Prevalence of different salmonella serovars in india up to 2005

Prevalence of Salmonella serovars in Animals in India

Presentation is based on Serotyping of >4000 Salmonella strains submitted between 1978

to 2005to

National Salmonella Centre (Vet.)Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 INDIA

Analysis and compilation By

Dr. Bhoj R Singh, Principal Scientist (VM)

I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis

Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India. 

TeleFax  +91-581-2302188

SALMONELLA IN INDIASalmonella and salmonellosis are prevalent all over the world including the most developed as well as the poorest countries.

Salmonellosis is a hyperendemic disease in India in humans and probably in animals too.

There are >2500 serovars of Salmonella distributed all over the globe.

Of these about 231 serovars have been reported in India, 25 exclusively in human and equal number in animals rest have been isolated from varied sources.

To start any disease control programme a country need to understand the epidemiology of the disease and for salmonellosis serotyping is of utmost significance.

2003 Mizoram Japanese Quails 30% in adults S. Enteritidis

2000 Assam Pygmy hogs (Sus salvanius) 7 of the 42 S. Enteritidis

1999 Ranchi Pigs (Sus Domesticus) 15 piglets S.Ohio, S. Chester, S. London

1999 Assam Ducks 58.37% Ducklings died S. Enteritidis PT 13a/7

1997 Assam Broilers 70-100% S. Indiana and S.Gallinarum

1996 Himanchal pradesh Chicks 92.8% S. Typhimurium

1992 Punjab Pigs - S. Typhimurium with FMD virus

1989 Tripura Chicks - S. Virchow

1987 Nagaland Poultry birds High S. Virchow

1987 Punjab Layer stock 20% S. Gallinarum

1987 Tamilnadu Broiler stock In 4 hatcheries 5 to 15% mortality S. Gallinarum

1986 Bareilly (U.P.) Pigs 43 piglets and 24 adults died S. Cholearaesuis

1986 Hydrabad Japanese quails 100% S. Gallinarum

1986 Pantnagar (U.A.) Chicken 212 of 400 chicks died. S. Indiana

1986 Tirpur Broiler parent stock 9% mortality S. Weltevreden

1985 Guwahati (Assam) Chicks High S. Gallinarum

1984 Nagaland Pigs 34% mortality in piglets S. Choleraesuis

1984 Kasauli, (H.P.) Guinea pigs High S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium

1983 Gujrat Chicks High S. Gallinarum

1983 Tamilnadu Pigs High S. Vrichow

1980 Ranchi Pigs 67.5% piglets died S. Cholearaesuis

1980 Madras city Chicks and layers 75% Broiler and 25% layer chicks died S. Gallinarum

1980 Bombay Guinea pigs and Rabbits Heavy S. Typhimurium

1977 Punjab Chicks High S. Ohio

1976 Punjab Chicks High S. Newport

1972 Bareilly, (U.P.) Chicks High S. Bareilly

Outbreaks of Salmonellosis in India in Animals

Animals affected No. of Outbreaks Salmonella serovars

Pigs 6 Choleraesuis (3), Ohio, Chester, London, Typhimurium, Virchow

Chicks/Poultry birds

14 Gallinarum (6), Indiana (4), Virchow (3), Typhimurium (2), Newport, Ohio, Bareilly, Weltevreden

Rabbits 1 Typhimurium

Guinea pigs 2 Typhimurium, Dublin

Ducks 1 Enteritidis

Pygmy hogs 1 Enteritidis

Japanese quails 1 Gallinarum

Salmonellosis outbreaks and causative serovars in animals in India

Salmonella serovars in animals in India

• >128 serovars has been reported and every year 2 to 5 new serovars are add to the ever-growing list.

• Different serovars vary in prevalence in different animals.

Salmonella serovars in animals in India (128 serovrs)

Rough4% Abortusequi

3% Anatum3%

Bareilly3%

Bovismorbificans1% Chester

2% Dublin

2%

Enteritidis6%

Gallinarum16%

Goverdhan2%

3, 10 : r : -3%

Typhimurium13%

Typhimurium var copenhagan

1%

Virchow9%

Weltevreden5%

Other 97 serovars17%

Senftenberg1%

Indiana1%

Paratyphi B2%

Paratyphi B var java2%

Saintpaul2%

Stanley1%

Newport2%

Salmonella serovars in poultry birds in India (53 serovars and 811 isolates)

Eastbourne1%

Enteritidis8%

Gallinarum43%

Indiana2%

Lille2%

Stanley2%

Typhimurium11%

Virchow14%

Weltevreden1%

Other 34 serovars12%

Rough1%

Chester1%

Bovismorbificans2%

Virchow and Typhimurium are more common than Enteritidis.

Bovismorbificans and Eastbourne are the new entrants in last three years.

Amager, Galiena and S. salamae serovars have been reported just recently.

Number of rough isolates is increasing

India has no Pullorum biovar, variants of pullorum if any are reported from regions north to tropic of Cancer. Southern Indian states are the most affected states with S. Gallinarum.

Salmonella serovars in other birds in India (13 serovars, 61 isolates)

Bareilly10%

Brunei2%

Enteritidis5%

Gallinarum17%

Typhimurium var copenhagan

2%

Virchow30%

Weltevreden2%

Typhimurium22% Stockholm

2%

Stanley2%

Richmond2%

Rested2%

Paratyphi B2%

Virchow and Typhimurium are more common than Gallinarum

Quails Bareilly, Gallinarum, Stanley, Typhimurium, Virchow, Weltevredn

Emu Weltevreden

Guinea fowl Gallinarum, Typhimurium

Typhimurium

Pigeons Typhimurium, Give

Common Salmonella serovars in

some selected birds

Pheasants

Salmonella serovars in buffaloes in India (11 serovars, 60 isolates)

Rough8%

Anatum45%

Dublin2%

4, 12:i:-2%

Lagos3%

Orion3%

Saintpaul5%

Stanley2%

Typhimurium8%

Weltevreden20%

Bareilly2%

Salmonella serovars in cattle in India (68 strains of 19 serovars)

Rough9%

Adelaide1%

Anatum1%

Berta1%

Chester6%

Drogana3%

Dublin29%

Typhimurium25%

Typhimurium var copenhagan

1%

Weltevreden1%

Enteritidis4%

Havana3%

Heidelberg1%

3, 10 : r : -1%

Mbandaka4%

Muenchen1%

Paratyphi B1%

Rostock 1%

Saintpaul1%

Dublin and Typhimurium are the most common serovars, also reported frequently in milk and milk products

Salmonella serovars in goats in India (39 serovars among 137 isolates)

Rough22%

Bareilly3%

Dublin4%

28 : b : enx5%

Infantis4%

Paratyphi B5%

Saintpaul3%

Typhimurium11%

Virchow7%

Weltevreden9%

Other 27 serovars24%

Stanley3%

Rough strains dominates the scene

Salmonella serovars in Donkeys

Serovar Number of isolates

Abortusequi 4

Dumfries 1

3, 10 : r : - 1

4, 12:-:- 1

Tshiongwe 2

Salmonella serovars in Horses(142 isolates of 19 serovars)

Serovar Nos. Serovar Nos.

Abortusequi 60 Lagos 10

Bovismorbificans 4 Newington 2

Drogana 10 Newport 13

Dumfries 3 Richmond 5

Gallinarum 1 Rough 2

4, 5, 12, : ri : 1, 5 10 Saintpaul 3

4, 5, 12, 27:r,i:1, 5 1 Tshiongwe 3

4, 12:i:- 2 Typhimurium 1

6, 7 : y : lz28: - 1 Virchow 1

Kottbus 10    

Salmonella in dogs

• Serological evidences show high prevalence (>60%) of Salmonella agglutinins in canines,

however only three isolates one each belonging to Thompson, Typhimurium and Paratyphi B

serovars are there in repository.• Besides, isolation of S. Anatum, S. Reading and

S. Ohio are also on records but isolates are not available.

Salmonella serovars in sheep in India ( 9 serovars and 42 strains)(Common source of S. Bareilly)

Chester2%

Dublin5%

Gallinarum10%

Liverpool2%

Newington10%

Rostock 7%

Saintpaul17%

Adelaide2%

Anatum5%

Bareilly40%

Salmonella serovars in swine in India (203 strains of 36 serovars)

Anatum8.4%

Choleraesuis4.9%

Enteritidis2.5%

London3.4%

Newport11.3%

Reading2.5%

Saintpaul3.0%

Senftenberg3.9%

Typhimurium8.4%

Virchow25.1%

Weltevreden4.4%

Other 25 serovars22.2%

Virchow is dominating since decades

Salmonella serovars in fish and other sea foods in India (74 strains of 21 serovars)

Newport5%

Ohio11%

Paratyphi B var java38%

Reading4%

Saintpaul7%

Sandiego1%

Sarajane1%

Senftenberg3%

Stanley5%

Typhimurium7%

Reinckevdorf1%

Gallinarum1%

Bradford1%

Virchow1%

Goverdhan0%

Gozo1%

Heidelberg1% 17 : d : 1, 2

3%

Javiana3%

Kentucky1%

Morocco3%

Most common source of S. Paratyphi B

Salmonella serovars in amphibians in India (63)

Bareilly16%

Goverdhan67%

Salmonella III.2%

Nchanga2%

Richmond3%

Saintpaul2%

Typhimurium5%

Weltevreden3%

Most of the work reported is almost 30 years old and needs reviewing

Salmonella serovars in rodents and other small laboratory animals in India (231)

Enteritidis16.5%

3, 10 : r : -21.2%

4, 12:i:-2.2%

London0.4%

Typhimurium26.0%

Typhimurium var copenhagan

8.7%

Virchow4.3%

Weltevreden5.2%

Onderstepoort1.7%

Paratyphi B1.7%

Senftenberg1.7%

Stanley0.4%

Agona0.4%

Amsterdam1.7%

Rough3.9% Anatum

1.7%

Dahlem0.4%

Dublin1.7%

Salmonella serovars in sewage and slaughter house environment in India (47)

Rough4.3% Anatum

6.4%

Bareilly2.1%

Chester29.8%

Newport10.6%

Paratyphi B29.8%

Reading4.3%

Schwarzegrund2.1%

Typhimurium4.3%

Liverpool2.1% London

2.1%

Lagos2.1%

Sources of Salmonella serovars in foods of vegetable origin

Vegetables63.0%

Coriander22.2%

Mint11.1%

Pepper3.7%

Salmonella serovars in foods of vegetable origin in India (27)

Anatum3.7% Bsilla

3.7% Canada3.7% Typhimurium

3.7%

Weltevreden7.4%

Saintpaul48.1%

Teko 14.8%

Rottnest3.7%

New port3.7%

Mons7.4%

Saintpaul80%

Weltevreden 3%

Virchow8%

Teko3%

Paratyphi B6%

Six percent of 600 samples of beetle leaves (popular as Paan) screened in North India have Salmonella

and Saintpaul dominates the seen

Salmonella serovars in lizards and other reptiles in India (70)

Weltevreden60.0%

Typhimurium7.1%

Saintpaul2.9%

Newport2.9%

Enteritidis1.4%

Chester20.0%

Bareilly5.7%

Old work needs reviewing

Salmonella serovars in wild life in India (139 strains of 13 serovars)

Agona2.2%

Bareilly2.9%

Choleraesuis1.4%

Dublin0.7%

Enteritidis6.5%

Saintpaul1.4%

Newport1.4%

Nesziona0.7%

Weltevreden30.9%

Typhimurium28.8%

Gallinarum7.9%

Chester10.1%

Rough5.0%

Anatum

Cattle, 1

Goats, 2

Sheep, 2

Buffaloes, 27

Vegetables and their products, 1

Swine , 17

Slaughter house articles, wastes and

envronment, 3

Rodents and lagomorphs, 4

Milk and meat and their products, 8

Common sources of Salmonella Anatum

Sources of Salmonella Abortusequi

Donkeys, 4

Horses, 60

Bareilly

Other birds, 6

Buffaloes, 1

Amphibians, 10

Goats, 4

Sheep, 17

Humans, 3

Swine , 3

Poultry birds, 8

Reptiles and lizards, 4

Common sources of Salmonella Bareilly

Bovismorbificans

Swine , 2

Horses, 4

Poultry birds, 15

Common sources of Salmonella Bovismorbificans

Common sources of Salmonella Enteritidis

Fish and other sea foods, 2

Cattle, 3Other birds, 3

Feed and feed contents, 1

Reptiles and lizards, 1

Vegetables and their

products, 6

Swine , 5

Poultry birds, 60

Rodents and lagomorphs,

38

Poultry birds, 325

Goats, 1Swine , 2

Sheep, 4

Horses, 1

Other birds, 11

Fish and other sea foods, 7

Milk and meat and their

products, 2

Common sources of Salmonella Gallinarum isolates

Swine , 3

Wild and zoo animals, 1

Buffaloes, 1Poultry birds, 1

Rodents and lagomorphs, 4

Milk and meat and their

products, 6

Humans, 1

Sheep, 2

Cattle, 20

Goats, 5

Common sources of Salmonella Dublin isolates

Poultry birds, 3

Fish and other sea foods, 4

Slaughter house articles, wastes

and envronment, 5

Vegetables and their products, 1

Reptiles and lizards, 2 Swine , 23

Horses, 13

Common sources of Salmonella Newport isolates

Fish and other sea foods, 28

Milk and meat and their

products, 3

Rodents and lagomorphs, 4

Feed and feed contents, 3

Dogs, 1

Cattle, 1

Other birds, 1Poultry birds, 6

Goats, 7

Slaughter house articles, wastes

and envronment, 14

Swine , 4Beetle leaves, 1

Common sources of Salmonella Paratyphi B isolates

Vegetables and their products,

13 Swine , 6

Sheep, 7

Goats, 4

Fish and other sea foods, 5

Amphibians, 1

Poultry birds, 8

Cattle, 1

Buffaloes, 3

Horses, 3

Reptiles and lizards, 2

Beetle leaves, 22

Common sources of Salmonella Saintpaul isolates

Vegetables and their products,

1

Other birds, 15

Cattle, 18

Buffaloes, 5

Fish and other sea foods, 5Amphibians, 3

Goats, 16Feed and feed

contents, 5

Poultry birds, 88

Reptiles and lizards, 5

Horses, 1

Wild and zoo animals, 30

Swine , 17Slaughter

house articles, wastes and

envronment, 2Rodents and

lagomorphs, 80Milk and meat

and their products, 12

Humans, 6

Common sources of Salmonella Typhimurium

Beetle leaves, 3Horses, 1

Swine , 51

Rodents and lagomorphs,

10Milk and meat

and their products, 1

Fish and other sea foods, 2

Feed and feed contents, 1

Goats, 10

Other birds, 19

Poultry birds, 105

Common sources of Salmonella Virchow

Poultry birds, 11

Other birds, 1

Buffaloes, 12

Cattle, 1

Amphibians, 2

Reptiles and lizards, 42

Vegetables and their products,

2

Swine , 9

Goats, 12

Milk and meat and their

products, 3Rodents and

lagomorphs, 12

Common sources of Salmonella Weltevreden

Cattle, 6

Buffaloes, 5

Poultry birds, 11

Horses, 2Wild and zoo

animals, 7Slaughter house articles,

wastes and envronment, 2

Rodents and lagomorphs, 9

Milk and meat and their

products, 7Goats, 30

Common sources of rough Salmonella strains

Zoonotic Salmonella serovars in animals

S. Anatum3%

Others (75 Serovars)

56%

S. Bareilly3%

S. 3,10:r:-4%

S. Weltevreden5%

S. Enteritidis5%

S. Typhimurium14%

S. Virchow10%

Conclusions• >128 Salmonella serovars are there in animals in India and every year list expands by

about 2-5 new serovars.• Different serovars dominate in different kinds of animals. • On the basis of overall prevalence, major Salmonella serovars of zoonotic significance

are   S.Typhimurium, S. Bareilly, S. Newport, S. Weltevreden, S. Saintpaul and S. Enteritidis are the most prevalent wide host range Salmonella .

• S. Weltevreden, S. Senftenberg, S. Saintpaul, S. Havana and S. Chester are prominent emerging zoonotic Salmonella in last decade.

• S. Typhimurium and S. Paratyphi A prevalence is on down-roads.• S. Typhi, a strict host adapted Salmonella of human being has been isolated from sick as

well as healthy Camel, Sheep, Cattle, Goats, Pigs, Birds and Rodents as well.• S. Saintpaul is emerging as new zoonotic pathogen in foods of animals and vegetable

origin.• S. Typhimurium is still the leading serovar of zoonotic significance in India.• Prevalence of S. Abortusequi is rapidly falling in equines and it is being replaced by other

serovars, different in different parts of the country.• After poultry and poultry product vegetable foods appeared to be the major emerging

source of Salmonella.• Host range of host restricted Salmonella serovars is widening.

• S. Anatum has adapted to Indian buffaloes, however S. Weltevreden is the important

zoonotic serovar often isolated from buffen (Buffalo meat)