsquot Leave Safety Out of Sustainabilityrdquo ENR Editorial 11182009
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
LEED includes some elements related to
worker health and well-being
Building Occupants
Major LEED focus
Largest worker group ndash lowest risk
Custodial Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group ndash medium risk
Construction Maintenance Workers
Minor LEED focus
Smaller worker group highest risk potential
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
What about Safety and Health
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
But What is Missing
Type of
OUTCOME
HEALTH amp
WELL-BEING
Illness
SAFETY
Injury
ERGONOMICS
MSD
Musculoskeletal
Disorder
Type of
WORKER
Building
Occupant
Major focus via
IEQ credits
Not addressed Pilot Credits
Custodial
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Minor focus
Operations
Maintenance
(OampM) and
Construction
Worker
Minor focus Not addressed Not addressed
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Why Construction Workers
Fatalities 751 most of any industry
Injury rate 20310000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Why Maintenance
Workers
Fatalities 226
Injury rate 30710000 non-fatal
injuries and illnesses with days away
from work
Construction Injury at LEED Gold site Photo Matt Gillen
Atrium Maintenance work fall hazards Photo Mike Behm
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NIOSH Construction Program and PtD
Supported the 2003
ldquoDesigning for
Safety and Health in
Constructionrdquo
Symposium in
Portland Oregon
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Mission Design out hazards and minimize
risks associated with
Work
methods Processes Equipment Products amp new
technologies
Facilities
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Hierarchy of Controls
ELIMINATION Design it out
SUBSTITUTION Use something else
ENGINEERING CONTROLS Isolation and guarding
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Training and work scheduling
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Last resort
Control effectiveness
Business value
BEST BEST
Per ANSIAIHA Z10-2005
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
Last line of defense against injury
Examples
ndash Hard hats
ndash Steel-toed boots
ndash Safety glasses
ndash Gloves
ndash Harnesses
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
OSHA [wwwoshagovPublicationsosha3151html]
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
DESIGN MATTERS
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Example of the Need for PtD
Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines andor better informed the employer of hazard posed by wellsrsquo proximity to power lines through the plans specifications and bid documents
Source OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Design as a Risk Factor Australian Study 2000ndash2002
Main finding design
contributes significantly to
work-related serious
injury
37 of workplace
fatalities are due to
design-related issues
In another 14 of fatalities
design-related issues
may have played a role
From Driscoll et al 2008
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Safety Payoff during Design
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
influence
safety
Project schedule
Adapted from Szymberski 1997
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
PtD The Basic Steps
bull Identify potential hazards
bull Evaluate risks
bull Eliminate or reduce risks
bull Communicate residual risks to downstream users
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Servicing rooftop
HVAC equipment
Fall exposures
ldquoError traprdquo for workers
Design issues
No access
No power
No equipment setback from edge
No fall protection
Photo Matt Gillen
Operations amp Maintenance
HVAC= Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
PtD Process
Design team
meeting
Design Internal review
Issue for construction
External review
bull Trade contractor
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Establish PtD expectations bull Include construction and operation
perspective bull Identify PtD process and tools
bull Quality Assurance Quality Control
bull Health amp Safety review
bull Value Engineering review
bull Focused Health amp Safety review
bull Owner review
bull Owner bull Architect bull Project Manager bull Health amp Safety
Professional
Hecker et al 2005
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Why Prevention through Design
Ethical reasons
Construction dangers
Design-related safety
issues
Financial and non-
financial benefits
Practical benefits
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Ethical Reasons for PtD
National Society of Professional Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineersrsquo Code of Ethics clearly states
ldquoEngineers shall hold paramount the safety
health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional dutiesldquo
NSPE [wwwnspeorgEthicsCodeofEthicsindexhtml]
ASME [wwwsectionsasmeorgColoradoethicshtml ]
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Accidents in Construction Linked to
Design
22 of 226 injuries linked partly to design 2000-2002
study in Oregon Washington California
42 of 224 fatalities in US during 1990-2003 linked
to design
60 of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions
made before site work began 1991 study in Europe
63 of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to
design decisions or lack of planning
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Integrating Occupational Safety and
Health with the Design Process
Stage Activities
Conceptual design Establish occupational safety and health goals identify occupational hazards
Preliminary design Eliminate hazards if possible substitute less hazardous agentsprocesses
establish risk minimization targets for remaining hazards assess risk and develop
risk control alternatives Write project specifications
Detailed design Select controls conduct process hazard reviews
Procurement Develop equipment specifications and include in procurements develop ldquochecks
and testsrdquo for factory acceptance testing and commissioning
Construction Ensure construction site safety and contractor safety
Commissioning Conduct ldquochecks and testsrdquo including factory acceptance prendashstart up safety
reviews development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) riskexposure
assessment and management of residual risks
Start up and
occupancy
Educate manage changes modify SOPs
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
PtD Process Tasks
Perform a hazard analysis
Incorporate safety into the design documents
Make a CAD (BIM) model for member labeling and erection sequencing
Photo courtesy of Thinkstock
Adapted from Toole 2005 Hinze and Wiegand 1992
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Designer Tools
Checklists for construction safety [Main and Ward 1992]
Design for construction safety toolbox [Gambatese et al
1997]
Construction safety tools from the UK or Australia
ndash Construction Hazard Assessment Implication
Review known as CHAIR [NOHSC 2001]
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Example Checklist
Checklist courtesy of John Gambatese]
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
ldquoLife Cycle Safetyrdquo
Construction and Maintenance workers play key
roles in the built environment ldquoLife Cyclerdquo
Green building is oriented
towards ldquoLife Cyclerdquo thinking
Strategies for Integrating Safety and
Health into Green Building
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Construction amp
Maintenance
workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Construction workers
Closer look Construction Life Cycle
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Life Cycle Safety What do we Mean
hellip to comprehensively address
building-related OSH risks for all
affected worker groups across all life
cycle stages
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Life Cycle Safety =
Job Hazard Analysis
Thinking
Life Cycle
Assessment
Thinking
Prevention through
Design
Thinking
Comprehensively looking at risks affecting all building stages
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Life Cycle Assessment Basic Steps
1 Goal definition and scoping
Define product or activity and identify boundaries
2 Inventory analysis
Identify and quantify energy and material inputs and
environmental releases
3 Impact assessment
Assess human and ecological effects
4 Interpretation
Evaluate and select preferred product or activity
From EPA LCA101 Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Life Cycle Safety Review
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies to
roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
PtD A Good Strategy for the
Electrical Industry
Innovative industry
Technology-oriented
History of design-related
changes
Has industry mechanisms
for developing
standards eg NEC
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
OSHA Electrical Standards Mention Design
1910304 and 1926404
ldquoWiring design and protectionrdquo
Includes specific clearance distances needed for
power conductors
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Design of Equipment
ldquoMuch can be done to improve operational safety by the careful design and
selection of electrical equipmenthellipCircuits and equipment should be
installed so that all sections of the system can be isolated as necessaryhellip
Switch disconnectors should be suitably located and arranged so that
circuits and equipment can be isolated without disconnecting other circuits
that are required to continue in servicehellip
Control panels should be designed with insulated conductors and
shrouded terminals so that commissioning tests fault-finding calibration
etc can be carried out with a minimum of riskrdquo
Electricity at Work Safe working practices UK Health and Safety Executive p 6
httpwwwhsegovukpubnsbookshsg85htm
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Design of Installations
The Basics
ndash Adequate space
ndash Access
ndash Lighting
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Design of Installations
How can the installation
Provide flexibility for future modifications
Provide a lower category of arc flash exposures
Provide isolation flexibility to reduce the need to work live
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Clients Likely to be Interested in PtD
Industrial clients where shut downs are expensive
Hospitals
Lab facilities
Security and emergency response operations
Emerging areas ndash Smart Grid
ndash Microgeneration
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Realities and Barriers
Safety and health professionals are
not designers
Architects and engineers do not
always have safety in mind
There are costs
There are concerns about liabilities
A collaborative effort is needed to
accomplish PtD a ldquosafety design
reviewrdquo
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Business Value of PtD
Anticipate worker exposuresmdashbe proactive
Align health and safety goals with business goals
Modify designs to reduce and eliminate workplace hazards in
Facilities Equipment
Tools Processes
Products Work flows
Improve business profitability
AIHA [wwwugvalueorg]
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Life Cycle Safety Review example
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Solar Panel Case Study
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Photovoltaic (PV) Panels
HAZARD New electrical
hazard in that the energy
source cannot be switched off
unlike other electrical
installations
EXPOSURE Known fall
hazards from ladders and
roofs because installation
and maintenance commonly
involve work at height
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Summary of Steps 1- 3
STAGE GROUP KEY TASKS HAZARDSRISKS
Installation Construction
-Electricians
-Moving panels and supplies
to roof
-Installing panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
Maintenance Maintenance
-In house or
electricians
-Replacerepair broken panels
-Clean panels
-Inspection
-Falls from roof
-Electric shock
Recycle and
replace
Construction
-Electricians
-Removal of panels after 25 year
life span
-Moving new panels to roof
-Installing new panels and wiring
-Cranesrigging
-Falls from ladder
-Falls from roof
-Material handling
-Electric shock
OampM considerations for Onsite Renewable Energy Credit
ldquoProvide building operators with the manufacturerrsquos recommendations for operating and
maintenance procedures Operators may need guidance on how to maximize
efficiency including information about cleaning method and frequency for solar
panelsrdquo LEED Reference Guide
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Apply the Hierarchy of Controls
Upstream design
options
to reduce fall hazard
Designer to provide for
fall protection via Parapet
or Permanent guard rail
or anchors and horizontal
lifeline for fall restraint or fall
arrest system
Another strategy design to build sections on ground
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Photo NIOSH Draft PtD Case Study
Downstream
Planning
Contractor to
set up using a
scissor lift to
aid in the PV
panel
installation
process
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
ldquoA 46-year-old electrical worker died when he fell through
a skylight on a roof while installing solar panels The victim
was carrying solar panels and walking backwards because
of the limited space around the skylight As the victim was
walking backwards he tripped on the raised edge of the
skylight frame and fell onto the skylightrdquohelliphellip
httpwwwcdcgovnioshfacestatefaceCA09CA003html
Warehouse
project
Fatality
16272 solar panels were being installed on
a roof with 357 existing skylights
18 inch clearance
between skylight and PV panels
Need for safeguards and safety planning
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Research
bull Benchmarked the PtD role of the designer in the United Kingdom
bull Established the management system components and the business value of PtD among subset of Mercer companies
bull Supports the development of a rating system to quantify risks associated with specific design features
bull Create a design roadmap to link PtD activities to each stage of design
bull Evaluate specific PtD Best Practices for their impact on the bottom line
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Education
PtD in engineering textbooks
PtD in engineering and HampS curricula
ndash 2 dozen university partners
ndash ABET
ndash NCEES
Develop and disseminate engineering
education modules
Develop and disseminate educational
programs to health and safety
professionals
ndash ASSE AIHA
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Collaboration with ABET
Ensures entry-level preparedness of incoming engineers
Opportunity to collaborate on consensus standards
Accreditation stimulates innovation in education
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Published
Textbooks
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Websites
NIOSH Prevention through Design websites
httpwwwcdcgovnioshprogramsPtDesign
wwwcdcgovnioshtopicsPtD
PtD wiki
httpwwworcehsorgwikidisplayorcehsPtD+Case+Studies
E-mail preventionthroughdesigncdcgov
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Mechanical ndash Electrical
Systems
Developed by James McGlothlin MPH PhD CPE
Associate Professor School of Health Science
John R Weaver Facility Manager
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Anna Menze Research Assistant
Purdue University
EDUCATION MODULE
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Electrical Hazards MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Nanotechnology Laboratory
Uninterrupted Power System MECHANICALndashELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
Summary
Prevention through Design
bull Is the preferred approach
bull Provides potential solutions for tackling a
major cause of fatalities
bull Provides opportunities for working with
owners and clients to improve safety and
productivity
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
ldquoIn many respects PtD is a transformative concept for the 21st century It views investments in worker safety and health as an integral part of business efficiency and quality rather than as a cost It is also a practical concept that has already been used successfully in several model applicationsrdquo
John Howard MD
Director NIOSH CDC
November 22 2010
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
NIOSH Directory of Construction Resources
wwwcdcgovnioshconstruction
httptwittercomNIOSHConstruct
Christine Branche
Principal Associate Director
Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Construction Program Manager
202-245-0625|cbranchecdcgov
With thanks to
Matt Gillen (retired)
Former Deputy Director Office of Construction Safety and Health
Former NIOSH Construction Program Coordinator
The findings and conclusions in this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent
any agency determination or policy
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