Presentation26

A WORLD IN FLAMES

Chapter 261931-1941

The Founders Intent W

e are here

Faith1791

Hope

Charity

Self-Reliance

Kings

Earls

Dukes

Lords

Rule of LawConstitution

Equal Justice

Govt

Re

lief

Accountabili

ty

Parliament

Queens

Social Justice

S o c i a l i s m

TVASocia

l Sec

Ins

4 M

inut

e M

en

WPA

EPA

CCC

Dept

Energy

Woodrow Wilson

French Revolution 1789

George Bush

Bara

ck O

bam

a

Nationalsozialismus National Socialism (Nazi)

Communism

Mao Tse-tungChina60-80 million killed

Total Government Control by Any Other Name

Dictatorship Despotism Tyranny Totalitarianism Absolutism Authoritarianism Monarchy Feudalism

Josef StalinUSSR25-50 million killed

Adolf HitlerGermany13 Million killed

Total Government Control by Any Other Name

Pol PotCambodia1-2 million killed

Saddam HusseinIraq1-1.5 million killed

Fidel CastroCuba1-1.5 million killed

Benito MussoliniItaly100,000+ killed

Idi Amin DadaUganda500,000+ killed

FascismFascism was an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italy and other European countries after 1919 as another form of socialism to the political and social changes brought about by World War I and the spread of revolutionary socialism and communism. Its name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax.Fascist ideology, largely the work of the neo-idealist philosopher Giovanni Gentile, emphasized the subordination of the individual to a “totalitarian” state that was to control all aspects of national life. Violence as a creative force was an important aspect of the Fascist philosophy. A special feature of Italian fascism was the attempt to eliminate the class struggle from history through nationalism and the corporate state.Italian fascism was founded in Milan on 23 Mar 1919, by Benito Mussolini, a former revolutionary socialist leader. His followers, mostly war veterans, were organized along paramilitary lines and wore black shirts as uniforms. The early Fascist program was a left wing group of ideas that emphasized intense nationalism, productivism, antisocialism, elitism, and the need for a strong leader.

Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, or MVSN (Black Shirts)

Hitler’s Rise to Power in GermanyBackgroundGermany’s defeat in World War I left the German people demoralized and without a strong government.

Contributing FactorsPolitical problems The Weimar Republic government was seen as weak and ineffective. In 1919, Communist uprisings broke out in several German cities. Nazi critics feared that the Social Democrats would take over industry and break up large estates. Nationalists and militarists wanted to rebuild Germany’s army, which the Treaty of Versailles forbade.Economic crisis In 1923, hyperinflation drove Germany to near economic collapse. During the worldwide economic depression that began in 1929, banks and businesses failed and unemployment soared in Germany. Anti-Semitic policy Hitler and the Nazi Party blamed Germany’s problems on the Jews and claimed that the Germans were a superior people—Aryan race. These racist ideas led to extreme nationalism.Major Events1923 Nazis fail in attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government. Hitler is jailed and

writes Mein Kampf.1924 Hitler becomes German chancellor. Third Reich is created, and Hitler transforms

Germany into a totalitarian state.

Sturmabteilung (SA) (Brown Shirts)

Mein KampfOne of the most important political tracts of the 20th century, Mein Kampf (My Battle or Struggle, 1924 and 1926; Eng. Trans., 1939) is considered the bible of Nationalsozialismus—Nazism. Written by Adolf Hitler while he served a sentence in Landsberg Prison, the book presents Hitler’s major ideas on anti-Semitism, anti-Communism, superiority of the Aryan race, German nationalism, the state’s superiority over the individual, and Hitler’s feelings of hostility for freedom and miscegenation. The importance of the book, which calls for German domination of Europe is derived from the notoriety of its author rather than from his logical presentation of National Socialist ideas.

The Stalin Years

Lenin died in 1924, and a struggle for leadership began between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. As secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist party, Stalin stripped Trotsky of power and exiled him in 1928.Stalin continued Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP) until 1928. Fearing the entrenchment of a capitalist class in agriculture, however, he initiated the First Five-Year Plan. The plan called for rapid growth in heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture.Rapid and forced collectivization of agriculture resulted in great inefficiencies, the deportation of millions of the wealthier peasants, and confiscation of grain. Rather than yield their livestock to the new collectives, many farmers slaughtered them. A man-made famine resulted. In 1932, about 3 million people died of starvation in the Ukraine alone. Nevertheless, when the First Five-Year Plan ended in 1932, the government announced that great progress had been made. Peasant resistance had been smashed, and the country was on the road to industrialization.Stalin meanwhile tightened his grip on the government and the Red Army by means of a series of purges. In 1935 and 1936, nearly 500,000 people were executed, imprisoned, or forced into labor camps (gulags). He further consolidated his position through the Great Purge trials of 1936-39. Through this system, Stalin eliminated his rivals. He systematically employed the services of the secret police Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (later known as the KGB) to root out “political criminals.”

The KGB (Committee of State Security) Sword-and-Shield emblem

Prelude to Dictatorship Venn Diagram

Benito Mussolini- Fascism

Josef Stalin- Communism

Adolf Hitler- Nazism

Prelude to Dictatorship Quiz1. Name a dictator and the amount of people

executed during their reign of terror.2. Who was the founder of fascism and who

implemented Italian fascism?3. Name one of the contributing factors that

led to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power.4. What was the book that was considered

Hitler’s bible for Nazism?5. What did Josef Stalin do to consolidate

power in government and the Red Army?

Why do wars occur?

Countries are wronged by another nation.

Nations compete over natural resources.

Individuals demand greater political and economic freedom.

We will study 3 aspects of WWII

The war in Europe against Germany and Italy

The war in Asia with Japan

The home front

What caused WWII in Europe? Germany wanted

back what she lost from WWI, and revenge

Appeasement – Great Britain and France gave Hitler land w/o fighting for it.

Hitler was racist/Anti-Semitic; one reason he invaded countries was simply to kill the Jews living there.

Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI

The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]  

1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war

2. Germany paid extremely high Reparations for the damage done during the war.

Versailles (cont’d)

3.  Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy 100,000 tons displacement (only six battleships), and an Army of just 100,000 men.  

Versailles

4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

Depression in 1920s Europe Economy was bad in Europe WWI killed a lot of workers

and customers After years of humiliation

and starvation, Germans looked for a strong leader.

NAZIs elected to power!

Nazis promised to build up their army and get revenge for WWI

This is Adolf Hitler in 1933 with the Sturmabteilung (SA). His thugs to convince the people his way was right!!

Totalitarianism

Mussolini (Italy) Hitler (Germany)

Germany late 1930s

Germany escaped the Depression by militarizing.

This is Berlin 1936

Appeasement – Hitler wanted land, Britain and France let him have it without war

British Monarchs

Reign EndRuler

WETTIN (Saxony)1901 Jan 22 -1910

Edward VII

WINDSOR1910 May 6 -1936

George V

1936 Jan 20 - Dec 10 abdicatedEdward VIII

1936 Dec 10 -1952George VI

1952 Feb 6 - presentElizabeth II

Prelude to World War II Concept Map

Progressivism World War

II America

Treaty of Versailles

Hitler’s Solution to Treaty

Great Depression, Totalitarianism, Foreign Policy

Causes

Prelude to World War II Quiz1. Name a reason countries go to war.2. Name a cause of war in Europe.3. What were the terms of the

Versailles Treaty concerning the size of Germany’s military?

4. What was the name of Hitler’s paramilitary thugs?

5. How did Germany escape the Great Depression?

Hitler Rearms Germany and European Appeasement

German chancellor Adolf Hitler abandoned the efforts of his predecessors to ease the provisions of the Versailles Treaty through a policy of reconciliation with the World War I victors. Instead, he unilaterally tore up the treaty. Hitler took Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933 and began a massive program to build up the German army, navy, and air force. In March 1935, he restored universal military service. The democracies did not react, and Britain even concluded a naval agreement with Germany in 1935 that permitted greater German naval strength than that allowed by the Versailles Treaty. In 1936, Hitler sent troops into the demilitarized zone.Almost immediately afterward, the Nazi regime began agitating on behalf of the Sudeten Germans—who lived in pockets of western Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland—claiming that they were a persecuted minority. The Czech government made numerous concessions to the Sudeten Germans, but in September 1938, Hitler demanded the immediate cession of the Sudetenland to Germany. On 29-30 Sep, Britain and France (Czechoslovakia’s ally) agreed at the Munich Conference to yield to Hitler, who promised to make no further territorial demands in Europe. Czechoslovakia was excluded from participation at Munich. Unlike Austria, Czechoslovakia was democratic, and its president, Eduard Benes, was prepared to resist Hitler, but the two western European democracies insisted on submission.

World War II(Overview)

World War II commenced as a localized conflict in eastern Europe and expanded until it merged with a confrontation in the Far East to form a global war of immense proportions. The war began in Europe on 1 Sep 1939, when Germany attacked Poland, and ended on 2 Sep 1945, with the formal surrender of Japan aboard the U.S. battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Involving most of the world’s major powers as belligerents, it also included many smaller states and had a great impact on neutral nations. The victorious Allies included Great Britain and the Commonwealth, France, the United States, the USSR, and China. The losing side comprised Germany, Italy, and Japan, as well as smaller nations. The opponents clashed in two major areas: Europe, including the coast of North Africa and the North Atlantic; and Asia, including the Central and Southwest Pacific, China, Burma, and Japan. The belligerents fought over the central issue of Axis expansion, which was halted at the cost of many millions of military and civilian casualties.

World War II(Overview)

Action Eastern Europe Pearl HarborAttacker Germany JapanInvaded Poland U.S. territory-

Hawaiian Islands

Means Blitzkrieg- land warfare

Naval-air

Results Beginning of World War II

U.S. entry into World War II

German Attack on Poland

On 1 Sep, 1939, the German military machine struck decisively at Poland, in what was known as a blitzkrieg (lightning war). High-speed panzer (tank) units pushed across the borders, blasting holes in the Polish lines. From the skies, Luftwaffe (air force) bombers destroyed the Polish air force, damaged communications lines, and prevented the Poles from moving reinforcements, supplies, and ammunition to the front lines. Then German foot soldiers moved forward to hold the conquered ground. Meanwhile, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 Sep.

USA’s contribution was production, not blood.

Lend Lease Act

FDR sent war materials to Britain and the USSR.

This is a Sherman tank

Lend-Lease

The U.S. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, at President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s request, in March 1941. Designed to allow Britain and China to draw on the industrial resources of the then-nonbelligerent United States in World War II, the measure authorized the president to transfer, lease, or lend “any defense article” to “the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.” The bill was opposed by isolationists, such as Sen. Burton K. Wheeler of Montana, who termed it “the New Deal’s triple A foreign policy; it will plow under every fourth American boy.” Still it passed the House by a vote of 260 to 5 and the Senate, by 60 to 31. By 21 Aug 1945, when the program was terminated, almost $50 billion in Lend-Lease aid had been shipped to Britain, the USSR, China, and other Allied nations. From September 1942, the United States received “reverse lend-lease” from the British Commonwealth and the Free French in the form of $8 billion worth of goods and services provided to U.S. forces overseas. Financial settlements were made after the war, until 1972.

Atlantikwall: Fortress Europa

In no time, Germany conquered most of Europe with tanks, planes, railroads.

Tough cold winters killed many NAZI troops in USSR.

Russian people are tough! Stalin executed the military leaders causing 21 million dead, yet no surrender!

English Channel protected England

Britain resisted German air force

WWII Quiz (European Involvement) Venn Diagram

German Actions European/U.S. Actions

WWII Quiz (European Involvement)

1. Name the 2 countries that Germany invaded before WWII started.

2. What was the lightning warfare that Germany developed?

3. What is the diplomatic term for “giving in?”

4. What is the U.S. policy to give European allies the necessary armaments?

5. After Hitler conquered continental Europe, what defense complex did he create?

MEANWHILE, IN ASIA. . .

Japan wanted China and the USSR.

Japan is an island, and not a big one.

They wanted more living space and natural resources for their “superior” people.

Japan wanted oil reserves

Japan wanted more oil to invade China.

America embargoed their oil in Indonesia

Japan considered this an act of war.

Japan joins Axis Powers Germany was

sick of the U.S. helping Britain with its lend lease program. Japan agreed to attack Pearl Harbor and distract the U.S. from the European war.

MEANWHILE, IN THE USA. . .

US Isolationism

Americans wanted to stay out of Europe’s wars.

FDR wanted to help Britain anyway

USA had 2 oceans to protect them (sort of).

AMERICA AND WORLD WAR II

1941-45

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. America enters WWII.December 7, 1941

Axis Powers Germany and Italy declared war

immediately after Pearl Harbor. Germany, Italy and Japan made a

deal to help each other in case one was attacked.

Allied Powers

The Allies were the USA, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (USSR). These are called the “big three.”

In addition British and French colonies and U.S. territories of these countries.

These included China, Canada, Australia, France, Poland and others.

Causes…

The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China and Indochina

Japanese military thought that attacking the U.S. would provide them an easy win, and a territory with abundant land and resources to rule once they were victorious. The Japanese thought that the U.S. foreign policy of isolationism was cowardice.

The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting Japan’s economy

Pearl Harbor

The United States expected the first blow to be in the Philippines or Southeast Asia. Japan had made plans for a devastating aerial strike against the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, in the Hawaiian Islands. In late November, a powerful Japanese task force left the Kuril Islands; on 2 Dec, it received a coded message issuing the attack order-Tora, Tora, Tora (Tiger, Tiger, Tiger). The undetected Japanese force arrived off the Hawaiian Islands on the morning of 7 Dec. In two successive waves more than 350 Japanese bombers, torpedo planes, and fighters struck. Altogether, 18 U.S. ships were sunk or disabled. At one stroke, U.S. naval power in the Pacific was crippled. Fortunately for the Americans, their aircraft carriers were on missions elsewhere. The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps lost 2,117 men, the Army lost 218, and 68 civilians were killed. More than 1,200 were wounded. About 200 aircraft were destroyed, most on the ground. The Japanese lost 29 planes.The next day President Roosevelt told a joint session of Congress that 7 Dec was “a date which will live in infamy.” Congress voted to declare war on Japan. On 11 Dec, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.

USS Arizona

USS Arizona

Major Combatants

Japan- Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the

command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral Yamamoto

- Aerial Assault Force under the command of Mitsuo Fuchida

United States- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the

command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and Lt. General Walter C. Short

Battle Sequence

5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…(as noted by the U.S. Navy)

PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.

PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m.

PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – 9:15 a.m.

PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 a.m.

PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid after 9:45 a.m.

Eyewitness Account

Commander Mitsuo Fuchida “Veering right toward the west coast of the

island, we could see that the sky over Pearl Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself became visible across the central Oahu plain, a film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered intently through my binoculars at the ships riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I counted them. Yes, the battleships were there all right, eight of them! But our last lingering hope of finding any carriers present was now gone. Not one was to be seen.”

Warfare Used During Attack Japan- 81 Fighter Planes- 135 Dive Bombers- 104 Horizontal Bombers- 40 Torpedo Planes- At least 5 Midget Submarines

Warfare (continued)

United States- 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for

flight)- 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)- 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns

Casualties

Japan- Less then 100 men- 29 planes- 5 midget submarinesUnited States- 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed,

1,178 wounded- 188 planes- 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3

destroyers, 4 other vessels)

USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ servicemen died on the ship

Eyewitness Account

Marine Corporal E.C. Nightingale “I was about three quarters of the way

to the first platform on the mast when it seemed as though a bomb struck our quarterdeck. I could hear shrapnel or fragments whistling past me. As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw Second Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back with blood on his shirt front. I bent over him…He was dead…”

Eyewitness Account

Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse) “The first patient came into our

dressing room at 8:25 a.m. with a large opening in his abdomen and bleeding profusely. They started an intravenous and transfusion. I can still see the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s hand as he picked up the needle. Everyone was terrified. The patient died within the hour.”

Effects/Outcome

Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga were not in port)

Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II

(“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”) The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan (Dec.

8, 1941) Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11,

1941)

December 8, 1941 FDR Speech

“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”

WWII Asian Theater U.S. Involvement and Pearl Harbor Time SequenceCauses Plan and Preparation Execution and Results

WWII Asian Theater and U.S. Involvement Quiz

1. What were the Japanese after while setting up their empire?

2. What was the understood U.S. policy concerning foreign issues?

3. What happened on 7 Dec 1941?

4. Who were the major combatants in the attack on Pearl Harbor?

5. What did FDR say 7 Dec 1941 was?

Resistance Movement against Nazism

Operation Walküre (Valkyrie) The 20 July plot of 1944 was an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, Führer of the Third

Reich, inside his Wolf's Lair field headquarters near Rastenburg, East Prussia. The plot was the culmination of the efforts of several groups in the German Resistance to overthrow the Nazi regime. The failure of both the assassination and the military coup d'état which was planned to follow it led to the arrest of at least 7,000 people by the Gestapo. According to records of the Führer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 4,980 people were executed, resulting in the destruction of the organized resistance movement in Germany.

The Wolf's Lair conference room soon after the explosion

Claus Philipp Maria Justinian Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was a German army officer and Catholic aristocrat who was one of the leading members of the failed 20 July plot of 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler and remove the Nazi Party from power. Along with Henning von Tresckow and Hans Oster, he was one of the central figures of the German Resistance movement within the Wehrmacht. For his involvement in the movement he was shot shortly after the failed attempt known as Operation Valkyrie.

Resistance Movement against Nazism

Die Weisse Rose (The White Rose) A non-violent/intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of students from

the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that called for active opposition to dictator Adolf Hitler's regime. The six core members of the group were arrested by the Gestapo (German secret police) and they were executed by decapitation in 1943. The text of their sixth leaflet was smuggled by Helmuth James Graf von Moltke out of Germany through Scandinavia to the United Kingdom, and in July 1943 copies of it were dropped over Germany by Allied planes, retitled "The Manifesto of the Students of Munich.” Another member, Hans Conrad Leipelt, who helped distribute Leaflet 6 in Hamburg, was executed on January 29, 1945 for his participation.Today, the members of the White Rose are honored in Germany amongst its greatest heroes, since they opposed the Third Reich in the face of certain death.

Members of the White Rose, Munich 1942. From left: Hans Scholl, his sister Sophie Scholl, and Christoph Probst.

Resistance Movement against Nazism

Dietrich Bonhöffer Bonhoeffer went into hiding for the next two years; he traveled secretly

from one eastern German village to another to help his students in their small illegal parishes. In January 1938, he was banned from Berlin, and in September 1940, he was forbidden to speak in public.

In the midst of political turmoil, Bonhoeffer continued to question the proper role of a Christian in Nazi Germany. When German synagogues and Jewish businesses were burned and demolished on Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938, Bonhoeffer immediately left for Berlin, despite having been banned by the Gestapo, to investigate the destruction. After his return, when his students were discussing the theological significance of Kristallnacht, Bonhoeffer rejected the theory that Kristallnacht had resulted from "the curse which had haunted the Jews since Jesus' death on the cross." Instead, Bonhoeffer called the pogrom an example of the "sheer violence" of Nazism's "godless face.”

The Confessing Church resistance expanded its efforts to help "non-Aryan" refugees leave the country. One member of the resistance movement was the passionate anti-Nazi, Hans von Dohnanyi, a lawyer married to Bonhoeffer's sister. In early 1939, Dohnanyi was transferred from the Justice Department to the Armed Forces High Command Office of Military Intelligence, and used his new post to inform Bonhoeffer that war was imminent. Bonhoeffer, knowing that he would never fight in Hitler’s

Resistance Movement against Nazism

Who stands firm? Only the one for whom the final standard is not his reason, his principles, his conscience, his freedom, his virtue, but who is ready to sacrifice all these, when in faith and sole allegiance to God he is called to obedient and responsible action: the responsible person, whose life will be nothing but an answer to God's question and call.

— Dietrich Bonhöffer

Resistance Movement against Nazism

Dietrich Bonhöffer (cont’d)army, left the country in June 1939 for a teaching position at Union Seminary in New York.

But upon arrival in the United States, Bonhoeffer realized that he had been mistaken, that if he did not lead his people during the difficult years of war and turmoil, then he could not partake in the postwar revival of German Christan life. His place, he decided, was in Germany; he returned only a month after his departure, in July 1939. He undertook a more active effort to undermine the regime. With international contacts in the ecumenical movement, he became a crucial leader in the German underground movement.

In October 1940, despite previous Gestapo tracking, Bonhoeffer gained employment as an agent for Hans von Dohnanyi's Office of Military Intelligence, supposedly working for the expansion of Nazism. In reality, he worked for the expansion of the anti-Nazi resistance. During his 1941 and 1942 visits to Italy, Switzerland, and the Scandinavian countries, he attempted to gain foreign support for the resistance movement. Bonhöffer was hanged naked with other Nazi political prisoners at Flossenburg concentration camp two weeks before its liberation by the U.S. 98th and 99th Infantry divisions.

Resistance Movement against Nazism Oskar Schindler

An ethnic German industrialist born in Moravia. He is credited with saving almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories, which were located in what is now Poland and the Czech Republic respectively. He is the subject of the novel Schindler's Ark, and the film based on it, Schindler's List.

As the Red Army drew nearer to Auschwitz concentration camp and the other easternmost concentration camps, the SS began evacuating the remaining prisoners westward. Schindler persuaded the SS officials to allow him to move his 1,100 Jewish workers to Brněnec (German: Brünnlitz) in the German-speaking Sudetenland province (currently in the Czech Republic), thus sparing the Jews from certain death in the extermination camps. In Brněnec, he gained another former Jewish factory, where he was supposed to produce shells and hand grenades for the war effort. However, during the months that this factory was running, he would secretly not allow a single weapon produced to be up to standards, and thus not fit for use in war. Hence Schindler made no money; rather, his previously earned fortune grew steadily smaller as he bribed officials and cared for his workers

"He who saves a single soul, saves the world entire" The Jewish Inscription on Schindler’s ring given to him by the Jews at Brunnlitz.

Resistance Movement against Nazism

Martin Niemöller was a German pastor and theologian born in Lippstadt, Germany, in 1892. Niemöller was an anti-Communist and supported Hitler's rise to power at first. But when Hitler insisted on the supremacy of the state over religion, Niemöller became disillusioned. He became the leader of a group of German clergymen opposed to Hitler. Unlike Niemöller, they gave in to the Nazis' threats. In 1937 he was arrested and eventually confined in the Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps. His crime was "not being enthusiastic enough about the Nazi movement." Niemöller was released in 1945 by the Allies. He continued his career in Germany as a clergyman and as a leading voice of penance and reconciliation for the German people after World War II. His statement, sometimes presented as a poem, is well-known, frequently quoted, and is a popular model for describing the dangers of political apathy, as it often begins with specific and targeted fear and hatred which soon escalates out of control.

Resistance Movement against Nazism

First They came…First they came for the communists,and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a communist.Then they came for the trade unionists,and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a trade unionist.Then they came for the Jews,and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew.Then they came for meand there was no one left to speak out for me.

- Pastor Martin Niemöller

Resistance Movement against Nazism Graphic OrganizerOperation Walküre

Pastor Martin NiemöllerDietrich Bonöffer

Die Weiße RoseOskar Schindler

Fate

Nazi Resistance Quiz

1. What was the plot to blow Hitler up at his Wolf’s Lair?

2. What was the organization of university students that resisted Hitler’s Nazism?

3. Who questioned a Christian’s role in the fight against Nazism?

4. What industrialist smuggled Jews out of concentration camps into his personal industries?

5. Who wrote the poem, “First They Came . . . ?”

WWII Timeline Quiz

1.What event precipitated the end of World War II?A.The Yalta ConferenceB.The unconditional surrender of GermanyC.Hitler commits suicideD.Atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima

and Nagasaki

War Production

Roosevelt had begun establishing mobilization agencies in 1939, but none had sufficient power or authority to bring order out of the chaos generated as industry converted to war production. He therefore created the War Production Board in January 1942 to coordinate mobilization, and in 1943 an Office of War Mobilization was established to supervise the host of defense agencies that had sprung up in Washington, D.C. Gradually, a priorities system was devised to supply defense plants with raw materials; a synthetic rubber industry was developed from scratch; rationing conserved scarce resources; and the Office of Price Administration kept inflation under control.Hailed at the time as a production miracle, this increase was about equal to what the country would have produced in peacetime before the depression, assuming full employment. War production might have risen even higher if regulation of civilian consumption and industry had been stricter.Scientists, under the direction of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, played a more important role in production than in any previous war, making gains in rocketry, radar and sonar, and other areas. Among the new inventions was the proximity fuse, which contained a tiny radio that detonated an artillery shell in the vicinity of its target, making a direct hit unnecessary. Of greatest importance was the atomic bomb, developed by scientists in secrecy and first tested on 6 Jul 1945.

The military was segregated, but black Americans served. The Redball Express which was the supply line from the front to the rear would not have existed without black Americans.

Tuskegee Airmen

Women in the Forces

Women in Forces

Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (later the Women's Army Corps or WAC),

Women Accepted for Volunteer Military Services (WAVES).

Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)

How did USA pay for this war? Our budget was on credit

Internment Camps- How did they get started? FDR made the

statement “We don’t want any more Black Toms”—the incident that happened in NY harbor prior to WWI. (Ch. 9)

Because of the fear of saboteurs and terrorists German and Japanese Americans were rounded up and placed into internment camps

Internment of Japanese and German Americans

USA was afraid if Japan or Germany were to attack the coasts, Japanese and German Americans would help them.

The Government ordered them to move to camps.

Japanese family tagged and documented for transport

Crystal City, Texas Family Internment Camp, inaccurately stated that only Japanese American civilian prisoners were held at this site during World War II. A  Texas Historical Commission marker now clarifies that German and Japanese Latin Americans and at least one Italian Latin American family were housed here, too, as were German and Japanese American families.

Joint Japanese and German American work crew Crystal CityWomen sewing in Crystal

CityInternee men at lunch, Crystal City

Ft. Lincoln, Bismarck, ND in 1941

U.S. Internment Camps

Internment camp

World War II largely obliterated feminist activism on any continent. The war did open employment opportunities for women—from working in factories (“Rosie the Riveter” became an American icon) to playing professional baseball– but these doors of opportunity were largely closed after the war, when women routinely lost their jobs to men discharged from military service. This turn of events angered many women, but few were willing to mount any organized protest. Shortly after the outbreak of hostilities between Japan and the United States (7 Dec 1941), when more than 100,000 Japanese and Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were taken into custody and placed in camps in the interior.Rationing is a government policy consisting of the planned and restrictive allocation of scarce resources and consumer goods, that was practiced during World War II. Informal rationing, which precedes the imposition of formal controls, may consist of admonitions to consumers to reduce their consumption or of independent action taken by suppliers in allocating scarce supplies. Rationing by quantity may limit the hours during which the commodity is available or may assign quotas of a commodity to all known and approved claimants. Point rationing assigns a point value to each commodity and allocates a certain number of points to each consumer.

The Home Front

Women in workforce

People rationed goods for war use.

American Involvement and Home Front Graphic Organizer

War Effort

War Production

Home FrontInternment CampsWorkforce

WomenBlack Americans

War Budget

Home Front Quiz1. What did FDR create to coordinate America’s mobilization for

WWII?

2. What segment of the population joined the war production to fill in for the men at war?

3. What was the WWI terrorist attack that sparked internment camps and why did the USA intern the German and Japanese Americans?

4. What was the black American U.S. Army Air Corps squadron that was highly decorated during WWII?

5. What did the government do to ensure essential food, commodities and fuel went to the war effort?

D-Day- Operation Overlord

As they prepared for a cross-Channel assault on France, the Western Allies built up on British soil one of the largest and most powerful invasion forces in history. For two months before the landing, while troops, equipment, and supplies poured into Britain, the Allied air forces bombed railroads, bridges, airfields, and fortifications, in France and Belgium and continued their attacks on German industrial centers.Postponed by delays in gathering the necessary landing equipment and by weather and tidal conditions, Operation Overlord, with Eisenhower in command, began on 6 Jun 1944, afterward known as D-Day (Normandy Invasion). Throughout the preceding night, paratroopers were dropped behind German coastal defenses to sever communications and seize key defense posts. Hundreds of warships and innumerable small craft supported the invasion.Between 0630 and 0730, waves of Allied troops moved ashore between Cherbourg and Le Havre in history’s largest amphibious operation, involving approximately 5,000 ships of all kinds. About 11,000 Allied aircraft operated over the invasion area. More than 150,000 troops disembarked at Normandy on D-Day. Because all major ports in the north were mined and fortified, the Allies improvised two artificial harbors, with pontoons, breakwaters, and sunken ships. One of the harbors was destroyed by a severe Atlantic gale, but the other worked perfectly. Twenty pipelines below the Channel were used to bring in critical

D-Day- Operation Overlord (cont’d)

supplies of gasoline for the tanks.The Germans had anticipated an Allied invasion of western Europe at about this time but were surprised by its location. GEN Gerd von Rundstedt, commander of German forces in the west had expected the Allies to take the shortest water route and land at Pas de Calais. A British intelligence operation called Ultra, having broken key German ciphers (Enigma), learned of his misapprehension. To capitalize on the situation, the Allies stationed a phantom army in Kent, England commanded by LTG George S. Patton (the most feared American general by the Germans) that reinforced Rundstedt’s mistaken opinion. It may also have influenced Hitler to decide against sending panzer divisions to Normandy, a decision that greatly facilitated the landing and the establishment of beachheads.Yet the Germans struck back vigorously. For more than a month, they resisted while Allied forces were being built up on the crowded beaches. The defenders were under a severe handicap, however, because Hitler had been forced to send many of his troops from France to the eastern front, where the Soviets were on the offensive.

European Theater Quiz1. Where did the Allies decide to attack Hitler’s

Atlantikwall: Fortress Europa?

2. What was the military operational name for D-Day?

3. What was the date of D-Day?

4. What was the name of the meeting that planned the end of the war with Germany?

5. What was the name of the day that Germany defeated?

Midway- the Turning Point against Japan

The Japanese quickly rallied their forces after the defeat at the Coral Sea. The Naval General Staff, seeking to stretch Japan’s outer perimeter eastward and destroy what was left of the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, decided to strike at the island of Midway. About 1,100 mi. northwest of Pearl Harbor, Midway was regarded as the sentry for Hawaii. The Japanese hoped to make it a key outpost of their new perimeter. The Naval Command organized the largest naval operation in its history, assembling a task force of 200 ships and 600 planes.Counting on total surprise, Japanese strategists were certain that this huge force was more than enough to destroy what remained of the U.S. fleet in the Pacific. Its effectiveness was undermined, however, by U.S. intelligence, which consistently broke Japanese codes and ciphers during the war, giving the Americans advance warning of every step taken by the task force.On the afternoon of 3 Jun 1942, a patrol plane sighted the Japanese force approaching Midway. The next day a hundred Japanese bombers took off from their carriers and headed for Midway. In wait for the invaders was a strong force of American torpedo planes and fighters. The U.S. aircraft rose from the decks of the Hornet, Yorktown, and Enterprise and sank 4 Japanese carriers. Appalled by the loss of his carriers, ADM Yamamoto Isoroku turned back his great armada.

Midway- the Turning Point against Japan (cont’d)

U.S. planes pursued the retiring ships, inflicting great damage. Within 4 days, Japanese losses, in addition to the 4 aircraft carriers, included 2 heavy cruisers and 3 destroyers heavily damaged and 322 planes (280 on sinking carriers). The Americans paid a heavy price, also, losing the carrier Yorktown, a destroyer, and 147 aircraft. Midway remained in American hands, and the Japanese fleet was so severely damaged that Japan’s war effort changed from an offensive thrust to a holding operation.

Battle for Midway Island

If won, Japanese could have bombed Hawaii more from here.

Major turning point

Battle for Iwo Jima Island hopping became

a fact of the war with Japan.

Island Hopping is the process of attacking Pacific islands held by the Japanese empire with the ultimate goal being the island of Japan

Died: 6800 US 20000 Japanese.

This flag raising was a serious morale boost to soldiers on the island.

Kamikaze attacks

This plane dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Atomic bomb

Designation Mk-I "Little Boy” Mk-III "Fat Man"

Width 28 in. 60.25 in.Length 120 in. 128 in.Weight 8,900 lb. 10,300 lb.Yield 15 - 16 Kt 21 Kt

In essence, the Little Boy design consisted of a gun that fired one mass of uranium 235 at another mass of uranium 235, thus creating a supercritical mass. A crucial requirement was that the pieces be brought together in a time shorter than the time between spontaneous fissions. Once the two pieces of uranium are brought together, the initiator introduces a burst of neutrons and the chain reaction begins, continuing until the energy released becomes so great that the bomb simply blows itself apart.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945

Victims in Hiroshima

Why drop the Atomic Bomb?

The Japanese had shown they would fight to the last man, woman and child.

The atomic bomb saved as many as 1 million U.S. lives, and possibly many millions of Japanese.

Harry Truman said he dropped the bomb to end the war.

Japan surrenders 15 Aug 1945Victory over Japan Day (VJ Day)

Pacific Theater

Pacific Theater Quiz

1. What cities were nuclear bombed?

The Assassination of a War HeroGeneral George S. Patton, perhaps the most popular of the American generals, immediately opposed the total or partial application of the Morgenthau Plan (the imposed starvation of the German populace) in his sector of occupation. Soon, he had a run-in with another general of higher rank: General Eisenhower. It's well-known what extremely violent debates they had about how the civilian population of Germany was to be treated. Patton was SENTENCED TO DEATH by the directors of the scenario.Patton’s desire to invade the USSR after WWII was not popular either. He did not trust the Russians and realized that we needed eliminate a threat that would haunt us until 1989 when the Cold War ended with the collapse of the USSR. The communist infiltrated administration of Roosevelt had given the final invasion of the German capital to the Russians by withholding Patton’s poised army.On the 21st of April 1945, his airplane on which he was being transported to General Headquarters of the Third Army in Feldfield (England) was attacked by what was assumed to be a German fighter-bomber, but it turned out to be a "Spitfire" piloted by an inexpert Polish pilot. Patton's plane was shot up, but was miraculously able to land. On the 3rd of May, some days before the end of the war, the General's jeep was charged by an ox-drawn cart, leaving Patton with light injuries. 

The Assassination of a War Hero (cont’d)

 October 13, 1945 was when the collision with the truck occurred. When Patton appeared to be getting better from the accident, the "heart attack" occurred. The fact is that after October 13 only the doctors saw Patton, forbidding any other visitors. Until recently, it was only speculation that Patton had been assassinated. Now it is known for a fact. And it is know for a very simple reason. Because an agent of the well-known OSS (Office of Strategic Services, forerunner for the Central Intelligence Agency, CIA) or American military spy, a certain Douglas Bazata, a Jew of Lebanese origin, announced it in front of 450 invited guests; high ranking, ex-members of the OSS, in the Hilton Hotel in Washington, the 25th of September, 1979. Bazata said, word-for-word: "For divers political reasons, many extremely high-ranking persons hated Patton. I know who killed him. Because I am the one who was hired to do it. Ten thousand dollars. General William [“Wild Bill”] Donovan himself, director of the O.S.S, entrusted me with the mission. I set up the accident. Since he didn't die in the accident, he was kept in isolation in the hospital, where he was killed with an injection." The tragic fate of Patton convinced other colleagues and their honorable compatriots of the uselessness of fighting against the WAR POWERS. And if any doubts remained, the "Morgan case" was enough to dissipate them.

Audie Leon Murphy- Company B, 15th Regiment, Third Division, World War II- The Most Decorated Soldier in American History

World War II Military Casualities USSR 22 million China 11 million Germany 7 million Poland 7 million U.S. 0.5 million Great Britain 0.3 million Japan 1.5 million

Nürnberg Trials

Former Nazi leaders were indicted and tried as war criminals by the International Military Tribunal. The indictment lodged against them contained four counts: (1) crimes against peace—i.e., the planning, initiating, and waging of wars of aggression in violation of international treaties and agreements; (2) crimes against humanity—i.e., exterminations, deportations, and genocide; (3) war crimes—i.e., violations of the laws of war; and (4) “a common plan or conspiracy to commit” the criminal acts listed in the first three counts.After 216 court sessions, on 1 Oct 1946, the verdict on 22 of the original 24 defendants was handed down. (Robert Ley committed suicide while in prison, and Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach’s mental and physical condition prevented his being tried.) Three of the defendants were acquitted; Hjalmar Schacht, Franz von Papen, and Hans Fritzsche. Four were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years: Karl Dönitz, Baldur von Schirach, Albert Speer, and Konstantin von Neurath. Three were sentenced to life imprisonment: Rudolf Hess, Walther Funk, and Erich Räder. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death by hanging. Ten of them, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart, were hanged on 16 Oct 1946. Martin Boormann was tried and condemned to death in absentia, and Hermann Göring committed suicide before he could be executed.

Nuremberg Trials – Hitler's most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists brought to trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace and war crimes by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson.

Post War Quiz

1. What war hero was assassinated by the predecessor of the CIA—the OSS?

2. What was the importance of Midway Island battle?

3. What was island hopping?

4. What legal proceedings were held after WWII to try Nazis for war crimes?