Presentation (pdf format) - University of South Australia

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University of SA

Innovation & Invention in Biodiversity Conservation:Opportunities for the Application of Spatial Science

David Bruce

School of Natural & Built Environments and Barbara Hardy InstituteUniversity of South Australia

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SPATIAL SCIENCESpatial Science – the science relating to spatial data

measurement, collection, storage, analysis and visualization

Strait of Magellan – Magellan 1630http://www.victory-cruises.com/magellan.html

Quintant SextantUSGS n.d.

Sokkia DT20C Total StationSokkia n.d.

GPS msts of volcanic swelling Tanna

Harrison’s H4http://www.rmg.co.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.10776

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Starting at the end: Google EarthA confluence of:• Petabytes of satellite &

aerial imagery• Advanced image

compression technology• Elevation data• Geographical Information

Systems (GIS)• 3D Objects• Terrestrial photos• The Internet• ……..• Massive databases

All free to view and some free to download

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Google Earth

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Google Earth

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Google Earth

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DataBases in Google Earth

Global Biodiversity Information Facility

http://www.gbif.org/

GBIF Example

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DataBases in Google EarthGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility (over 321M records)http://www.gbif.org/

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DataBases in Google EarthGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility (over 321M records)http://www.gbif.org/

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DataBases in Google EarthGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility (over 321M records)http://www.gbif.org/

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THE CONNECTOR Geography - X, Y, Z, T

X, Y, Z – based on an Earth Centre (where ever that is!)

T – intimately connected to x, y, z (Einstein) but so important in the Biodiversity record

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A confluence of spatial technologies:applications to biodiversity recording

GNSS

Imaging

Visualization

Scanning

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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

All systems utilize the concept of trilateration to determine X,Y, Z position (with respect to an Earth centre) by measuring time (distance / time) from a series of orbiting satellites.

Trilateration: determinationof position from 3 or moredistances – not triangulation

http://www.romsaf.org/billeder/fix_rotation.gif

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GNSSGNSS – Global Navigation Satellite Systems

A series of satellite constellations utilized for Earth positioning. These include:

• Global Positioning System (GPS) – USA• Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema

(GLONASS) – Russia• Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) – Japan• Galileo – European Union• BeiDou (Compass) Navigation Satellite System – China• Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) –

India

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GNSSThe number of GNSS satellites will increase from

approximately 30 to over 100 by 2015

http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/preparing-next-generation-the-multi-gnss-asia-demonstration-campaign-12358

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GNSS Increase in GNSS satellite numbers

Increase in GNSS frequencies (provides for ionosphereicdelay modelling)

Provision of a permanent “differential” signal (DGNSS)

….. will lead to cm (X,Y, Z) precision in small mobile devices

The benefits to biodiversity site recordingare immense

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REMOTE SENSING

Digital images and subsequent computer analysis of our Earth from space orbiting satellites.

Provide daily low spatial resolution images of whole planet

Provide high spatial resolution (0.5 – 2m) images of most of the planet every few days

Hyperspectral images provide large number of spectral samples but, at this stage, at lower spatial resolutions from space. From the air they enable veg species mapping

Aerial UAV with sensors now provide very high resolution (cm) multi-spectral imagery of any ground location

http://www.asprs.org/news/satellites/

Where are the sensors in space?

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MODIS image

Remote Sensing – imagery

Landsat image

WorldView 2 image

CASi airborne imagery – Benthic mapping (sea grasses and algae)

Remote Sensing – imagery

(Courtesy: CSIRO L& W)

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Helicopters, Quadrocopters, Hexacopters and Planes – combined with DGNSS, Inertial Navigation Units (INU) and micro-imaging sensors ….. Providing super high resolution multispectral imaging of biodiversity sites, controlled by the site recorder.

New tools for quadrat and transect recording

Remote Sensing – UAV - imagery

Gatewinghttp://www.gatewing.com/Hexacopter

http://diydrones.com/forum/topics/quad-vs-hexa-vs-octo-copter

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New tools for field sampling

3D models of trees, plants and landforms - within minutes of image capture

http://panasonic.biz/sav/broch_bdf/AG-3DA1_e.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZGBJoq0XYs&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

3D Imaging using stereo OTS digital cameras and video

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New tools for field sampling

For example the Creaform – Handyscan 3D MaxScanhttp://www.creaform3d.com/en/default.aspx

Handyscan 3D annual scanning contest – 2007 winner

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZGBJoq0XYs&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

3D Laser scanning combined with terrestrial photogrammetry of natural features

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For example the Creaform – Handyscan 3D MaxScanhttp://www.creaform3d.com/en/default.aspx

New tools for field sampling

Portable laser scanning

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New tools for field samplingAirborne Laser Scanning (ALS) of trees – Dashti 2010ALS flown by Airborne Research Australia (Flinders Uni)

Eucalyptus Camaldulensis

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SummaryVision for the use of spatial and computer science in Biodiversity site recording:• Using X,Y, X (T) as a common link between data /

information• Using positioning and measuring technologies which

significantly improve out data capture• Integrating data / information in large data bases in

which relationships can be created and used for analysis

• Distributing information via the internet – not as papers, PDFs or even Excel spread sheets, but via linked RDBMS

• Visualizing our world

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ReferencesBerni , J.A., P.J. Zarco-Tejada , L. Suárez , V. González-Dugo, E. Fereres, 2009, Remote

Sensing of Vegetation from UAV Platforms Using Lightweight Multispectral and Thermal Imaging Sensors, ISPRS Inter-Commission WG I/V

http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVIII/1_4_7-W5/paper/Jimenez_Berni-155.pdf

Dashti, D. Bruce, J. Hacker , 2011, Individual Tree mapping and Classification Using High Density Airborne LIDAR, International Conference on Sensors & Models in Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, ISPRS WG1/4, Tehran, Iran

Global Biodiversity Information Facilityhttp://www.gbif.org/

Google Earth http://www.google.com/earth/index.html

Sokkia n.d.http://www.newenglandlaser.com/blog/Sokkia.htm

USGS n.d. Multimedia galleryhttp://gallery.usgs.gov/photos/07_22_2009_j51Qi76Hgb_07_22_2009_17