Pressure Dependent Kinetics: Single Well Reactions Simple Models • Lindemann-Hinshelwood • RRKM Theory • Modified Strong Collider The Master Equation • 1-dimensional (E) • 2d Master Equation (E,J) • Energy Transfer • Troe Fitting • Product Channels CH 3 + OH Theory of Unimolecular and Recombination Reactions, R. G. Gilbert and S. C. Smith, Blackwell, 1990 Unimolecular Reactions, K. A. Holbrook, M. J. Pilling, S. H. Robertson, Wiley, 1996
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Pressure Dependent Kinetics: Single Well Reactions · Single Well Reactions Simple Models • Lindemann-Hinshelwood • RRKM Theory • Modified Strong Collider The Master Equation
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Pressure Dependent Kinetics:Single Well Reactions
Simple Models• Lindemann-Hinshelwood• RRKM Theory• Modified Strong ColliderThe Master Equation• 1-dimensional (E)• 2d Master Equation (E,J)• Energy Transfer• Troe Fitting• Product Channels CH3 + OHTheory of Unimolecular and Recombination Reactions, R. G. Gilbert and S. C.
Smith, Blackwell, 1990Unimolecular Reactions, K. A. Holbrook, M. J. Pilling, S. H. Robertson,
Wiley, 1996
Recombination KineticsRecombination is a Multistep Process - not single elementary step
A + B → AB(E) kf(E) [k(T) = ∫ k(E) P(E)]
But, E is above dissociation threshold so AB just redissociates
AB(E) → A + B kd(E)
Need some process to take away energy and stabilize ABCollisions with bath gas M (or photon emission)
AB(E) + M → AB(E') + M' kc x P(E → E')
Effective rate constant is some mix of kf(E), kd(E), kc, and P(E → E')Dissociation is related to recombination through equilibrium constant
Simple Models Lindemann-HinshelwoodAssume every collision leads to stabilizationTreat association and dissociation on canonical levelA + B → AB* kf(T)AB* → A + B kd(T)AB* + M → AB + M' kc
Simple Models RRKM TheoryTreat energy dependence of association and dissociation rate constantskf(E) and kd(E)keff (T,P) = dE keff (E) P(E) = dE kf(E) P(E) Pstabilization (E,P)Use transition state theory with quantum state counting to evaluate kf, kd
keff = dEN ± E( )
hρreac tan t (E)∫
ρreac tan t E( )exp(−βE)QAQB
kc M[ ]kd (E) + kc M[ ]
keff =1
hQAQB
dEN ± E( )exp(−βE) kc M[ ]kd (E) + kc M[ ]∫
keff∞ =
1hQAQB
dEN ± E( )exp(−βE) = kBT
hQAQB
dEρ± E( )exp(−βE)∫∫
keff∞ =
kBT
h
Q±
QAQB
Consider High Pressure Limit; [M] → ∞
Simple Models Modified Strong ColliderAssume only a fraction βc of collisions lead to stabilization
keff =1
hQAQB
dEN ± E( )exp(−βE) βckc M[ ]kd (E) + βckc M[ ]∫
Consider low pressure limit; [M] → 0
keff0 =
1
hQAQB
dEN ± E( )exp(−βE) βckc M[ ]kd (E)
∫
keff0 =
βckc[M]
QAQB
dEρAB E( )exp(−βE)0
∞
∫keff
0 does not depend on transition state! Only the threshold Ematters
βc is a fitting parameter -typical value ~ 0.1
Master EquationConsider n(E,t) = time-dependent population of AB molecule at
energy EMaster equation Irreversible Formulation
dn(E)
dt= kc[M] dE ' P E,E '( )n E ', t( ) − P(E ',E)n E,t( )[ ]∫ − kd E( )n E,t( )
Replace n(E,t) with normalized population x(E,t) = n(E,t)/ dEn(E,t)
Eigenvalues are all negativeOne with smallest magnitude defines the rate coefficientk(T,p) = -ξ1Others are related to rate of energy transfer - form continuum
y t( ) = expj=1
N
∑ ξ j t( ) g j' g j
' y 0( )
Master Equation Problems at Low T
numerical difficulties with diagonalization due tolarge dynamic rangeVarious Solutions
1. Integrate in time2. Quadruple Precision3. Reformulate with sink for complex => Matrix
inversion
Master Equation Problems at high TDissociation occurs on same time scale as energy
relaxation
Nonequilibrium factor fne
fne =dEc E( )∫( )2
dEc 2 E( )F(E)∫
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟ 2 c(E) = steady state distribution
Deviation of fne from unity indicates how muchdissociation happens before relaxation
Detailed balance is still satisfied for fraction thathappens after relaxation
Boltzmann Distributions CH4
Boltzmann Distributions C2H5O2
Nonequilibrium Factor
Master Equation 2-DimensionalTotal Angular Momentum J - conserved between
collisionsMaster equation in E and J
n(E,J,t) or x(E,J,t)P(E,J,E',J')k(E,J)
Numerical solution timeconsumingNeed more information on energy transfer than we
have
Approximate Reduction from 2D to 1DE model
P(E,J,E',J') = P(E,E') ϕ(E,J)Rotational energy transfer like vibrationalJ distribution given by phase space volumeϕ(E,J)=(2J+1) ρ(E,J) / ρ(E)ρ(E) = ∑J (2J+1) ρ(E,J)k(E) = ∑J (2J+1) N‡(E,J) / hρ(E)Use k(E) and P(E,E’) in 1D Master Eqn
Does not resolve J dependent thresholdsAll rotational degrees of freedom are activeIncorrect low pressure limit
2D Master Equation E,J ModelE,J model
like E model, but treat k(E,J) properlyk(E) = ∑J k(E,J) y(E,J) / ∑J y(E,J)y(E,J) = ϕ(E,J) / { kc[M] + k(E,J) }x(E) = ∑J x(E,J)
x(E,J) =kc[M]ϕ(E,J)Z + k(E,J)
dE 'P E,E '( )x E '( )∫Proper treatment of J dependent thresholdsProper zero-pressure limitProper high-pressure limit Consistent with detailed balance
2D Master Equation ε,J Modelε,J model
Active energy - does not include overall rotation ε = E - EJEJ = BJ(J+1)P(ε,J,ε',J') = P(ε,ε')Φ(ε,J)
Φ(ε,J) = (2J+1)ρ(ε,J)exp(-βEJ)/∑J(2J+1)ρ(ε,J)exp(-βEJ) ρ(ε,J) = density of states for active degrees of
Reactions with Products: CH3 + OHExperiment:Triangles - De AvillezPereira, Baulch, Pilling,Robertson, and Zeng, 1997Circles - Deters, Otting,Wagner, Temps, László,Dóbé, Bérces, 1998Theory: Master EquationsDotted - De Avillez Pereiraet al.Solid & Dashed - PresentWork
<ΔEd> = 133 (T/298)0.8 cm-1
± 25%
CH3 + OH: Higher T and P ~1 atm
Shock tube studies• 1991, Bott and
Cohen (1 atm)• 2004, Krasnoperov
and Michael (100−1100 torr)
• 2006, Srinivasan,Su, and Michael(200−750 torr)
Methanol decomposition: Low pressure limit
CH3OH → CH3 + OH Experimental• 2004, Krasnoperov and Michael• 2006, Srinivasan, Su, and Michael• 1981−2000, Many others• k independent of P (100−1000 torr)• 60−90% CH3 + OHPrevious theory• 2001, Xia, Zhu, Lin, and Mebel
1. The Kinetic Model2. Collisionless Limit3. CH + N24. Time Dependent Populations5. Kinetic Phenomenology6. C2H5 + O27. Reduction in Species at High Pressure8. C3H3 + H9. Radical Oxidation10.C3H3+C3H3
Multiple-Well Multiple-Channel Master Equation
M Wells Np ProductsM+1 Chemical SpeciesnB>>nm>>nR B=Bath, m=Molecule, R=RadicalLinear Master Equation
observed the photodissociation of DNCN to CD+N2 and D+NCNwith 1:1 branching ratio
Recent Modeling• Williams, Fleming
Proc. Comb. Inst. 31, 1109-1117, 2007NO severely underpredicted in CH4 and C3H8 flames
• El Bakali, Pillier, Desgroux, Lefort, Gasnot, Pauwels, da Costa,Fuel 85, 896, 2006Increasing CH + N2 rate by 1-2 orders of magnitude over the1000 to 1500 K range yields good predictions for NO in naturalgas flames
• Sutton, Williams, Fleming,Comb. Flame, 2008, in press.Improved modeling for CH4/O2/N2 flames with rates of ElBakali et al.