Presented To You By: Kyle, Catey, Emily, Kobe, Josh, Mary, Susannah, Chris, and Ashley Salinity Compaction Erosion Lead.

Presented To You By:Kyle, Catey, Emily, Kobe, Josh, Mary, Susannah, Chris, and Ashley

Soilu

tions

• Salinity• Compaction• Erosion• Lead

+

At the UVM campus there is a lot of snow. Road salt is used to melt it and

create safer walking conditions.

When runoff washes away salt, it increases the salinity of nearby soil and kills grass alongside walkways that have

been salted.

Salinity

Above, >6 cm deep

Above, 0-6 cm deep

Below, >6 cm deep

Below, 0-6 cm deep

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

Soil Conductivity

Day 1Day 3

Sample depths and location relative to sidewalkCon

du

ctiv

ity

(ms)

More

Salt

More Salt

Less Salt

Less Salt

+Compaction

Walking on a compacted path.

Cars can cause compaction.

Compaction kills grass.

Soil that has been closely packed down is considered compacted. You can find compaction on footpaths and cut corners. Compaction increases run off and soil erosion, fouling waters.

+ErosionErosion is the washing away of soil by the flow of water. This is often found sloped areas and where water runoff flows most often.

These photos show a sloped section of grass being eroded by runoff from a drainage pipe.

+SolutionsRain gardens also divert water from becoming runoff and encourage permeation, reducing erosion.

Depositing large rocks can help hold soil in place and encourage water to permeate into the ground.

Paving over cow paths can reduce the effects of compaction.

Planting flowers and fencing off areas can keep people and equipment off, preventing compaction.

+The History of Lead

Health Effects:- Madness, death, sterility and infertilityHistorical Uses:- Cosmetics, paints, food seasoning, wine preservatives,

silverware, dishes, coins, plumbing, smoking pipes, bullets, sinkers, glass, and protection from radioactivity

Recent Uses:- Lead paint, leaded gasoline, lead acid batteries1921- National Lead Company admits lead is a poison1978- Lead-based house paint banned1986- Clean Air Act bans sale of leaded gasoline

References: http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/History+of+Lead+Usehttp://www.epa.gov/history/topics/perspect/lead.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline#Tetraethyllead The Elements, Theodore Gray

+ Pearl House12 Colchester Ave

Burlington, VT

• One of the oldest frame structures in Burlington• Built in 1789• Sold in 1794 as a 50 acre plot to Col. Pearl• 1856-1906- known as the Foote House• 1874-81- was remodeled in Victorian fashion• 1919- bought by UVM on 1.5 acres• 1989- restored to its original style• 1998- opened as a daycare center- soil removal to

reduce lead in play area• Today- used as a math building

Reference: http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/HPJ/burl1830/streets/university/pearl.html, Email- Vince

+Map of Soil SamplesPaint on this house contains 24,400 ppm lead

+Pearl House Lead Levels

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140

20

40

60

80

100

120

Remediated Soil: Percent Below De-tection Level

Distance from house in meters

Perc

ent

ppm

lead b

elo

w

dete

cti

on levels

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

10

20

30

40

50

60

Non-Remediated Soil: Percent Below Detection Level

Distance from house in meters

Perc

ent

ppm

lead b

elo

w

dete

cti

on levels

+Pearl House Lead Levels

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

200

400

600

800

1000

f(x) = − 91.1117602510008 x + 732.137866493563R² = 0.720238913243309

Non-Remediated Soil: Average PPM

Distance from the house in metersAvera

ge p

pm

of

lean in s

oil

sam

ple

s

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Remediated Soil: Average PPM

Distance from house in meters

Avera

ge p

pm

of

lead in s

oil

sam

ple

s

+

Thank you for listening!