Presentation Plus! Glencoe World Geography Copyright © by The McGraw–Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send.

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Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

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GLENCOE DIVISIONGlencoe/McGraw–Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, Ohio 43240

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Exploring Geography

Section 2 The Geographer’s Craft

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Write a journal entry describing the part of the world in which you live–its physical features, plant and animal life, and people. Think about how your observations are similar to and different from the ways a geographer looks at the world.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Terms to KnowExploring Geography

• absolute location • hemisphere • grid system • relative location • place • region

• formal region • functional region • perceptual region

• ecosystem

• movement

• human-environment interaction

• location


• North Pole • South Pole

• Prime Meridian

• Equator

Places to LocateExploring Geography

The Elements of Geography• Geographers are specialists who

describe Earth’s physical and human features and the interactions of people, places, and environments.

(pages 19–20)(pages 19–20)

When is it useful to know the absolute location of a place? When is it useful to know its relative location?

Absolute location is useful for a team of explorers trying to find a ship that had sunk, like the Titanic, for example.

Relative location is useful for giving directions to travelers.

The World in Spatial Terms (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


(pages 20–21)(pages 20–21)


Places and Regions

• A region, larger than a place, is a group of places that are united by shared characteristics.

• A formal region, or uniform region, is an area defined by a common characteristic.

• A place is a particular space on Earth with physical and human meaning.

(page 21)(page 21)


Places and Regions (cont.)

• A perceptual region is defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data.

• A functional region is a central place and the outlying areas linked to it by transit systems, for example.

(page 21)(page 21)

Physical Systems• Physical systems–volcanoes, floods, and

hurricanes–shape the earth’s surface.

(pages 21–22)(pages 21–22)


Human Systems• People affect the earth by settling it,

forming societies, and migrating.

• People also move goods and ideas to new places.

(page 22)(page 22)

What historical movements of people and ideas have changed the United States?

Possible answer: Native American societies were greatly changed when Europeans began to settle North and South America. Forced migration of African Americans, waves of European immigrants in the late 1800s, the westward movement across North America, legal and illegal immigrants from Latin America, and Asian immigration following the Vietnam War have also changed the United States.

Human Systems (cont.)



(page 22)(page 22)

• People affect the environment by clearing or planting forests, building industries and cities, and hunting animals.

• Features of the environment such as mountain ranges and deserts often pose barriers to human migration.


Environment and Society

(page 22)(page 22)

How can people overcome the physical obstacles of their environment?

People can fly planes over mountain ranges. They can build tunnels through mountains for roads or railroads. They can clear paths and build roads through forests. They can build bridges, dams, and canals.

Environment and Society (cont.)



(page 22)(page 22)

What can a geographer tell you about your environment?

Possible answers: Geographers can describe a place’s land [flat, mountainous] and water [salt or fresh]. They can also give the distances between all the places in a region, and can describe the temperatures and precipitation levels at different seasons of the year. Geographers can also interpret population patterns and explain cultural relationships.

The Uses of Geography (cont.)



(page 22)(page 22)

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. the study of human activities and their relationship to the cultural and physical environments

__ 2. a particular space with physical and human meaning

__ 3. the exact position of a place on the earth’s surface

__ 4. the complex community of interdependent living things in a given environment

__ 5. ongoing movement of people, goods, and ideas

A. location

B. absolute location

C. hemisphere

D. grid system

E. relative location

F. place

G. region

H. formal region

I. functional region

J. perceptual region

K. ecosystem

L. movement

M. humanenvironment interaction

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

M

F

B

K

L

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.



__ 6. half of a sphere or globe, as in the earth’s Northern and Southern Hemispheres

__ 7. a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data

__ 8. a central point and the surrounding territory linked to it

__ 9. a specific place on the earth

__ 10. a region defined by a common characteristic, such as production of a product




A. location


C. hemisphere

D. grid system


F. place

G. region

H. formal region



K. ecosystem

L. movement


C

J

I

A

H


__ 11. pattern formed as the lines of latitude and longitude cross one another

__ 12. place united by specific characteristics

__ 13. location in relation to other places




A. location


C. hemisphere

D. grid system


F. place

G. region

H. formal region



K. ecosystem

L. movement


D

G

E

Critical Thinking

Categorizing Information Consider the physical and human factors that constitute a region. Identify the differences among formal, functional, and perceptual regions.

A formal region is defined by a common feature. A functional region is a central place and its surroundings. A perceptual region is defined by an image.



Analyzing Diagrams

Location Study the diagram on the right. In which hemispheres is Africa located?



Africa extends into all four hemispheres: Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western.

Applying Geography

Relative Location Write a paragraph that describes the relative location of your school in at least five ways. In what instances might relative location be more useful than absolute location? In what instances might absolute location be more useful?

Close

Write a paragraph to introduce geography to younger students. Reread “A Geographic View” on page 19 of your textbook as a model for descriptive language that sparks interest.

The Geographer’s Craft

• Identify the major branches of geography and the topics each branch studies.

• Describe the research methods geographers use.

• Discuss the relationship of geography to other subject areas.

• List the kinds of geographic careers that are available today.

Objectives



• human geography • meteorology • cartography

• geographic information systems (GIS)

Terms to Know• physical geography

The Geographer’s Craft

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.


Cartography, or mapmaking, began to develop in the Age of Exploration. Explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan drew rough maps of the lands they found across the Atlantic Ocean. By the early 1500s, European maps showed entire unexplored continents between Europe and Asia.

Branches of Geography

• Human geography, or cultural geography, studies human activities and their relationship to the environment.

• Physical geography focuses on the study of Earth’s physical features.


(pages 23–24)(pages 23–24)

What kinds of questions would you ask a physical geographer? A cultural geographer?

Sample questions: Physical: Where are the world’s tallest mountains?

Cultural: Which languages are most commonly spoken worldwide?

Record your questions and look for answers as you study various world regions.



Branches of Geography (cont.)

(pages 23–24)(pages 23–24)


Geographers at Work

• Sometimes geographers rely on aerial or satellite photographs.

• Mapping Cartographers are people who design and make maps–graphic representations of places and regions and more complicated information about the relationships of people, places, and things.

• Direct Observation Going to a geographic location to see what it is like is direct observation.

(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)



Geographers at Work (cont.)

(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)



• Statistics Geographers use statistics to present data, find patterns, and study populations.

• Interviewing Cultural geographers often interview the people whose activities they study.

(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)




(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)


• Technology Geographers use advanced technology–satellite photos, radar, and geographic information systems (GIS)–to study the environment, the weather, and human settlement patterns.

(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)

Why do geographers often rely on maps rather than on verbal descriptions?

Geographers rely on maps because they can show a great deal of information quickly. For example, maps may show relative distances, elevation, crops, population, and resources at a glance. Verbal descriptions take much longer to read.




(pages 24–26)(pages 24–26)


Geography and Other Disciplines

• Culture Human geographers study sociology and anthropology to learn how people have interacted with their environment over time.

• History and Government Geographers study history and government to understand changes that have taken place over time.

(pages 26–27)(pages 26–27)

• Economics Geographers study economics to understand how the location of resources affects the ways people make, transport, and use goods and provide services.

Geography and Other Disciplines(cont.)

(pages 26–27)(pages 26–27)

What other areas of study might be useful to geographers? Explain.

Possible answers: Knowledge of biology would help a physical or cultural geographer interested in the environment. Knowledge of literature, especially travel diaries and journals, would provide eyewitness accounts of how places looked at certain times in history.



Geography and Other Disciplines(cont.)

(pages 26–27)(pages 26–27)

Geography as a Career• Knowledge of geography helps people

who work in many other fields.

(page 27)(page 27)

Name a job in which it would be helpful to understand geography. Explain.

Possible answers: A travel agent needs to inform clients about climates and weather so they can make the best travel plans. A director who wants to shoot a film in the desert needs to know what access he or she will have to necessary supplies and housing and to weather information.

Geography as a Career (cont.)



(page 27)(page 27)


__ 1. the science of mapmaking

__ 2. the study of human activities and their relationship to the cultural and physical environments

__ 3. computer tools for processing and organizing details and satellite images with other pieces of information

__ 4. the study of weather and weather forecasting

__ 5. the study of Earth’s physical features

A. physical geography

B. human geography

C. meteorology

D. cartography

E. geographicinformationsystems (GIS)




D

B

E

C

A

Critical Thinking

Predicting Consequences What might happen if an economic geographer did not interview citizens when preparing a city transportation plan?



The plan may not reflect the needs and travel patterns of the citizens and may be unsuccessful.



Critical Thinking

Making Inferences What kinds of geographers might be employed by a manufacturing company?

A manufacturing company might employ economic geographers or environmental specialists.



Critical Thinking

Making Generalizations How does the study of other disciplines help geographers in their work as countries become increasingly interdependent?

Using many disciplines helps geographers contribute effective solutions.

Analyzing Maps

Place Study the map of the United States in the Reference Atlas on pages RA6–RA7 of your textbook. What kinds of information can you learn from this map? How does the information on this map differ from the map on pages RA8–RA9 of your textbook?

Applying Geography

Research Methods As a geographer working on a plan for a new community center, what research methods would you use? Explain your choices in a paragraph.

Close

Write an employment ad describing your dream job in the field of geography.

• Geographers study the earth’s physical and human features and their interrelationships.

• Geographers use absolute and relative locations as reference points.

• Geographers identify three types of regions–formal, functional, and perceptual.

• Geography contributes knowledge about the relationships among human activities, the earth’s physical systems, and the environment in order to develop a better future.

Key Points


Section 1: Exploring Geography(pages 19–22)

• Geographers use special research skills, such as direct observation, mapping, interviewing, statistics, and technology.

• Studying other social sciences helps geographers analyze the patterns and relationships among these different fields.

• Geographers can specialize and may work in government, business, science, planning, or education.


Key PointsSection 2: The Geographer’s Craft

(pages 23–27)



Reviewing Key TermsInsert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.

1. Plants and animals depend on one another in a(n) ___________________.

2. Geographers use a(n) ___________________ formed by lines of latitude and longitude to determine ___________________ .

ecosystemgrid system

absolute location

absolute location cartographyecosystem formal regiongrid system human geographyphysical geography relative locationgeographic information systems (GIS)



Reviewing Key Terms

3. ___________________ is the study of the human aspects of geography.

4. A(n) ___________________ has boundaries determined by a common characteristic.

5. Another name for mapmaking is _____________.

formal region

cartography

Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.

Human geography





6. ________________ is expressed in relation to other places.

7. Computer tools that process data and satellite images with other pieces of geographic information are called ________________________________.

Relative location

geographic information systems (GIS)





8. _________________ focuses on the study of the earth’s physical features. Physical geography




How do geographers determine the locations of places?

Geographers determine the location of places by using the latitude/longitude grid or by locating places in relation to other places.

Reviewing FactsSection 1: Exploring Geography



What are the three types of regions identified by geographers?

The three types of regions are formal, functional, and perceptual regions.




Why do geographers study human systems and human-environment relationships?

Geographers study human systems and human-environment relationships to understand how the earth affects and is affected by human activity so that informed decisions can be made.




What are two ways that every place on the earth can be located?


The two ways every place on the earth can be located are by describing its absolute location or its relative location.



How do physical and human geography differ?

Physical geography is the study of the earth’s physical features. Human geography focuses on human activities in relation to the physical world.

Reviewing FactsSection 2: The Geographer’s Craft



What research methods do geographers use?

Geographers use direct observation, mapping, interviewing, statistics, and technology as research methods.




What other subjects do geographers study?

Geographers also study history and government, culture, and economics.




Critical Thinking

Summarizing the Main Idea How do geographers use the elements of geography to study the earth?

The elements of geography help geographers organize information about the earth and learn about geographic events and patterns.



Critical Thinking

Making Inferences What subjects might you study in order to become an urban planner? Explain.

Possible answer: One might study geography, statistics, economics, architecture, and urban design to become an urban planner.

Critical Thinking

Predicting Consequences Consider the many ways that technology has affected the way people live and work. Then imagine that you have become a geographer of the future. How do you think technology will change the way you work?



Locating PlacesMatch the letters on the map with the places and physical features of the earth.

__1. North America

__2. South America

__3. Africa

__4. Asia

__5. Europe

__6. Antarctica

__7. Australia

__8. Atlantic Ocean

__9. Indian Ocean

__10. Pacific Ocean

B

A

D

E

C

G

F

I

H

J

Use the circle graph below and your knowledge of geography to answer the following questions.

1. Which ocean covers the smallest area of the earth’s surface?

A Atlantic

B Indian

C Pacific

D Arctic



Test–Taking Tip Study the information shown on the circle graph for the areas of the earth covered by land and by oceans. Then compare the relative sizes of the different graph segments. By comparing the segments you will be able to determine the correct answers.

2. Which ocean covers about as much of the earth’s surface as land does?

F Indian

H Arctic

G Pacific

J Atlantic



Test–Taking Tip Study the information shown on the circle graph for the areas of the earth covered by land and by oceans. Then compare the relative sizes of the different graph segments. By comparing the segments you will be able to determine the correct answers.



Why are international time zones determined from the time at the Royal Naval Observatory at Greenwich, England (Greenwich Mean Time)?

Time zones are determined at the Royal Naval Observatory because the Prime Meridian passes through Greenwich.

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

Nighttime photographs taken from space capture population patterns by showing blazes of light where people live.

Saving Ecosystems with Maps Scientists show habitat loss and endangered species on color-coded maps that can be used to convince individuals, corporations, and politicians to support conservation and preservation efforts.

Global Culture Music, food, and entertainment are crossing traditional boundaries. “World Music” is a growing musical category, and new “fusion” cuisines blend foods from different countries.

Understanding Graphs

Graphs are visual representations of statistical data. Large amounts of information can be condensed when presented in graphs. Studying graphs allow readers to see relationships clearly.

Learning the SkillThe three main types of graphs present numerical information. Line graphs record changes in data over time. The vertical axis (y–axis) shows units of measurement, and the horizontal axis (x–axis) shows intervals of time. Bar graphs use bars of different lengths to compare different quantities. Circle graphs show the relationship of parts to a whole as percentages. To understand a graph:

• Read the graph title to identify the subject.

• Study the labels to understand the numerical information presented.



Learning the Skill


The three main types of graphs present numerical information. Line graphs record changes in data over time. The vertical axis (y–axis) shows units of measurement, and the horizontal axis (x–axis) shows intervals of time. Bar graphs use bars of different lengths to compare different quantities. Circle graphs show the relationship of parts to a whole as percentages. To understand a graph:

• Study the information presented and the use of colors and patterns.

• Compare the lines, bars, or segments, and look for relationships in order to draw conclusions.


Practicing the SkillStudy the graphs to answer these questions.

1. Line graph What is the difference in population between the low and high projections?

2. Bar graph In which decade did migration cause the least change in population.

The difference between low and high projections is three.

Migration caused the least change in population during the 1930s.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answers.



Practicing the Skill

3. Circle graph What percent of immigrants to the United States in the 1990s came from Europe?

4. What general population trends do the three graphs show?

Thirteen percent of immigrants to the United States in the 1990s came from Europe.

Study the graphs to answer these questions.

The graphs show an increase in world population, a growing effect of migration on population change, and growing numbers of Asian and Latin American immigrants to the United States.




Charts

The Hemispheres

The Global Grid

Jobs in Geography

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