John Turcotte RELACS Presenting to Lawmakers 1
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Transcript
Contents
Effective Presentations in a Nutshell 3
Handout A: Example Previews
Research Report 5 Bill Draft Explanation 5 Fiscal Note 6 Revenue Estimate 6
Handout B: Example Messages 7
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Assertion Messages from Audits, Studies, or Investigations Closure Messages to Assure Listeners that a Job Was Done Answer/Opinion Messages 8
Handout C: Example Bridging Phrases 9
Filled In Example Preview Worksheet 10
Presentation Slides 11
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Blank Presentation Preview Worksheet 26
Developed by John TurcotteCommercial Use or Sales Prohibited
2017
Effective Presentations in a Nutshell
Planning and Preparation
Attitude is critical. Think and behave as an expert about to give information and advice to a client. The officials want your information and value your opinion. Demonstrate respect for authority and maintain the dignity of proceedings. Groom appropriately and wear business attire.Determine exact date, time, minutes allowed, and location. Telephone the day before and confirm. Make no assumptions about handouts, equipment, or time.Confirm protocols with the chair or administrator in charge. Determine proper procedure for addressing members and the chair; time limits; if audio-visual equipment is allowed; how questions and interruptions will be handled; and whether handouts should be distributed in advance. Request advance distribution of handouts. Protocol is very important and varies from institution to institution.Visit the site. Examine seating arrangements, fields of view, lighting, switches and outlets.Study the biographies of officials in attendance. Verify pronunciation of names.Anticipate each official’s policy interests and level of facility with details. Consult with others to determine preferences and interests of members you do not know. Know current events and late breaking news stories that may bear on issues to be discussed.Use sufficient technology. At a minimum, type a one-page list of talking points to use as a handout or as a basis for an ad hoc (“in the hall or in the elevator”) briefing on the fly or if your committee presentation must be abbreviated. When presenting to a powerful individual or a subcommittee, use a flip chart or poster. For larger groups or more formal presentations, use computer projected slides using software such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Display a poster outline on a white board or easel by the screen.When using slides, use a contrasting color scheme and text fonts can be read from the rear of the room. If using computer-projected slides, use a dark background and contrasting type color (e.g. dark blue background and yellow type). (See Purpose Movement Color: A Strategy for Effective Presentations by Mucciolo and Mucciolo. New York: Media Net, Inc. 1994). Limit the number of bullets on slides unless using computer projection software that “builds” or brings in bullets one at time from left to right. Don't use spins or flashy builds. Make each slide “free-standing” to facilitate rearrangement and skipping around.Practice operating audiovisual equipment. Know all of the features of machines. Prepare for contingencies. Know how to recover after power or software failures. Don’t depend upon technicians because they may not be available. If equipment fails, quickly, quietly and calmly refer to handouts and continue without drama or humor. Simulate the briefing with colleagues and follow their suggestions. The scenario should be realistic and roles should not be overplayed. This is no laughing matter. Prepare handouts. Make absolutely sure that handouts have been copied and that there are no differences in the handout and any slides. Distribute handouts in advance and have extra copies available. To distinguish your handouts from others, use yellow paper.Demonstrate due diligence with supporting documentation. Introducing supporting documents may be awkward and could be detrimental. However, bring supporting documentation to the briefing if requested or if there is any indication that documentation is an issue.
Executing
Begin with a “Frame”: Thank you (Madam Chair/ Mr. Chairman) and members of the Committee. My name is _____________ . I am (your job title) with the (your agency name). My presentation will take ___ minutes. I will need additional time to answer questions. We have distributed a handout consisting of all of my slides and some supporting materials. We have numbered all of the slides and pages and have cross-referenced the handout to our (study, bill, report, etc.). I will take questions at the direction of the Chair. Overview the entire presentation briskly in three minutes or less, beginning with an emphatic statement of the MESSAGE. The message is the essence of the presentation and may be an assertion, an answer, or a description of a completed product (bill, plan, proposal to…). Then quickly summarize the sustaining points. For models, consider the news summary at the beginning of BBC news or 60 Minutes. Give just enough detail in each summary point to stimulate thinking. But don’t stall or digress! Then in more detail, review each sustaining point. Make each point emphatically, and then explain. Don’t leave listeners dangling or begging for detail. Use illustrations and examples. Use graphics to describe processes. Use active voice “Bill hit the ball.” Not, “The ball was hit.” Avoid acronyms not used by the public and technical jargon. Help varying listener personality types. Assuage “intuitive” personalities with metaphors, overviews, margin notes, and clip art to capture a sense of the “overall.” Assuage “sensing” personalities with examples, illustrations, data, and details to capture the pieces that support the overall. Assuage “thinking” types with a logical and consistent structure. Assuage “feeling” types with actual cases, stakeholder views, and personal anecdotes. Assuage “judging” types by stressing that the presentation will end on time and will be responsive to the assignment. Assuage “perceptive” types by allowing time for questions and more open-ended discussion.Bridge all parts of the presentation together. Number each slide and include page number cross-references to any larger documents (bill, study, proposal). Ensure consistency among slides, speaker’s notes, the poster, and supporting documents.
Fielding Questions
View questions as an opportunity, not a burden. If seriously concerned about questions, consider using a “question and answer” briefing format.Allow the Chair to handle unruly members. Always request permission from the Chair before responding to a question. Make eye contact with the Chair when amember's questions or conduct appear inappropriate. Avoid offensive body language (jaw dropping, head shaking, eye rolling, crossing arms, laughter, etc.)Allow the official to finish before responding. What starts out as a question may become a comment. Generally, there is no obligation to respond to comments unlessdirected by the official to do so. Never engage in dialogues with public officials without the approval of the chair.Anticipate questions. Public officials frequently ask for comparisons to other similar states or jurisdictions. They ask for confirmation of intuitive beliefs. They often ask if acase that they know about is representative of the whole. Others will ask for clarification.
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Handout A Example Previews John Turcotte
About Previews
Each preview on the following pages begins with a frame consisting of a greeting, the name and affiliation of the presenter, a statement of the length of the presentation, an explanation of when and how questions will be taken, and a description of handouts. The message follows the frame and is an encapsulation of the presentation. Summary points usually follow if the message needs clarification or brief elaboration. Finally, bridging phrases are useful when making transitions. Note that greetings may be repeated in order to recognize the authority of the Chair and members as well as serving as part of a bridging statement.
When legislative professionals make several presentations in sequence before the same committee, the content of each preview may not require as much framing.
It is important to preview in a conversational manner and not simply read verbatim.
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Handout A Example Previews John Turcotte
Research Report
Good afternoon, Madam Chair and members. I am John Turcotte, Director of the General Assembly Program Evaluation Division.
As instructed by the Chair, my presentation will take 20-25 minutes and afterwards I will take questions when recognized by the Chair.
You have before you our April 2010 report State Purchasing and Contract Improvements Needed (hold up) and a summary of findings by the State Auditor related to purchasing printed on yellow paper (hold up).
Madam Chair and members, existing purchasing and contracting laws need an overhaul to provide sufficient legal oversight and technical handling of state contracts, particularly statewide term contracts and agency specific term contracts. My presentation will review the following findings:
No attorney representing the state reviewed the $103 Million State Health Plan(SHP) contract with its third party administrator
The contract is a “cost plus percentage of cost contract” with no provisions eitherdefining “costs” or for independent verification of administrator costs.
The State Purchasing and Contracting Division does not monitor statewide termcontracts such as the office supplies contract criticized by the State Auditor. Thevendor was able to overcharge state agencies $294,000 by inflating prices andadding items not authorized by the state.
State purchasing and contracting employees are undertrained and are consistently“outgunned” by vendors when negotiating and overseeing large state contracts.
We recommend that the General Assembly consider legislation to correctdeficiencies in state contracting.
Madam Chair and members, with that as an overview, I will now explain our findings and recommendations in more detail.
Bill Draft Explanation
Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman and members, I am Committee Counsel, William Scott. It will take me about 10 minutes to review Senate Bill 1213. You have the bill summary before you printed on blue paper (hold up) and the bill (hold up).
The bill implements recommendations by the Joint Legislative Program Evaluation Oversight Committee, the State Auditor, and the Program Evaluation Division relative to state purchasing and contracting. As you recall, those recommendations stem from legal and administrative shortcomings that allowed major defects in state contracts.
Frame
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Handout A Example Previews John Turcotte
Mr. Chairman and members, I will summarize each section of the bill and then respond to your questions when directed by the Chair after Senator Jones, the bill sponsor, completes his comments about the bill.
Section 1 (more)
Fiscal Note
Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman and members, I am Katherine Richardson, Senior Fiscal Analyst with the Fiscal Research Division. It will take me about 10 minutes to review our fiscal note on Senate Bill 1213. You have the note before you printed on yellow paper (hold up), the bill summary on blue paper (hold up), and the bill (hold up).
We estimate that Senate Bill 1213 will cost the general fund $850,000 in Fiscal 2011 of which $200,000 is non-recurring and $650,000 is recurring.
Mr. Chairman and members let me explain in more detail how we made those estimates: (more)
Revenue Estimate
Good afternoon, Madam Chair and members, I am Elizabeth Carter, Staff Economist with the Ways and Means Committee and a member of the Revenue Estimating Conference. Today, I will take about 45 minutes to explain our Conference estimate for general revenue receipts for Fiscal Year 2012. As you directed, Madam Chair, I will take questions at the direction of the Chair after my presentation. You have a copy of our November 1, 2010 Estimating Conference Report (hold up) and a handout of the slides I am using today printed on green paper (hold up).
We have relatively good news for a change. After three consecutive years of revenue decreases, we estimate that recurring general revenues for Fiscal 2012 will increase to $20.4 Billion--$400 Million or 2% over the current projection for FY 2011 of $20 Billion. In addition, we forecast $175 Million in non-recurring general revenue.
Sales and other consumption-related tax receipts will increase by 3% because ofprojected price increases and by a more optimistic outlook than originally anticipated for the recovery from the current recession
Personal and corporate income taxes are expected to increase by 1% as a result ofprojected direct construction and spinoff activities from 4 new military bases recently relocated to our state
The $175 Million non-recurring revenue comes from settlements from fivecorporations that had owed income taxes and penalties
Madam Chair and members let me explain what changes in the state’s economy we expect as well as specifics about each revenue source. (More)
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Handout B Example Messages John Turcotte
About Messages
Often the most difficult task when preparing a presentation is saying in a few words what a presentation covers. A message is a sentence or two encapsulating the meaning or “bottom line” of the presentation. Messages always require further explanation. A message needs to be clear and unambiguous without excessive acronyms, modifiers, numbers, citations, or complex phrases. Cover these details in the presentation, not in the message.
Omitting a message is perilous because the presenter risks interruptions from members asking such questions as:
John, please stop where you are. You have just explained 12 cost savings ideas and have 14more to cover. I see the savings amounts for each of them. What and where is the total?
I have listened to you for 10 minutes and you have only covered 12 of your 40 slides. Is there abottom line somewhere, John?
Mr. Chairman, before she continues the presentation, what is different from this presentation andthe one she gave us last month? Is there anything new here?
Just a minute, John, are you explaining the bill, the fiscal note, or the study committee’srecommendations?
Before you continue, John, I just want to know if the bill is going to cost more and if so, how much?Do we have to listen to all of this background first?
Madam Chair I am losing my patience. Is counsel going to give us her opinion or is she going tocontinue citing statute after statute? I cannot stand much more of this! Would you please directcounsel to give us her opinion and then explain it?
Assertion Messages from Audits, Studies, or Investigations
Our audit determined that the ABC Division violated state law by moving itsheadquarters from the state capital.
Although there were allegations that the state financial statements did not conformto accounting standards, our audit determined that statements conformed withoutexception.
The state defined benefit retirement plan’s unfunded accrued liability of $26Billion will take fifteen years to pay off unless actuarial trends, contribution rates,and interest earnings change.
Closure Messages to Assure Listeners that a Job Was Done Your committee directed us to draft a committee substitute for HB 1210 to
incorporate the 15 amendments proposed by the committee. We have completed the substitute and will explain it this afternoon.
Overnight, we completed our fiscal note on HB 1210 as amended, which contained12 fee increases and 31 fee decreases. Taken together, increases and decreases offset each other, so the amended bill has no fiscal impact.
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Handout B Example Messages John Turcotte
Answer/Opinion Messages
My opinion as Counsel is that the proposal would violate separation of powersprovisions if legislators serve as voting members of the authority.
Before the recess, the committee asked us to confer with fiscal staff to provide arough cost estimate of what a private consultant study of drunken driving lawswould cost. We estimate a cost of $150,000.
Our staff opinion is that it would not be possible for all state agencies toimplement a zero base budget system in the four remaining months before thelegislative session.
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Handout C Bridging Phrases John Turcotte
About Bridging Phrases
Previews may end awkwardly or dangle unless the presenter uses a transition. Although a preview if read silently may appear complete, when spoken it may not. Bridging phrases allow a needed break to demonstrate a clear end between one part of the preview and another and between the end of the preview and the middle of the presentation. An easy way to start a bridging phrase is “Mr. Chairman and members.” You may use several bridging phrases within the preview, for example between the message and summary points and then again between the summary point group and the middle or remainder of the presentation.
Example Bridging Phrases
Madam Chair and members with that as on overview, let me explaineach of these points in more detail.
Madam Chair and members the remainder of my presentation willprovide more specifics on each recommendation.
Madam Chair and members please permit me to explain ourdeductions.
Madam Chair and members our estimate is a net amount from the 10influencing variables that I will review now in more detail.
Madam Chair and members my “No” answer needs furtherexplanation.
I will now proceed with the detailed presentation Madam Chair andmembers beginning with finding one on page 3.
Having explained the purpose of the bill Madam Chair and members Iwill now explain each of the 12 sections.
Madam Chair and members we determined that there were fivefactors that led to the fraud: (list of five)
Madam Chair and members having briefly reviewed each of the fivefactors, I will explain each one in the remainder of the presentation.
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1. Frame the presentation.a. Write a brief greeting for the panel that you are briefing.
Good morning, Madam Chair and members.
b. State your name, position, and organization.
I am Jane Doe, representing North Carolina Parents for Better Books.
c. State the duration of your presentation.I will use my allotted 10 minutes to share our views with your committee.
d. State when you will field questions in accordance with what is agreed to by the Chair of thecommittee.
After my time, I would be glad to answer your questions.
e. Describe any handouts and show them to the group.
You have a copy of my remarks before you. I will reference a Duke University study. Thisstudy is online at www.etc.
f. Write a bridging phrase for transition to your message.
Madam Chair and members,
2. State the message of the presentation.
We are most concerned about the lack of emphasis on real books and how to conduct manualresearch of records and books not available electronically. We support HB 646 withoutreservation.
3. Write a bridging phrase to summary points.
Madam Chair and members, we have three specific recommendations:
4. Briefly state each supporting point.* First, pass HB 646, which will implement Duke University’s recommendations.* Second, eliminate the $11.5 million in annual funding for obsolete in-service teachertraining on using computers for instruction and apply these funds towards the estimated $7.2 million annual cost of the recommended program. * Third, require the State Auditor to conduct a performance audit in 2020 to determine if theprogram has been effective.
5. Write a bridging phrase to the full presentation.
Madam Chair and members, I will now explain our recommendations in more detail
and then answer your questions at the direction of the Chair.
Filled In Example Preview Worksheet
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RELACS
Presenting to Lawmakers• Will end 2:15 PM
• Ask questions as we go
• Handout includes detailed suggestions and
examples
• Message:– Understand that legislators have limited time and numerous conflicting
demands upon them
– Overcome “presenter paradox” and anticipate and accommodate varyinglistening preferences. Consider Myers Briggs Types
– Begin a presentation with a “Preview” consisting of a Frame, Message andSummary Points held together by “bridging phrases”
– Complete the presentation by elaborating each point and then respond toquestions 2
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Pin Down Time and Know Your Site
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Empathy
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Legislator
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• Adults lose auditory and visual facility progressively with age
• Adults must feel in control oflearning situations
• Adults must see practical value ofbusiness information
Power and Authority
Chronological Age* +35-45
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• Information
• Distractions
• Truth
• Fiction
Your Presentation
Source: Dr. Max Arinder, Mississippi PEER Committee
Legislative Life Model
Legislators
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Realities of Legislative LifeRealities of Legislative Life Legislators have limited time to read and
are highly selective about what they read Presentations bridge the gap between
legislators and well-written staff documentsthat legislators may not have time to read Effective presentations inform as efficiently
and effectively as several hours of readingand study
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Things that Worry Legislators Before Presentations
Things that Worry Legislators Before Presentations
IDENTITY Who is the presenter and what is presenter’s affiliation?
TIME How much time will the presenter take? When will I be able to leave? When may I ask questions? As we go? End?
FORMAT Will I be able to see and hear the presenter? Will I have handouts? When will I get them? Where are they?
CONTENT Will the presentation be superficial? Will the presentation be overly detailed? Will the presentation be confusing?
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Beware of the Presenter Paradox!
Beware of the Presenter Paradox!
Presenters may do unto legislators what presenters would not want done to themselves!
PresentationVariable
Staff Tendency
Legislators Usually Want
Duration 60-90 Minutes10 Minutes Plus Interactive Q&A
Placement of Conclusions and Recommendations
At End and Qualified by Caveats
Unequivocal and at the Beginning andEnd
Delivery Strategy
Read a Long Script Filled with Technical Lingo
Draw A Picture or Just Tell Me in Plain English
While 93% of Public Managers “Appreciate Speakers Who Get to the
Point” --
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
John Turcotte, Survey of Certified Public Manager candidates, Mississippi State Personnel Board, April 1994 through December 1995
N=99
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73% Also Believe “Speakers Should Describe Data and Methodology in Detail Before
Expressing Findings and Recommendations”
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
John Turcotte, Survey of Certified Public Manager candidates, Mississippi State Personnel Board, April 1994 through December 1995
N=99
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n=123Legislators Would Prefer Analysts Would Deliver
Source: Participant survey by John Turcotte administered to four sessions: NCSL Skills Development Seminar and legislative staffs in Arizona, Ohio, and Washington (1998).
Turcotte divided participants randomly into two role assumption groups (1) Legislatorsabout to receive a presentation and (2) Analysts about to give that presentation.
Both groups were given an identical case but different roles to assume.
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Frequent Legislator Complaints About Staff
Presentations1. Reading from a script or directly from report or bill.
2. Poor eye contact. Reticent, equivocal.
3. Speaking too softly or failing to use microphone.
4. Poorly organized, no clear beginning or end, vacuous content.
5. Too much background. Failing to get to the point. Wasting timeexplaining things we already knew.
6. Poor handouts, unnumbered slides or pages.
7. Inept with projector.13
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Anticipating and Reconciling Conflicting Legislator Listening
Preferences
Anticipating and Reconciling Conflicting Legislator Listening
Preferences
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Myers Briggs Type Influences Listening Preferences
Myers Briggs Type Influences Listening Preferences
Introvert/Extravert
INtuitive/Sensing
Thinking/Feeling
Perceiving/Judging
What is energizing—discussion (E), or contemplation (I)?
How is reality perceived—overall before detail (N), or detail before overall (S)?
How to decide–logic and justice (T), or feeling and effect on people (F)?
What lifestyle is preferred—exploration and options (P), or structure and closure (J)?
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Neurocognitive Psychophysiological Evidence of Dichotomies in Brain Activity Patterns of Introverts and Extraverts in 17 INTP
and 16 ENTP Subjects
Neurocognitive Psychophysiological Evidence of Dichotomies in Brain Activity Patterns of Introverts and Extraverts in 17 INTP
and 16 ENTP Subjects
1Scans performed by M.W. Alcock. Based on A Topographic Study of Differences in the P300 Between Introverts and Extraverts, M.A. Wilson and M.L. Languis, 1990. Reproduced by Turcotte with permission.
Introverts
Extraverts
• When performing the same audiotone discrimination task, introvertsdemonstrate significantly morecortical arousal than extraverts 1
• “…Introverts…may bethreatened by over arousal andseek out peaceful pursuits insolitude and tranquility.Extraverts seek excitement inorder to avoid underarousal.”
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Applying the PrinciplesApplying the Principles
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An Effective Legislative Presentation Has Three Parts
An Effective Legislative Presentation Has Three Parts
1. Preview—to allay worries
2. Middle—to sustain message
3. Question and Answer—to
clarify and augment
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Attention Level and PresentationsAttention Level and Presentations
Normal Tuning
Presentation Stages
Beginning Middle Questions
VIP Attention
Low
High
Increased Attention Achieved
Effective Presentation
Tuning
The Preview
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1. Preview: A 1-3 Minute Encapsulation ofthe Entire Presentation
1. Preview: A 1-3 Minute Encapsulation ofthe Entire Presentation
Frame (Handout A—Example Previews)
Message (ExamplesHandout B)
Supporting Points
Bridging Phrases (HandoutC)
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“The Preview”Not an Original
Idea of Mine
“The Preview”Not an Original
Idea of Mine
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A Full Size Blank Form is at End of Workbook
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2. Middle of the PresentationSustains the Message
2. Middle of the PresentationSustains the Message
Present each point bystating the pointemphatically, followedby explanation State the conclusion then
reasoning, notreasoning thenconclusion
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2. Middle of the PresentationSustains the Message
2. Middle of the PresentationSustains the Message
Develop points with examples—don’t beg questions withsummary judgments.
But limit the number ofexamples—don't grind boulders into sand.
If legislators signal theirunderstanding, move on.
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3. Questions and Answer3. Questions and AnswerYou must distinguish betweenquestions and commentaryReason -- Unless requested, there is no
need to respond to commentary.
Questions stem from:Need for affirmation of intuitive beliefs
Information gaps
Need for clarification
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Questions Legislators Usually AskQuestions Legislators Usually Ask
Side effects?
Are you certain?
How much will this cost?
Funding sources?
Support and opposition?
Why do WE have to act?
What have other jurisdictions done?
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More About QuestionsMore About Questions
If fearful of questions, consider a “question andanswer” briefing format.
Allow member to finish before answering. Aquestion may become a comment.
Answer “Yes” or “No.” Pause, then explain.Don’t think out loud before answering.
Request opportunity to furnish facts later ifunable to furnish them during presentation.
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Tactics andDemeanorTactics andDemeanor
Support authority ofChairperson
Make eye contact by“sweeping” eachlegislator and anchoreyes on chairpersonduring each sweep
Request Chair’spermission beforeresponding to questions
Member
Member Member
Member
2
3 4
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Chair
You
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Take AwayTake Away
1. Accommodate and adapt presentations to suitlegislators who are busy, powerful adults withvarying listening preferences
2. Begin with a strong preview of the wholepresentation (Use Preview Worksheet)
3. Include in that preview the presentationmessage, which is of the utmost importance
4. Sustain that message with supporting points5. When answering questions respect protocols,
listen skillfully, and remain poised
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1. Frame the presentationa. Write a brief greeting for the panel that you are briefing, e.g. Good morning, Mr. Chairman and members:
b. State your name, position, and organization, e.g. I am William Jones, a Senior Program Evaluator with the Program EvaluationDivision
c. State the duration of your presentation, e.g. My presentation will take about twenty minutes.
d. State when you will field questions in accordance with what is agreed to by the Chair of the committee, e.g. I will need additionaltime to answer your questions and as the chairman has directed, I will be taking your questions at the conclusion of my remarks.
e. Describe any handouts and show them to the group, e.g. You have before you a copy of my slides, a summary of our report, andsome supporting documents.
f. Write a bridging phrase for transition to your message, e.g. Mr. Chairman and members; the most important consideration is…
2. State the message of the presentation, e.g. types of messages:• Assertion. There are major problems with the system for determining eligibility for Medicaid benefits.• Closure. We have completed a draft bill that addresses the sixteen issues contained in your committee’s interim report to the
legislature.• Cost. The proposal will save $1.5 million in state general funds.
3. Write a bridging phrase to summary points, e.g. Mr. Chairman and members, there are three keyfactors to consider…
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Preview Worksheet
4. Briefly state supporting points:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Write a bridging phrase to the full presentation, e.g. Mr. Chairman and members, theremainder of my presentation provides more detail about our findings and recommendations. Our first finding is…
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