Preventing Crashes Among Novice Teenage Drivers: Research on Risk and Prevention Dr. Bruce Simons-Morton Senior Investigator, Health Behavior Branch & Associate Director for Prevention National Institute of Child Health & Human Development National Institutes of Health
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Preventing Crashes Among Novice Teenage Drivers · NATURALISTIC DRIVING RESEARCH DRIVING Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study A. Purpose: examine variability in teen driving performance
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Preventing Crashes Among
Novice Teenage Drivers: Research on Risk and Prevention
Dr. Bruce Simons-Morton
Senior Investigator, Health Behavior Branch &
Associate Director for Prevention
National Institute of Child Health &
Human Development
National Institutes of Health
YOUNG DRIVER PROBLEMDriver Fatal Crash Involvement/Million Miles
THE YOUNG DRIVER PROBLEMInexperienced Drivers of All Ages Have High Crash Rates
Beanland et al., 2013; Washington et al., 2011; Mynttinen et al., 2010
Reviews (post-drive training)
No safety benefits of post-drive training (2-stage)
LSEDE, 2015 Oregon, Manitoba Probably no benefits
Senserrick, Ivers, et al., 2009 NSW DRIVE risk orientation/resilience
44% reduced crash RR
Thomas et al., 2016 Hazard skills training Possible crash reduction
“More skillful drivers do not necessarily crash less; regardless of skill drivers must actually drive more safely to minimize risk.” (Lonero, Meyhew, 2015).
SUPERVISED PRACTICED NATURALISTIC DRIVING STUDY
Driving Errors Improve With Practice
Driving Errors by Type
First 10 Hours
N=90 participants#
9,823 observations
Last 10 hours
N=78 participants#
8,523 observations
N Percentage (SD) N Percentage (SD)
Driving Errors - Total 1,138 13.4 (19.4) 786 8.8* (13.0)
Recognition 90 0.9 (1.2) 34 0.4 (0.9)
Decision 352 3.5 (2.9) 124 1.4 (2.4)
Performance 638 8.4 (19.3) 605 6.8 (11.3)
Other 58 0.6 (1.0) 23 0.2 (0.8)
High Risk Secondary Tasks 554 5.8 (4.6) 878 9.9* (7.6)
SUPERVISED PRACTICE NATURALISTIC DRIVING STUDY
Parent Driving Instruction Topics
Topic†Proximal
Instruction#
Higher Order
Instruction*
Navigation 94% 4%
Warning/Detect Hazard 75% 16%
Vehicle Handling or
Operation85% 7%
Remark on Driving Behavior 74% 17%
Asks Question - Driving Task 80% 19%
Rules of the Road 78% 15%#Proximal relates to the present driving task or immediate future*Higher order relates to principles of driving
N=76
PRACTICE DRIVING AND INDEPENDENT
RISKY DRIVING MEASURES
Correlations
MeasuresKinematic Risky
Driving
Crash/Near Crash
3-Months Total 3-Months Total
Miles -.13 -.14 -.10 -.12
Road Type Diversity
.01 .02 -.04 -.17
RESEARCH ON PARENTAL
MANAGEMENT OF TEENAGE DRIVERS
Authoritative Parents are Demanding and Responsive
Parental Restrictions on Trip and Risk Conditions
Never
allowed
Always
allowed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 month <3 mos 3-5 mos 6-8 mos 9-11 mos >11 mos
Trip limits Risk Limits
Hartos, Simons-Morton. 2001
CHECKPOINTS PARENT
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Parent Management
of Teen Driving
- Limits on teen driving
Mediators1
- restriction norms
- expectations
�
Persuasive
Communications
� �
1Protection motivation theory
The Checkpoints Parent-Teen
Driving Agreement
Teen driver will: Parent will:
□□□□ Always obey all traffic laws
□□□□ Never speed, tailgate, or cut others off
□□□□ Always wear a seat belt and require all passengers to wear seat belts
□□□□ Never drive after taking any drugs or alcohol or ride with a driver who has
taken any drugs or alcohol
□□□□ Always tell parent/guardian where going and with whom
□□□□ Always call home if going to be late
□□□□ Always call home if for any reason it is not safe to drive or ride
□□□□ Be a good role model behind the wheel
□□□□ Point out and discuss safe and dangerous
driving situations and practices
□□□□ Apply rules fairly and consistently
□□□□ Consider necessary exceptions to driving
limits
□□□□ Provide a safe ride home (no questions
asked at that time)
PART II:PART II:PART II:PART II: DRIVING PRIVILEGES: These need to be tailored to your teen's driving progressThese need to be tailored to your teen's driving progressThese need to be tailored to your teen's driving progressThese need to be tailored to your teen's driving progress
DRIVING PRIVILEGESNighttime
Teen
passengersWeather Road types Review date
We agree
Initials
Checkpoint 1
Month 18 pm None Dry Local ____ ____
Checkpoint 2
Months 2-69 pm None Moderate No high speed ____ ____
Checkpoint 3
Months 7-1211 pm 1 Most Most ____ ____
WE AGREE (sign) __________________________ ______________________________PARENT TEEN
PART I:PART I:PART I:PART I: DRIVING RULES: These are absolutes These are absolutes These are absolutes These are absolutes ————ones that apply to every trip, every timeones that apply to every trip, every timeones that apply to every trip, every timeones that apply to every trip, every time
Checkpoints in Driver Education
Percentage of families with a completed
agreement
70.6
29.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Intervention Control
%
1
1 Intervention greater than control (x = 42.54; p < .0001)
Zakrajsek, Simons-Morton, Shope, F&CH, 2009.
CHECKPOINTS PROGRAM Tx Group Improvements in Driving Outcomes
Intervention m (sd)
Control m (sd)
p
Overall High Risk Driving (past week) – 19 items 0.50 (0.5) 0.82 (0.9) .04 Sped in residential or school zone 1.51 (1.7) 2.20 (2.3) .09 Drove 10-19 mph over limit 0.31 (0.1) 0.80 (1.8) .10
Drove 20+ mph over limit 0.02 (0.1) 0.28 (0.7) .02 Tailgated 0.08 (0.3) 0.37 (1.0) .07 Went through intersection on yellow 1.79 (2.2) 3.15 (3.9) .04 Raced another vehicle 0.05 (0.2) 0.24 (0.7) .07 Drove to show off 0.03 (0.2) 0.15 (0.4) .08
TECHNOLOGY AND PARENT MANAGEMENT
Event Recorders Provide Feedback
and Enable Parent Monitoring
name
name
name
DriveCam TeenSafe Driver Feedback
Simons-Morton, Bingham, Shope, et al.,
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2012.
Randomized Trial:Group #1: Immediate Feedback to Teen (LO) Group #2: Lights+ Feedback to Family (DC)
IMPROVING NOVICE TEEN
DRIVING SAFETY
Summary
1. Goals:
A. Delay licensure
B. Limit exposure to high risk driving conditions
C. Create safe driving norms and practices
2. Improve training & supervision (Driver Ed & practice driving)
A. Higher order instruction
B. Safe driving expectations, judgment, self-control, norms
3. Parental management
A. Set strict limits on newly licensed teens
B. Monitor driving performance
Thank you!
UMass
Virginia Tech
DriveCam IncU Michigan
CDM, Inc
Collaborators
NICHD: Johnathon Ehsani, Kaigang Li, Fearghal O’Brien, Pnina Gershon, Paul Albert
Sherbrook U: Marie Claude Ouimet
VTTI: Sheila Klauer, Tom Dingus, Feng Guo, Suzie Lee,