Ronald M. Rivas, PhD Associate Professor Canisius University Buffalo, NY 14208 [email protected] Presented at Workshop Internacional Universidad del Pacífico, Lima, Perú June 21 st , 2013
Mar 18, 2018
Ronald M. Rivas, PhD
Associate Professor
Canisius University
Buffalo, NY 14208
Presented at Workshop InternacionalUniversidad del Pacífico, Lima, Perú
June 21st, 2013
Motivation� Rise of MNCs from Latin America
� South-South FDI represents one third of all FDI going to developing countries.
� Companies from Argentina, Mexico and Brazil that were dominant multilatinas in the 1990s, were joined by emerging multilatinas from Chile, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru in the last two decades
Multinationalization�Multinationalization is the process of
international expansion other than exports, such as franchising, JV or foreign direct investment (FDI)
�Multinationalization of Developed countries MNCs is explained by the incremental internationalization model and the eclectic paradigm
Global Latinas vs other MNCs
�How different is the multinationalization
process of companies from emerging economies (Peru) and what strategies are used more prevalently by such multinationals?
Restaurant Name Type of Cuisine Restaurants in Perúnumber
Restaurants abroad
number (d)
Net Sales (c)US$ mn
Employees number
Foreign Countries with FDI
Astrid y Gastón Fusion 1 7 1.5 42 7Osaka Fusion 1 2 n.a. n.a. 1El Otro Sitio Peruvian food 1 5 n.a. n.a. 1Tanta Peruvian food 4 2 1.8 70 2Brujas de Cachiche Peruvian food 1 4 1.4 52 1Alfresco Peruvian seafood 1 2 n.a. n.a. 1La Mar Peruvian Seafood 1 7 n.a. n.a. 5Segundo Muelle Peruvian Seafood 3 4 n.a. n.a. 3Pardos Chicken Roasted Chicken 14 4 1.7 13 3Las Canastas Roasted Chicken 6 1 n.a. n.a. 1Roky’s Roasted Chicken 51 2 1.7 55 2La Caravana Roasted Chicken 5 1 2.5 220 1Bembos Peruvian Burgers 40 3 17.4 745 2China Wok Peruvian-Chinese 22 36 3.5 320 6
La Gran FrutaJuices and sandwiches
4 1 n.a. n.a. 1
Norky's Roasted Chicken 42 1 n.a. n.a. 1Pizza Hut & Burger King
Fast food (US MNC)
14 11,925 a 23.4 2,355 n.a.
McDonald’s Fast Food(US MNC)
10 32,478 6.0 600 n.a.
KFC Fast Food (US MNC)
46 37,080 b 30.7 2,000 n.a.
Source: Cuervo Cazurra (2008) Journal of International Management
Time to start multinationalization: Global Latinas
1st Century of Globalization:1820 – 1913UK WINNER
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 90 YRS
Time to start multinationalization: Global Latinas
1st Century of Globalization:1820 – 1913UK WINNER
Inter-War Period:Global Isolationism1914 - 1945
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 47 YRS
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 90 YRS
Time to start multinationalization: Global Latinas
1st Century of Globalization:1820 – 1913UK WINNER
2nd Century of Globalization :1950 – nowUSA WINNER
Inter-War Period:Global Isolationism1914 - 1945
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 18 YRS
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 90 YRS
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 47 YRS
Time to start multinationalization: Global Latinas
Time to start multinationalization: Peruvian
Multinational restaurants
Source: Rivas & Mayorga (2011) Revista Innovar
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 22 YRS
Pro-market reforms1990 - now
Time to start multinationalization: Peruvian
Multinational restaurants
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 22 YRS
Time to StartMultinationalizationAVERAGE= 5 YRS
Pro-market reforms1990 - now
Time to start multinationalization: Peruvian
Multinational restaurants
Source: Cuervo Cazurra (2008) Figure: Location of Multinationalization
Location to start multinationalization: Global Latinas
1st FDI TO Similar Markets in Culture & Economy
1st FDI toDifferent Markets in Culture & Economy
Location to start multinationalization: Global Latinas
Location to start multinationalization: Peruvian
Multinational restaurants
Source: Rivas & Mayorga (2011)
1st FDI TO Similar Markets in Culture & Economy
1st FDI toDifferent Markets in Culture & Economy
Location to start multinationalization: Peruvian
Multinational restaurants
Legitimacy strategy and Multinationalization
• Gastronomy- --the traditions and practices of eating socially valued food--- forms part of the intangible cultural heritage of a nation.
• Four entries (out of 298) of the UNESCO 2012 Intangible Cultural Heritage List relate to gastronomy:• The Gastronomic Meal of the French;• Traditional Mexican Cuisine -ancestral, ongoing
community culture, the Michoacán paradigm; • The Mediterranean Diet; and • Gingerbread Craft from Northern Croatia, all
inscribed in 2010 (UNESCO, 2012).
Franchises by Destination: Start in Peru.
Strategy of Heritage reinterpretation
Southern Region of
Latin America
89%
Northern Region of
Latin America
3%
Central America & Caribbean
6%
Number of restaurants
in North America
1%
Europe-Latin
1% Asia0%
Source: Rivas & Mayorga working paper
Franchises by Destination: Start in USA.
Strategy of Heritage Preservation
Africa; 0,2%Asia; 5,7%
Australia; 0,3%
Central America & Caribben;
4,5%
Europe-Latin; 19,5%
Europe-North; 2,7%
Europa-Other; 0,5%
North America;
45,6%
Northern Region of
South America; 5,3%
Southern Region of
South America;
15,8%
Source: Rivas & Mayorga working paper
Geographic Diversification: Start in Peru.
Strategy of Heritage reinterpretation
5REGION0%
4REGION5%
3REGION6%
2REGION17%
1REGION72%
Source: Rivas & Mayorga working paper
Geographic Diversification: Start in USA.
Strategy of Heritage preservation
5REGION0%
4REGION0%
3REGION1%
2REGION3%
1REGION96%
Source: Rivas & Mayorga working paper
Conclusions� Peruvian restaurant multilatinas have a substantial
delay between the year funded and the first Foreign restaurant.
� However, multinationalization increased exponentially after the implementation of pro-market reforms in the 1990s.
� We found that they expand both to countries with proximate as well as to countries with distant psychic distance.
� These findings are at odds with the gradual internationalization model.
ConclusionsInstitutional change:
� Increased Market Integration.
� Reduced transaction costs for domestic firms, which benefited domestic firms over multinationals competing in the host country.
�Reinterpretation of Gastronomic Cultural Heritage.
�Type of Business model and Legitimacy strategy affects FDI diversification.