Presented by the Washakie County Conservation District · 2020-01-26 · Foresteria, New Mexico (privet) Forestiera neomexicana Chapter 2 - Trees of Washakie County Page 11. Hackberry

Presented by the Washakie County Conservation District

This publication was funded by the Washakie County ConservationDistrict and the Wyoming State Forestry Division, in cooperationwith the USDA Forest Service.

There are two great times to a plant tree:The first was 20 years ago............the other is now!

-Anonymous

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Acknowledgements ............................................. 4

Chapter 2 - Trees of Washakie County ................................. 5

Chapter 3 - Shrubs of Washakie County............................ 22

Chapter 4 - Planting Guidelines .......................................... 32

Chapter 5 - Tree Care.......................................................... 36

Chapter 6 - Conservation Trees .......................................... 43

Chapter 7 - Community Forestry ........................................ 44

Chapter 8 - References ....................................................... 47

Chapter 9 - Technical Assistance ......................................... 49

Page

TREE PLANTING IS A STEPANYONE CAN TAKE, TOBECOMING A BETTER

STEWARD OF THE LAND.

Presented by the Washakie County Conservation District Page 3

(Cover photo of the Big Horn River courtesy of Bill Grunkemeyer)

Acknowledgements

The following individuals were involved in the development of thisbooklet, which included financing, plant identification, researching,photography, typing, proofreading and editing the pages that follow.

Mark Hughes, Wyoming State Forestry DivisionVictoria Dietz, Washakie County Conservation DistrictCaryn Agee, Washakie County Conservation District

René Lee, Serlkay PrintingJane O�Connor, Worland Tree Board

Worland Tree Board MembersGard Ferguson, Serlkay Printing

Jim Gill, Washakie County Cooperative Extension ServiceRay Gullion, Natural Resource Conservation Service

We also appreciate those of you who allowed us access onto yourproperty to take photos of your trees and shrubs.

Photography was done by René Lee, Serlkay Printing

This publication was printed bySerlkay Printing

124 So. 8th St. Worland, WY 82401January, 2004

Chapter 1 - Acknowledgements Page 4

Ash, Green Fraxinus pennsylvanicaSize: 35-65 feet high 30-40 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidDrought Resistance: excellentCold hardiness: excellentLife Span: longSoil Conditions: good alkaline tolerancePossible Insect Problems: ash borer;oyster shell scale; ash sawflyPossible Disease Problems: powdery mildewWildlife Value: game and songbirdsSeasonal Color: golden-yellow fall foliageMiscellany: native; does best in sandy,loam soils; sturdy wood

Ash, European Mountain Sorbus aucupariaSize: 25-30 feet high 20-25 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderateDrought Resistance: fairCold hardiness: zone 3Light: full sunSoil Conditions: doesn�t tolerate alkaline soilPossible Insect Problems: aphids and scalesPossible Disease Problems: susceptible tofireblight and canker.Wildlife Value: birdsSeasonal Color: bright orange-red fruits andred fall leaf colorMiscellany: prefers well drained loam soils;sunscald may occur on young, thin-barkedtrees; good shade tree

Chapter 2 - Trees of Washakie County Page 5

Aspen, Quaking Populus tremuloidesSize: 30-50 feet high 20-35 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidDrought Resistance: poorCold hardiness: excellent, zone 2-6Life Span: moderateElevational Range: to 11,000 feetPossible Insect Problems: poplar borer;scale; tent caterpillar; twig gall flyPossible Disease Problems: cytosporacanker; leaf spot; stem decayWildlife Value: high; grouse and browsersSeasonal Color: yellow fall foliageMiscellany: native; usually planted inclumps; doesn�t do well in heavy clay soils.

Height: 50-60 feet highGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidCold hardiness: zone 2-6Drought tolerance: poorLife Span: mediumSoil Conditions: well drained, moist soilsPossible Disease Problems: bronze birch borerWildlife Value: birds and mammalsMiscellany: white bark

Birch, Weeping Betula pendula


Boxelder Acer negundoSize: 40-50 feet high 30-40 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold hardiness: zone 3Drought Tolerance: mediumLife Span: shortSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil well;does best on well-drained moist soils.Elevation Range: to 8,000 feetPossible Insect Problems: fewPossible Disease Problems: trunk andstem decayWildlife Value: squirrels and birdsMiscellany: native; weak wood; seedsfrom females are messy; seedless maleclones don�t attract boxelder bugs

Catalpa, Northern Catalpa speciosaHeight: 40-50 feet highGrowth Rate: rapidDrought Tolerance: fairSoil Conditions: does well in most soilPossible Insect Problems: fewPossible Disease Problems: fewMiscellany: large fragrant flowers;long seed pods hang on tree all winter

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Chokecherry, Canada Red Prunus virginiana �Canada Red�Size: 15-25 feet high 20 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidCold Hardiness: zone 3-6Soil Conditions: tolerates most soil conditionsPossible Insect Problems: tent caterpillars;leaf-feeding insectsPossible Disease Problems: black knot diseaseWildlife Value: berries relished by birdsMiscellany: green leaves turn to darkmaroon color; new leaves are green; maybecome shrub if not pruned

Chokecherry, Common Prunus virginianaSize: 6-20 feet high 8-15 foot spreadDrought Resistance: goodGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellentLife Span: moderateElevation Range: to 9,000 feetSoil Conditions: good alkaline soil tolerance;well drained soilsPossible Insect Problems: poplar borers;pear-slug sawfly; and tent caterpillarPossible Disease Problems: black knotWildlife Value: high; song and groundbirds � good; small mammals and browse for deerMiscellany: delicious edible fruit for jelliesand pies; native; can be poisonous to livestock


Cottonwood, Hybrid Populus spp.Size: 50-80 feet high 50-75 foot spreadDrought Resistance: poorGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellentLife Span: moderateElevation Range: to 8,000 feetPossible Insect Problems: leaf miners;fall webworm; poplar borers; oyster shell scalePossible Disease Problems: cytosporacanker; bacterial wetwood; marssonina leaf blightWildlife Value: fair; nesting and roosting cover

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So fSo fSo fSo fSo far as I knowar as I knowar as I knowar as I knowar as I know,,,,,bbbbbut a trut a trut a trut a trut a tree and tree and tree and tree and tree and truth.uth.uth.uth.uth.OlivOlivOlivOlivOliver Wer Wer Wer Wer Wendell Holmesendell Holmesendell Holmesendell Holmesendell Holmes


Crabapples MalusSize: 15-25 feet high 15 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderateSoil Conditions: well drainedPossible Disease Problems: fire blightElevational Range: to 7,500 feetWildlife Value: birdsSeasonal Color: showy flowers in the springMiscellany: These two photos show ared flowing crab and a white flowing crabtree. When selecting these trees, be sureto choose a cold hardy variety and considerthe criteria below:

1. Fire blight resistance2. Time of fruit maturity (the later thefruit ripens, the better it stores)3. Standard vs. dwarf (dwarf are nothardy.)4. Culinary purpose: dessert (flavor),pies/sauce, baking, juice, etc.5. Usefulness as a pollinator

Crabapple trees need to be pruned so asnot to become thick with branches.


Elm, Siberian Ulmus pumilaSize: 20-50 feet high 30-40 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soils wellCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Tolerant: excellentLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetPossible Disease Problems: bacterial wetwoodPossible Insect Problems: elm leaf beetleWildlife Value: moderate; song & game birdsMiscellany: often confused with ChineseElm, which is not hardy in our climate

Height: 10 feet highGrowth Rate: moderateSoil Conditions: moist; alkaline soil tolerantCold Hardiness: goodDrought Tolerant: excellentLife Span: longElevational Range: to 7,500 feetPossible Disease Problems: fewPossible Insect Problems: fewWildlife Value: good; fruit valuable toquail and songbirds; excellent coverMiscellany: native; bluish-black fruit;yellow flowers

Foresteria, New Mexico (privet) Forestiera neomexicana


Hackberry Celtis occidentalisSize: 40-60 feet high 40-60 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapid to moderateSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil well;moderately salt tolerantCold Hardiness: very goodDrought Resistance: very goodLife Span: longElevational Range: to 7,000 feetPossible Disease Problems: hackberrywitches�-broomPossible Insect Problems: leaf gall psyllids;spiny elm caterpillar; nipple gall oftenpresent, but not harmful.Wildlife Value: high; songbirds and smallmammalsMiscellany: native; wood of commercial value(Picture shows golden fall colors.)

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Linden, Little Leaf Tilia cordataHeight: 50-60 feet highGrowth Rate: moderateSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil well;well drained soils preferredPossible Disease Problems: canker diseaseWildlife Value: roost for birdsMiscellany: blooms in midsummer withfragrant pale yellow flowers; transplants well

Juniper, Rocky Mountain Juniperus scopulorumSize: 15-35 feet high 5-30 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slowSoil Conditions: excellent alkaline soil toleranceCold Hardiness: Zone 3-7Drought Resistance: excellentLife Span: longElevational Range: to 9,000 feetPossible Disease Problems: cedar applerust; juniper broom rust; juniper truemistletoe; tip blightPossible Insect Problems: spider mites; bark beetlesWildlife Value: high; song and groundbirds and large browsing mammalsMiscellany: native


Locust, Honey Gleditsia triacanthos inermisSize: 35-60 feet high 15-50 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: very goodDrought Resistance: very goodLife Span: moderate to longElevational Range: to 7,500 feetPossible Disease Problems: sunscald;thyronectria canker; cytospora cankerPossible Insect Problems: pod gall midge;scale insectsWildlife Value: lowSeasonal Color: green foliage; SunburstHoneylocust has golden leaves on new growth.Miscellany: usually thornless

Locust, Sunburst Honey Gleditsia triacanthos �sunburst�


Maple, Silver Acer saccharinumSize: 40-65 feet high 50 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: zone 3Drought Resistance: poorLife Span: moderateSoil Conditions: not alkaline soil tolerant;prefers acid soilsWildlife Value: browsed by deer and rabbits;seeds eaten by squirrels; fair for songbirdsSeasonal Color: light green on upper leafsurface and silvery white undersideMiscellany: transplants well; vigorous rootsystem will cause sidewalks to buckle; weak wood

Oak, Bur Quercus macrocarpaSize: 40-70 feet high 35 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slowCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: excellentLife Span: very longSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil wellElevational Range: to 7,000 feetPossible Insect Problems: scales; gall waspsPossible Disease Problems: leaf curl; stem decayWildlife Value: excellent; acorn food valuefor birds and mammalsMiscellany: can live more than 200 years;difficult to transplant due to long tap root; native


Pine, Austrian Pinus nigraSize: 30-40 feet high 25-30 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slow-moderateCold Hardiness: fair; zone 3-7Drought Resistance: excellentLife Span: longElevational Range: to 7,000 feetSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil wellPossible Insect Problems: pine tip mothPossible Disease Problems: fairly resistantWildlife Value: high; song and groundbirds; food value from seedsSeasonal Color: evergreenMiscellany: forms a good screen

Pine, Lodgepole Pinus contortaSize: 15-80 feet high 15-30 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slow to moderateCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-5Drought Resistance: excellentLife Span: longElevational Range: 6,000 to 11,000 feetSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil wellPossible Insect Problems: mountain pine beetlePossible Disease Problems: mistletoe;western gall rustWildlife Value: high; food value from seedsfor upland game and songbirdsSeasonal Color: evergreenMiscellany: native; good conifer for highaltitude windbreaks


Pine, Pinon Pinus edulisSize: 15-30 feet high 15-30 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slow to moderateCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: excellentLife Span: longElevational Range: to 7,500 feetPossible Insect Problems: pinon pitch borer;ips beetle; spindle gall midgePossible Disease Problems: black stain rootdisease; mistletoeWildlife Value: high; food value from seedsfor upland game and songbirdsSeasonal Color: evergreenMiscellany: native; does well in sandy soil

Pine, Ponderosa Pinus ponderosaSize: 40-100 feet high 15-60 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 3-7Drought Resistance: excellentLife Span: longElevational Range: to 9,000 feetSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil wellPossible Insect Problems: sawflies; barkbeetle; tip mothPossible Disease Problems: western gallrust; dwarf mistletoe; shoestring root rotWildlife Value: high; song and ground birds;small mammals and browsersSeasonal Color: evergreen; excellent for windbreakMiscellany: native; needs well-drained soils



Pine, Scotch Pinus sylvestrisSize: 40-65 feet high 20- 40 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapid to moderateCold Hardiness: very good; zone 2-8Drought Resistance: very goodLife Span: longElevational Range: to 7,000 feetSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soilPossible Insect Problems: tip moths; ips beetlesPossible Disease Problems: fairly resistantWildlife Value: high; food value for uplandgame and songbirdsSeasonal Color: evergreenMiscellany: makes excellent Christmas tree;prefers moist, well drained soils

Poplar, White Populus albaSize: 40-70 feet high to 60 feet wideGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: zone 3-8Drought Resistance: goodSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soil well;clay to sandy soils; moist soilsPossible Insect Problems: fewPossible Disease Problems: fewWildlife Value: used for cover and habitat;buds provide food for grouseSeasonal Color: dark green/silvery-whitecontrasting foliageMiscellany: suckering roots; limbs break instorms; often mistaken for silverleaf maple

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Redcedar, Eastern Juniperus virginianaSize: 15-20 feet high 10-20 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slow to moderateCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-9Drought Resistance: excellentLife Span: longElevational Range: to 7,500 feetSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soils and saltsPossible Insect Problems: spider mitesPossible Disease Problems: cedar apple rust;tip blightWildlife Value: high; song and game birds andhoofed browsers; good coverSeasonal Color: rusty redMiscellany: very adaptable to site conditions;suited for windbreaks; don�t plant near apple trees

Spruce, Colorado Blue Picea pungensSize: 50-80 feet high 20-35 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slowCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-7Drought Resistance: goodLife Span: longElevational Range: to 6,000 to 9,000 feetSoil Conditions: moist, well-drained soilsPossible Insect Problems: spruce budwormPossible Disease Problems: shoestring rootrot; Douglas-fir mistletoe; bacterial gallWildlife Value: high; food value for grouse,songbirds and small mammals; browse fordeer and elkSeasonal Color: evergreenMiscellany: native

Spruce, White Picea glaucaSize: 30-50 feet high 15-20 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slow to moderateDrought Resistance: goodSoil Conditions: prefer rich, moist soilsPossible Insect Problems: spider mites;spruce needle miner; pine needle scale;aphids; spruce sawflyPossible Disease Problems: needle blightWildlife Value: nesting; browse; good coverSeasonal Color: evergreenMiscellany: native; provides excellent windprotection

Willow, Golden Salix alba vitellinaSize: to 35 feet high to 35 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-7Drought Resistance: poorLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetSoil Conditions: tolerates alkaline soilsand salts well; requires moist soilPossible Insect Problems: aphidsPossible Disease Problems: cytosporacanker; bacterial wetwoodWildlife Value: moderate; song and gamebirds; food value for buds and twigsSeasonal Color: orange-yellow barkMiscellany: native; branches shed easily


Willow, Weeping Salix babylonicaSize: 30-40 feet high to 40 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: zone 2-8Drought Resistance: poorLife Span: moderateSoil Conditions: moist soils; best in loam,clay soilsPossible Disease Problems: oyster shell scale; gallsSeasonal Color: light green leaves in spring;yellow leaves in the fallMiscellany: well known for its distinctiveweeping foliage; first to leaf out in the springand last to drop leaves in the fall

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Chapter 3 - Shrubs of Washakie County Page 22

Barberry, Red Leaf Japanese Berberis thunberqiiHeight: 3-6 feet highGrowth Rate: moderateCold Hardiness: zone 4-8Drought Resistance: excellentSoil Conditions: may develop chlorosisin alkaline soilsWildlife Value: browsed by deerLight: full sunSeasonal Color: showy reddish-purplefoliage; small yellow flowers in springand red fruit that persists into winterMiscellany: good hedge plant

Height: 10-12 feet highGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: goodLife Span: longElevational Range: to 7,500 feetPossible Disease Problems: fewPossible Insect Problems: fewWildlife Value: good food value; excellentcover for small game and songbird nestingMiscellany: native; edible fruit for jellies;forms thickets; needs male and femaleplants to produce fruit; has thorns

Buffaloberry Shepherdia argentea


Size: 8-12 feet high 3-5 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: excellentLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 9,500 feetSoil Conditions: good alkaline soil and salttolerancePossible Insect Problems: aphids andgrasshoppersWildlife Value: good; songbirdsSeasonal Color: yellow spring flowersMiscellany: does well in poor soils

Caragana �Siberian Peashrub� Caragana arborescens

Cherry, Nanking Prunus tomentosaSize: to 8 feet high to 8 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-5Drought Resistance: goodLife Span: short to moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetSoil Conditions: good alkaline soil tolerancePossible Insect Problems: tent caterpillars;bark beetlesPossible Disease Problems: shot-hole leafspot; black knot; branch cankersWildlife Value: high; song and game birdsSeasonal Color: pinkish-white flowers in springMiscellany: delicious edible fruit for jellies;blooms early

Cotoneaster Cotoneaster acutifoliaSize: 6-10 feet high 3-5 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-5Drought Resistance: very goodLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 9,500 feetSoil Conditions: good alkaline soil tolerancePossible Insect Problems: oyster shell scale;pear slugPossible Disease Problems: fireblightSeasonal Color: brilliant red fall foliageWildlife Value: high; song and game birdsMiscellany: makes nice hedge; don�t plantnear crabapple trees

Currant, Golden Ribes aureumSize: 5-8 feet high 3-8 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: good; zone 2Drought Resistance: goodLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetSoil Conditions: moistPossible Insect Problems: imported currentworm; oyster shell scalePossible Disease Problems: blister rust;anthracnose; leafspotsWildlife Value: good; food and browsevalue; nesting coverSeasonal Color: red to orange fall color;showy yellow flowersMiscellany: native; edible deep red fruit


Dogwood, Red-Osier Cornus sericeaSize: to 8 feet high to 6 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: poorLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 11,000 feetSoil Conditions: not suited for dense claysPossible Insect Problems: dogwood sawfly;polyphemus moth; oystershell scalePossible Disease Problems: cytospora cankerWildlife Value: excellent grouse; pheasant;turkey; grosbeak; robin; cedar waxwingSeasonal Color: vivid red fall foliage andstems; showy white flowers and berriesMiscellany: for moist sites such as streamsideriparian areas

Doublefile viburnum Viburnum plicatumHeight: 6-10 feet highGrowth Rate: moderateCold Hardiness: zone 5-8Soil Conditions: moist, well-drained soil;prefers slightly acid soilPossible Insect Problems: viburnum aphid;treehoppers; scalePossible Disease Problems: leaf spot;powdery mildewSeasonal Color: dark green, turning winered to reddish purple in fallWildlife Vaules: berries very attractive to birdsMiscellany: bright red fruit drupes in largeclusters; ripens to black in late summer;large, showy white flowers in May


Honeysuckle Lonicera spp.Size: 6-9 feet high 6-9 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 3-7Drought Resistance: goodLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetSoil Conditions: good alkaline soil tolerancePossible Insect Problems: aphidsPossible Disease Problems: honeysucklewitches�-broomWildlife Value: good; song and ground birdsSeasonal Color: pink flowers in springMiscellany: good for hedges

Juniper, Pfitzer Juniperus chinensisSize: 2-5 feet high 6-10 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderateCold Hardiness: zone 3-4Drought Resistance: very goodSoil Conditions: prefers moist, well-drained soils


Lilac Syringa spp.Size: 8-10 feet high 8-12 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderate to rapidCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-7Drought Resistance: very goodSoil Conditions: good alkaline soil toleranceLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetPossible Insect Problems: lilac borer; leafminers; oyster shell scalePossible Disease Problems: lilac leaf blotch;powdery mildew; some leaf spotsWildlife Value: moderately high; songbirds;cover valueSeasonal Color: fragrant purple or whitespring flowersMiscellany: develops into a dense barrier

Pine, Mugo Pinus mugoSize: 5-15 feet high 10-30 feet wideGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellent; zone 2-7Drought Resistance: excellentSoil Conditions: adapted to a variety ofsoils; prefers well drained soilsWildlife Values: cover for some birdsand mammalsPossible Insect Problems: pine sawfly;pine needle scale; pine beetlesPossible Disease Problems: diplodia tipblight; rustsMiscellany: good for ornamental landscaping;dark green color year-round


Plum, Native Prunus americanaSize: to 15 feet high to 8 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: goodSoil Conditions: good alkaline soil toleranceLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetPossible Disease Problems: fireblight;powdery mildewPossible Insect Problems: pear-slug sawflyWildlife Vaule: excellent; hoofed browsers;nesting cover and food valueSeasonal Color: large white flowers in MayMiscellany: native; delicious edible fruit forjellies and canning; forms a thicket

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Rose, Wild Rosa spp.Height: 4 feet high, spreadingGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: goodSoil Conditions: moistLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 10,000 feetPossible Insect Problems: leaf cutter beesWildlife Value: excellent; big game browseand food value; relished by grouse, turkeyand pheasantMiscellany: native; showy flowers; suckersand spreads

Rose, Austrian Copper Rosa foetida bicolorThese are themost grown

�species� of rosein the world.


Sage, Russian Perovskia atriplicfoliaSize: 3-4 feet high 3-4 foot spreadGrowth Rate: moderateCold Hardiness: zone 4-9Drought Resistance: excellentSoil Conditions: well-drained soilsLife Span: long lived perennialPossible Insect Problems: attracts beesSeasonal Color: violet-blue flowers frommid-summer until early fall; silvery foliageMiscellany: ideal for rock gardens; perennial

Sandcherry, Purpleleaf Prunus x cistenaSize: 7-10 feet high 7-8 foot spreadGrowth Rate: rapidCold Hardiness: zone 3-8Drought Resistance: excellentSoil Conditions: widely adaptable; preferswell-drained soilsLife Span: long livedSeasonal Color: produces bright red leavesin spring and turns reddish purple in fall;white-pink flowers in April/MayMiscellany: makes wonderful hedge; verytolerant of urban conditions


Sumac, Skunkbush Rhus trilobataSize: 3-6 feet high 4-8 foot spreadGrowth Rate: slow to moderateCold Hardiness: excellentDrought Resistance: excellentSoil Conditions: excellent alkaline soil toleranceLife Span: moderateElevational Range: to 8,000 feetPossible Insect Problems: fairly resistantPossible Disease Problems: fusarium wiltWildlife Value: excellent; many birdsSeasonal Color: red-orange fall foliageMiscellany: native; scented leaves; berrieshave slight lemon taste when rolled under tongue

Spirea, Vanhoutte Spiraea vanhoutteiSize: 2-8 feet high 4-8 feet spreadGrowth Rate: moderateCold Hardiness: zone 3-8Drought Resistance: goodSoil Conditions: adapted to a wide varietyof soils; prefers well-drained soilsLight: full sun or light shadeWildlife Value: excellent; fruit used as foodfor song and game birds; hoofed browsersmay feed on leaves and twigsMiscellany: sometimes referred to as Bridal-wreath Spirea because of its white flowers


Planting Guidelines

Many factors must be considered in planning tree plantings, regardless of whetherthey are located in the mountians or plains, or whether they have been designed tobenefit wildlife, control wind, or to be used for landscaping purposes. These factorsinclude: location, elevation, soil type and alkalinity, prevailing wind direction, weedcontrol, watering needs and availability, snow drifting, power lines, planting size, speciesselection, and site preparation. Spring and fall are the best seasons to plant trees.

Select the location - Choose a spot where the tree can reach its full size; note height andspread the species is expected to reach at maturity. Keep trees back from buildings andfrom beneath utility lines.

Dig a wide planting hole - The planting hole should be dug only as deep as the rootballand at least twice as wide. Rough up soils on the sides of the hole to facilitate a goodbond with the rootball soil and aid root movement. Begin filling the hole with theoriginal soil that was removed until it is about one-third full, then gently pack the soilaround the base of the root ball. Continue back-filling the hole by adding a few inchesof soil at a time, followed by water to eliminate drying air pockets, until the hole is filledto its original growing level. This level is indicated by a dark stain on the trunk, whichmarks the difference between root and trunk bark. Do not use your feet to tamp aroundthe tree base as this compacts the soil and may inhibit the spread of roots. Rake a ridgeof soil two to four inches high aroung the margin of the hole (outside the root area) toserve as a reservoir when watering.

Stake the tree, if necessary - Staking a tree can cause bark damage and reduces thedevelopment of strong roots and a tapered trunk. However, trees should be staked toavoid shifting during high winds. Stake very carefully with a broad, soft strappingmaterial such as woven belt fabric. Drive one to three stakes into the ground just outsidethe perimeter of the rootball and into undisturbed soil, spacing them an equal distanceapart.

Chapter 4 - Planting Guides Page 32

Staking the Tree (continued)Attach one end of the strapping material to the tree at the lowest practical level to

maintain the tree upright. Fasten the other end to the stake while still leaving enoughslack to allow for wind sway. Remove the staking material after the first year of growth.

Mulch the Base of the Tree - A two to three inch layer of mulch conserves soil moistureand protects newly planted tree roots from hot and cold temperatures, and also keepsweeds out. Keep mulch at least two inches away from the base of the trunk to reducefungal growth and wood rot. Maintain a mulched, grass-free area around your tree (forits life) to reduce competition for water and nutrients and to protect the trunk from lawn-mower/trimmer damage.

Mulch Wide, Not Deep



USDA Winter Hardiness Zones

Degrees Fahrenheit

Zone 2a (-45 to -50)

Zone 2b (-40 to -45)

Zone 3a (-35 to -40)

Zone 3b (-30 to -35)

Zone 4a (-25 to -30)

Zone 4b (-20 to -25)

Zone 5a (-15 to -20)


Watering

Proper watering is the most important factor in keeping your plants growingvigorously. Watering needs vary with individual plant requirements, as well as the soiltype, drainage, exposure and weather. Develop a watering schedule from your ownexperience by checking the soil moisture. You can do this by digging down about 6inches just outside the root zone. If the soil tends to crumble when you squeeze it, youshould water the plant. If the soil forms a ball, wait a few more days before watering.Do not worry about the dryness of the top inch of soil. Plant roots need both air andwater for development. If you water too frequently, you keep the soil constantly wet andexclude oxygen from the roots. Therefore, when you do water, soak the ground thoroughlyenough to saturate the root zone, but allow adequate time between waterings to permitthe soil to drain and air to penetrate into the root zone. Watering trees at the drip line oftree branches and beyond is recommended; this will ensure that soil moisture is therefor the greatest majority of the roots.

To assure survival, a tree will need 10 gallons of water per inch of trunk diameterwith each watering. A typical garden hose on medium pressure will supply 10 gallons in5 minutes of run time. The way to calculate how long to leave water running forappropriate water application is to take the diameter of a tree times the five minutesneeded to get 10 gallons of water flow. Therefore, 8-inch diameter trees will need 40minutes of water flow to receive 80 gallons of water. Most trees will need three wateringsper month from April through October. Newly planted trees and shrubs need additional,supplemental water applications during their first growing season. Due to our dry climate,the supplemental water must be applied to even low-water-requiring plants until theroot system is developed and well established.

Chapter 5 - Tree Care Page 36

Winter Care

�Hardened� or preconditioned plants can withstand remarkably low temperatures.Practices that aid in hardening trees to cold include: a. Avoid early fall overwatering. Reduce watering after August 15 - Sept.1. Excesswater in late summer stimulates new tissue growth, which is sensitive to cold. Remember,however, that late fall watering, after trees are hardened, is beneficial. b. Avoid late summer fertilization. High nitrogen and calcium fertilization, inparticular, promotes new growth and increases sensitivity to injury. However, fertilizationafter leaf drop is a good practice. c. Avoid late season pruning. This stimulates tissue growth and hinders planthardening.

In this area, most winter damage is caused by drying out of plant tissues. Thecombination of winds, intense sunlight, and sparse winter moisture causes stress toplants, especially young plants with small root systems. Typically, in Wyoming, therecommendation for winter watering is to apply water when the daily temperatures exceed45 degrees and the ground is not frozen. If possible, watering once a month from Octoberthrough April will supply plenty of water to sustain trees.

Fertilizing

It is best not to use fertilzer the first year. (Never apply high nitrogen fertilizer atplanting time as it may burn tender roots.) Good, rich native soil, placed in the hole, isusually adequate. Tree fertilization is often overrated as a cure-all and is also oftenignored when it could be helpful. Fertilizer application can help plants grow better,withstand various stresses, and reduce winter damage ONLY if the elements applied arelacking in the soil. Gradual reduction in annual growth is often a sign of low soil nutrients.


Fertilizing (continued)Trees and shrubs make most of their growth in spring and early summer. Apply

fertilizer long enough ahead of this growth period so it will be available in the soil oreven stored inside the plant. Regardless of when fertilizer is applied, it may not bereadily absorbed or utilized until growth begins in the late winter/early spring. Uptakeand metabolic demand are low in the dormant season, and some of the more solubleforms of nitrogen may leach from the soil before they can be utilized. Studies show thatnitrogen uptake peaks during the spring and summer when metabolic need is greatest.Late summer or early fall fertilization can force the production of new growth that doesnot have time to mature and become hardy before severe winter cold. Fertilizer uptakeis greatest during periods of active root growth, so applications of fast-release fertilizersare most effective spring through fall. Slow-release fertilizers can be applied at anytime the ground is not frozen and when soil moisture is adequate.

PruningPruning should be done with a purpose and not as an automatic routine. Prune only

dead or broken branches the first year. Begin corrective pruning only after a full seasonof growth in the new location. In the second growing season, begin training by removingcrossing limbs and selecting permanent branches evenly distributed along and aroundthe main trunk. For the first 1 to 5 years, leave small temporary branches, especially onthe lower trunk, to help the tree develop taper and promote early rapid growth. Eachyear remove a portion of these temporary branches. As trees grow to maturity, the needfor structural pruning should decrease and pruning should then focus on maintianing thetree�s structure, form, health and appearance.

Proper pruning cuts are made at the point where one branch to twig attaches toanother. The cut is made just outside the branch bark ridge and collar. Flush cuts andstubs should be avoided. Remove a large limb by making three cuts, (See page 41)which will reduce chances of injury and damage to the tree. On small branches, make asharp and slightly slanted, clean cut just beyond a lateral bud or other branch. Pruningcuts should be clean and smooth, leaving the bark at the edge of the cut firmly attachedto the wood. The best time to prune living branches is in late dormant season or veryearly spring before leaves begin to open. Dead and injured branches can be prunedanytime.


At Planting After 3-4 Years After 5-7 Years 15 Years After Planting

NOT PRUNED WHEN YOUNG

PRUNED WHEN YOUNG

At Planting After 3-4 Years After 5-7 Years 15 Years After Planting


Weed Control

Weed control is an extremely important factor for tree growth and survival. Weedsare better competitors than seedlings, for moisture, nutrients, and sunlight. They alsoprovide fuel for fires and habitat for tree-injuring pests. Mulch, cultivation, and herbicidesare three basic methods for controlling weeds. Herbicides must be used with care andshould be selected specifically for the weed type, soil, and species. Read the herbicidelabel carefully.

Cultivation around trees and between tree rows controls competitive weeds, improvesmoisture conditions, reduces fire hazards, and decreases the need for supplementalwatering.

Mulches have significantly improved the survival of tree plantings. Mulch reducescompetition from weeds. Woven plastic mulches are woven in a pattern that allowsmoisture to pass through to the soil but minimizes evaporation. Organic mulches suchas wood chips or bark can also be used. Straw and hay mulches tend to attract rodentsthat can damage trees.

For large plantings, a tractor drawn woven mulch applicator is available for usethrough the Washakie County Conservation District. The applicator lays the mulchright over the freshly planted seedlings where the trees are later pulled through openingscut in the mulch.

Wind and Sun Protection

Most Wyoming evergreen plantings require protection from wind and sun, particularlyduring the winter months. Sunlight reflected off snow, while soils are frozen, can quicklydry unprotected conifer foliage. Young trees are more susceptible to this kind of damage.Shading seedlings and blocking wind from the south and west is critical and can beprovided using a number of items. Existing vegetation, rocks or logs are the easiest andcheapest to use, while shake shingles and commercially manufactured shade productsare also available.


Keys To Proper Pruning

� Pruning cuts must be made outside the branch bark ridge and the branch collar.� Cuts made too close, also called flush cuts, do not heal correctly.� Cuts that leave stubs, often start the decay process which will weaken the branch.� When shortening small branches, make cuts at lateral buds or other lateral branches.� When removing a large limb, the 3-cut method should be used to prevent tearing.� Under no circumstances should more than 1/3 of the foilage be removed at any onetime, on young trees. On mature trees, no more than 1/4 of the foilage should be removedwithin a growning season.� Do not top trees! Topping is the drastic removal of the upper portions of the tree.Branches are cut back to stubs, giving the tree an ugly and deformed appearance. Aftertopping, the tree puts on a flush of new growth that is much weaker and prone to breakageand dieback.

Branch Pruning

Cut living and dying branches(A) as close as possible tothe branch collar (B).

-Do not remove the branch collar (C).-Do not leave stubs (D).-Do not paint the cuts.

If possible, avoid pruningwhen leaves are forming or falling.

A D

NO

BYES

CNO


Animal Protection

It is essential to protect trees and shrubs from livestock of all types. Livestock willkill or damage trees and shrubs at all stages of their life cycle. Damages include: eatingor trampling seedlings, damaging mature trees by rubbing off bark, or breaking andeating branches and foilage. Deer, elk and rodents can also destroy plantings in a shortamount of time. Fencing is the most effective method to minimize this damage, andwhile fencing is expensive, the development of electric systems has decreased costsover traditional wire. Using individual plastic seedling protectors can also minimizeanimal damage.

Many commercial repellents can also be used to protect plantings from animaldamage. The effectiveness of commercial brands varies and often is dependent onrepeated application. An effective home remedy is to mix whole eggs with tap water toform a 1:5 solution of eggs to water, strain the solution and spray on the seedlings.Another method, which has been used effectively to eliminate pocket gopher problems,is to place a half stick of chewing gum into the animal�s burrow.

Insects and Disease

Insects normally do not cause much damage to healthy trees. When trees are growingslowly or lacking vigor because of drought or trampling by livestock, insect attacks maythen become serious. The most common insects which attack trees and shrubs are:aphids, western tent caterpillars, bagworms, sawflies, tree borers, grasshoppers, spidermites, scale insects, elm leafbeetles, fall webworms and tip and shoot insects.

The most common diseases include: canker diseases, decay and rot fungi and foliardiseases.

Technical assistance in identifying and treating insect and disease problems is listedon page 49 of this pamphlet.


Conservation Trees

Conservation trees include plantings for windbreaks to protect farmsteads, livestock,and crops. Windbreaks can be designed to trap snow, wildlife habitat, firewood, erosioncontrol, buffer strips, energy savings, livestock protection, and a host of other uses.Farmstead windbreaks significantly reduce the wind speed around buildings and canresult in energy savings of up to 40 percent, which creates a comfortable environment tolive and work. When planning a conservation planting, there are many variables toconsider:

� The purpose of the planting (i.e. farmstead windbreak, wildlife habitat, etc.)� The hardiness zone (or climate, precipitation, and elevation of the area to be planted) -these zones are shown on page 35 of this publication.� The water requirements of the species as a mature tree, and the availability of water tosustain the tree.� Soils and site characteristics - species need to be adapted to your soil characteristics(texture, pH, and salinity), to the specific site characteristics (depth to water table orbedrock), and other limiting criteria.� Diversity - diversifying the species used in your plantings may reduce the effects ofinsect or disease infestations to your planting.� Location - overhead or underground utilities, distance from protected area, snow driftingeffects, location of septic systems, and proximity to roads (do not create blind corners).� Special plantings like windbreaks and living snow fences require specific design criteriain order to maximize effectiveness and growth potential. These criteria include: spacingbetween trees and tree rows, row length, tree density, species height arrangement, andsnow trapping distances.

Technical assistance for help with species selection and windbreak design are providedby the Washakie County Conservation District and the Natural Resources ConservationService.

Chapter 6 - Conservation Trees Page 43

Community Forestry

Community Forestry is defined as the planting and management of trees to maximizethe benefits to communities. Trees in Wyoming naturally grow in the mountains andalong waterways. However, when planting trees around our property, we need to knowabout the species we�re planting, such as height, placement, and how they can be usedfor many benefits. Strategically planted trees around your home can create a beautifullandscape while also providing energy savings all year round. Deciduous trees that shedleaves in the fall can provide shade to cool a home in the summer, while allowing sunlightand its warmth into the interior of the home in winter. Well-placed conifers and otherevergreen trees and shrubs can deflect or block winter�s harshest winds.

Cooling

Trees can shade a home�s windows and walls from the hot summer sun. They willalso create a cooler atmosphere around the home, cooling sidewalks and driveways thatnormally reflect heat. They are able to do this through a transpiration process that coolsthe air around them, acting as nature�s evaporative coolers. Cooling costs can besignificantly reduced by shading. Shading an air conditioner will also improve it�sefficiency by up to 10 percent. Below are some tips when planting trees and shrubsaround your home:� Medium to large trees provide excellent cooling because they shade both home andyard, helping to cool the outside and inside temperatures. However, do not plant largetrees near power lines.� Plant deciduous trees on the east and west sides of the home to offer the greatestenergy savings by blocking the morning and afternoon sun, while offering no obstructionto winter sunlight.� Shrubs and small trees can be planted to shade air conditioners and heat pumps.However, be careful not to plant too close to the unit, blocking its air flow. Keep unitsfree of leaves and needles.� Incorporate eaves into the home�s structure on the south side for cooling.

Chapter 7 - Community Forestry Page 44

Heating

Properly placed trees and shrubs can help reduce heating costs by blocking winterwinds. In addition, deciduous trees planted to cool a home, will lose their leaves in thewinter and allow the radiant heat of the winter sun to warm a home�s interior.

� Conserve energy by planting a combination of evergreen trees and shrubs on the sideof your home that blocks the coldest of winter winds. Choose vegetation with brancheslow to the ground.

� When siting a new home, consider free passive solar heating. -Orient the home so the broadest area and the most windows face south.

� On sunny winter days, open drapes to allow the low-angled winter sunlight to heat theinterior of the home.

Remember, trees are relatively small at planting time but can reach heights of 80feet and can be just as wide depending on the species. When purchasing a tree, checkthe tag for the mature height and spread of the tree.

Tree Species Selection

When selecting a tree to plant, it is critical to choose a species that will thrive in yourcommunity.

Hardiness Zone - Washakie County is located in Hardiness Zone 4. Tree and shrubspecies with a Hardiness Zone 4, or lower, are recommended. (See page 35.)

Moisture - All trees and shrubs need moisture to survive, but some species are moredrought tolerant than others. On sites where moisture is limited, trees with higher droughttolerance are recommended.

Other factors to consider in selecting a tree species is tolerance to a wide range ofsoil conditions and resistance to insects and disease.


Acquiring a Quality Tree

Quality trees and shrubs can sometimes be difficult to find in Wyoming. The purchasermust be able to identify quality nursery stock. Desirable and undesirable characteristicsto look for include:

� Size - Trees should have the dimensions common to their species, diameter and age.The root ball diameter of balled and burlapped trees should be 1 foot for each 1 inch oftrunk diameter.

� Form - Trees should be typical to their species. Tree trunks should be relatively straightand have adequate trunk taper and diameter in relation to their height. The crown shouldbe well-formed with one main stem and branches should not have tight crotches.

� Vigor - Trees should have well-developed branches that are less than half the diameterof the trunk and are evenly distributed along the trunk. Leaves should be of normalcolor and not shriveled. If trees are dormant, without leaves, check the number andlocation of viable buds. Buds, bark, and branches should not be shriveled, desiccated,or discolored.

� Roots - For balled and burlapped trees, the soil ball should be held together tightly andfeel damp to the touch. If the ball is broken or loose, many of the roots, especially thesmaller feeder roots, have probably been injured. If the trunk can be easily moved fromside to side, the roots have likely been damaged. To check for circling roots, which canstrangle a young tree, pull back the burlap or remove the pot and inspect the roots.Circling roots should be cut to prevent future damage to the tree. The roots of bare roottrees must be kept moist at all times. Check roots to make sure they are not dry and areadequately protected against drying.

� Wounds - The trunk and branches should not have any injuries including excessivepruning wounds, broken limbs, sunscald, discolored bark, rot or insect and diseasedamage.


ReferencesStueck, Dave. Trees and Shrubs for Gillette and Campbell County, First Edition

Lower Wind River Natural Resource District. 2001. Wind River Reservation andFremont County Tree Planting and Care

PacifiCorp. 1996. The Right Tree in the Right Place

Custer County Soil Conservation District. 2002. Conservation Trees and Shrubs forMontana

Hughes, Mark. 1988. Recommended Trees for Campbell County and NortheastWyoming, Gillette Printing Company

Colorado State Forest Service. 2001. Trees for Conservation a buyer�s guide. CSFSPublication 115-1196

Panter, Karen L. & Ewart, Emily E. 2000. Landscaping: Recommended Trees forWyoming. University of Wyoming

Lander Urban Forest Council. 2002. Trees and Shrubs, Lander Wyoming.

Colorado State Forest Service.Trees for Conservation planning, planting, care. CSFSPublication 114-0394

Shigo, Dr. Alex L. 1987. New Tree Health. Shigo and Trees, Associates.

Cook, Jim. 1987. Fertilizing Trees and Shrubs. Horticultural Hints. University ofWyoming. Publication B-680.9

American National Standards Institute 1995. Tree, Shrub and Other Woody PlantMaintenance-Standard Practices. Publication A300

Chapter 8- References Page 47

References (continued)Vincelli, Paul C.& Beaupre, Colette. Winter Injury to Trees and Shrubs. University ofWyoming, Cooperative Extension Service. Publication B-716R

Cuin, Donna. 2003. Trees and shrubs demand special watering to survive drought.University of Wyoming. Spring insert in Wyoming Livestock Roundup.

Knopf, Jim. 1991. The Xeriscape Flower Gardener. Johnson Books. Boulder Colo-rado.

ISA Arborist Certification Study Guide 2002

Web Siteswww.plant.usda.govwww.f.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htmwww.extension.iastate.edu/Pages/tree/index.htmlhttp://forestry.msu.edu/uptreeid/default.htmhttp://forestry.about.com/library/tree/bltredex.htmhttp://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/treeshandbook.htmhttp://www.dnr.state.oh.us/forestry/Education/ohiotrees.htmhttp://archive.tri-cityhearald.com/HOME/GARDEN/garden33.htmlhttp://www.nysite.com/nature/flora/basswd.htmhttp://www.floridata.comhttp://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/forestry/bareroot.html

Chapter 8- References Page 48

Washakie County Conservation District208 Shiloh RoadWorland, Wyoming 82401(307) 347-2456 ext. [email protected]

Natural Resources Conservation Service208 Shiloh RoadWorland, Wyoming 82401(307) 347-2456 ext. [email protected]

University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service116 South 11th StreetWorland, Wyoming 82401(307) 347-3431 or (307) [email protected]

Wyoming State Forestry Division305 South Smith RoadRiverton, Wyoming 82501(307) [email protected]

To gain information from localnurseries and tree vendors,

please consult your phone book.

Chapter 9 - Technical Assistance Page 49

Notes Page 50

We hope this publication will help give our readers a generalidea of what is commonly growing in Washakie County. It waspublished for the purpose of supplying the local public with an all-in-one booklet (species, tree selection, pruning, watering, tree care,planting, etc.) to use as a quick reference. We have tried to be asaccurate and as up-to-date as possible with the information we havesupplied to you. We do realize that there are some tree and shrubspecies growing in the area that are not in this publication.

WASHAKIE COUNTYCONSERVATION DISTRICT

208 SHILOH ROADWORLAND, WYOMING 82401

(307) 347-2456 ext. 191

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