PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT- GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY: RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE) ASSISTANT.

PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE

UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY:

RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE)

ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED)

TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES

INDIA

RAJARAJAN.SB.Tech CSE (Pondicherry Engineering College, 2009) Assistant Systems Engineer Trainee (Recruited to join),

Tata Consultancy Services, India

TARIK TALEB,Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE ComSoc Satellite and Space Communications

Senior Researcher and Standardization Engineer, NEC Europe Networks R&D Labs, Heidelberg, Germany

ABDERRAHIM BENSLIMANE,Senior Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE ComSoc Communication and Information

SecurityProfessor, Laboratoire D’Informatique –Reseaux et Applications Multimedias, University of Avignon, Avignon, France

DYNAMIC CLUSTERING-BASED ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED VANET-3G

HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010

CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL

AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF ART PROPOSED VANET-3G INTEGRATED NETWORK

ARCHITECTURE DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE

RESEARCH REFERENCES INDUSTRIAL AND ACADEMIC R&D PROJECTS SCOPES AND BUSINESS PROSPECTIVES OF

BEYOND 3G NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010


INTRODUCTION TO VANET AND 3G-UMTS NETWORKS

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET): IEEE 802.11p Wireless Local Area Networks Unlicensed Frequency: 5.9 GHz Gross Data Rates: 6 to 27 Mbps Peak Radio Communication Range: 300 metres Total number of channels: 7 ; Channel Frequency : 10 MHz

3G – Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) Wide-area Cellular Network standardized by 3GPP, operated by WCDMA Licensed Uplink Frequency: 1.925 GHz Licensed Downlink Frequency : 2.115 GHz UTRAN Dedicated Channel (dch 4) Data Rates: 384 Kbps (UL), 2 Mbps (DL) UTRAN HSDPA Data Rates: 2 Mbps (UL), 7.2 Mbps (DL) Radio Communication Coverage Range : 8 to 10 km per BST



EXISTING INTERNET CONNECTIVITY IN VANETs

Great deal of momentum for internetworking and providing data connectivity to VANETs

Vehicular Communication is twofold: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication: Communication among vehicles by IEEE

802.11p radio interface Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication: Communication between vehicles and

static roadside infrastructure Gateway APs using DSRC, WLAN. These Static Gateways are in turn connected to wired Internet

Disadvantages of static Gateways: Cost of erecting static roadside infrastructure gateways at fixed distances from one

another Unsuited nature of static Gateways for infrastructure-less and dynamic VANET

scenarios and multi-hop nature of communication Unfavourable during Gateway Handover due to pro-active nature of communication



PURPOSE OF VANET-UMTS INTEGRATION

Provision of seamless data access and inter-networking support to dynamic, infrastructure-less VANET by envisioning VANET – UMTS integration

Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWN): Integration of individual wireless networks for seamless connectivity with co-existence of multiple access techniques.

Multi-hop Beyond 3G Networks: Type of HWN - formed by integration of IEEE 802.11p multi-hop ad hoc networks (VANET) with 3G UMTS

PURPOSE: Coupling high data rates (IEEE 802.11p) with wide range of communication (3G)

facilitates extension of UMTS service coverage over VANET Configuring vehicles with UMTS UTRAN interface enables them connect to internet and

serve as mobile gateways Suited for dynamic, infrastructure-less topologies and multi-hop, reactive nature of

communication in VANET. Facilitation of Gateway Handover and elimination of dead spots in UMTS



PURPOSE OF MOBILE GATEWAYS IN VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK

Gateway: Dual-interfaced intermediate vehicle in VANET that enables data communication between the vehicles in the VANET and backhaul UMTS network

Configuration and enabling of dual interfaces of 3G UMTS and IEEE 802.11p in Gateway vehicles for serving as liaison between VANET and UMTS networks

Research Objectives and related issues: Configuration of mobile gateways with dual interfaces of IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN –

these two networks lie in two different spectrum regions Selection of a minimum number of optimal gateways – To avoid bottleneck at UMTS BST,

save access network resources and reduce hand-off frequencies Performing Gateway Handover – to sustain UMTS service continuity and inter-connectivity

during loss of optimality of serving Gateway Choice of optimal Gateway Discovery Mechanism – to inform all vehicles of the multi-hop

VANET about the Gateway. Pro-active (Periodic GWADV): Less Delay ; High Overhead Reactive (On-demand GWSOL): Less Overhead ; High delay



PURPOSE OF CLUSTERING IN VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK

Clustering : Grouping of vehicles based on similar characteristics to differentiate between ordinary and gateway vehicles

Tendency to enhance stability of links among vehicles, essential during broadcast of control packets and advertisement messages

Research Objectives and Issues: Performing Dynamic clustering – To adapt to the

infrastructure-less and dynamic environment of VANET Classification of vehicles – To account the various

related vehicular metrics and characteristics for optimal grouping

Computation of Time to Live (TTL) values – To effectively handle broadcasting of control packets and advertisement messages within clusters



OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE

“ An efficient routing protocol for connecting vehicular networks to the Internet ”, S.Barghi et al. [1]: Selection of route with the longest lifetime to connect VANET to the wired network, by defining LET

and RET metrics Stationary/Mobile vehicles and purely stationary gateway. Pro-active communication between

vehicles and fixed gateways “ Neighbourhood Fish-Eye State Routing ”, T. Taleb et al. [2]:

Metric information such as hop-length or path-stability of the neighbour nodes are collected with the help of routing updates disseminated to retain stability

A node is a neighbour if a path with minimum reliability to the node exists.

“ Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages ”, A. Benslimane et al. [4]: Achieves stability and reliability via efficient dissemination of alarm messages to relay nodes in risk

zones Relaying performed by vehicle with minimum ‘defer-time’, which is the time for which re-

broadcasting is delayed by a vehicle, receiving control packet or advertisement message




“Towards an Effective Risk-Conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”, K.B.Latieif et al. [5]: Cluster-based risk-aware collaborative vehicular collision avoidance system Clustering of vehicles based on velocities, direction of movement and inter-vehicular

distances “A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET networks”, A.

Jamalipour et al. [6]: Addresses issues of path disruptions or link-breakage caused by vehicle’s mobility prior

to the event’s occurrence Grouping according to the movement directions to establish stable single-hop/multi-hop

paths “A Novel Multi-hop Beyond 3G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management

in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, S.Rajarajan et al. [13]: Integration of MANET with UMTS for anytime, anywhere seamless data access




Dual-interface configuration, Multi-metric Adaptive Selection and Migration of Gateways Metrics include residual energy, UMTS signal strength and mobility speed Evaluation of the proposed AGMMB3G with existing HWN architectures

“Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, Usman Javaid et al. [16] Combines pro-active and reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms Description of advertisement interval and zone configuration, corresponding to number of

hops “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for

interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, B. Singh et al. [17] BST handover support – based on signal strength and distance for interoperability in

mobile cellular networks Initiation algorithm for intersystem (i.e. 2G GSM and 3G UMTS) handover based on

combining geographical location of mobile terminals and signal strength thresholds.



ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE

SGSN GGSN

RNCInternet Global Servers

Ordinary Vehicle

Gateway Candidate

GatewayBST

3G Active RegionCL 1.1 CL1. 2

CL 2.2 CL2.1Moving Direction

Moving Direction



ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK

Individual networks in the envisioned HWN: IEEE 802.11p-based infrastructure-less VANET 3G UMTS cellular network

Components of UMTS network: Base Station Transceiver (BST): UMTS Node B. Communication with the mobile clients

via UTRAN interface Radio Network Controller (RNC): Co-ordinates radio resources for BST Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Performs routing within the core components and

network switching functions. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Communication with external network and

performs packet-switching within UMTS IP Global servers are the data sources and vehicles are the mobile data clients One or more BSTs according to ITS system management.



3G ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES

3G Active Region : Region within VANET where UMTS Received Signal Strength (RSS) is profound/intense (Greater than a pre-defined SSTh) – A portion of UMTS coverage region

Gateway Candidates (GWC): Vehicles in VANET, equipped with both IEEE 802.11p and UMTS UTRAN interfaces, lying within or moving into the 3G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Enabled on GWCs

Ordinary Vehicles (OV): Vehicles in VANET, that are either not equipped with IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN interfaces, or not lying within or moving into the 3G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Either unequipped or disabled on OVs

Selection of minimum number of optimal gateways per direction to enable VANET communication with UMTS. UTRAN interface is activated only on the gateways to communicate with the UMTS BST

Advantages of having minimum number of optimal Gateways: Reduce bottleneck at UMTS BST by minimizing unnecessary allocation of additional

UTRAN channels to vehicles during their short time of existence in VANET© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010


DUAL-INTERFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE GATEWAY

VANET GATEWAY

3G UMTS UTRAN INTERFACE (DCH – IV)

BANDWIDTH

384 Kbps (UPLINK RATE)

2.0 Mbps (DOWNLINK RATE)

0.1Mbps BASIC RATE

1.925 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCY

2.115 MHz DOWNLINK FREQUENCY

IEEE 802.11p INTERFACE

6 to 27 Mbps PEAK DATA RATE

1 Mbps BASIC RATE

5.9 GHz FREQUENCY

802.11p NETWORK

UTRAN interfaceMVMV



DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs

Increase in the stability of inter-vehicular links within the VANET for effective broadcasting and relaying of messages

Three stages of dynamic clustering: On the basis of Direction of Movement On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range Election of Cluster Head (CH) and Computation of Time-to-Live (TTL)

On the basis of Direction of Movement Relative to the position of the UMTS BST Relative to Cartesian Space

On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength Grouping of Gateway Candidates (GWCs) and Ordinary Vehicles (OVs)

On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range Formation of groups consisting of chain of vehicles and their one-hop neighbours.



ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT

-STAGE I Two phases:

Direction of movement relative to the position of the UMTS BST Towards the BST Away from the BST

Direction of movement in Cartesian Space Formation of M directional groups by splitting

the transmission range R of vehicles into M transmission angles (D1, D2, … DM) of equal degrees (360/M)

Each transmission angle – corresponding to each directional group

Each group characterized by vector SN = (Cos θN , Sin θN ) where θN denotes angle of inclination in Cartesian Space

Usage of GPS device to determine angle of inclination θN and determine the vector co-ordinates (SN ) in Cartesian Space DIRECTION

DIR

EC

TIO

N

DIR

EC

TIO

N

DIRECTION



ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II

UMTS RSS – better consistency than metrics such as mobility speed

Along a particular direction of movement, the UMTS RSS either increases or decreases consistently irrespective of velocity

Higher speed towards the BST – higher is the rate of increase in UMTS RSS

Higher speed away from the BST – higher is the rate of decrease in UMTS RSS

UMTS RSS at time instant t, towards BST:

RSSt = RSSt-1 + (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a) UMTS RSS at time instant t, away from BST:

RSSt = RSSt-1 - (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a) In general,

v = 0

v = vmax

RSS = RSS0 + ∫ (1 – e-v/a)dv

DIRECTION

DIRECTION

DIR

EC

TIO

N

DIR

EC

TIO

N

SC1

SUB-CLUSTER

3G ACTIVE REGION

GWC



Vehicles, formed in Stage I, that are equipped with both UTRAN and IEEE 802.11p interfaces and lying within or moving into 3G Active Region, receive intense UMTS RSS (greater than pre-defined SSTh) and form GWC sub-cluster. UTRAN interface is enabled on GWCs, in addition to activated IEEE 802.11p.

Remaining vehicles are OVs. Activated only with IEEE 802.11p interface.

ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II

Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) vMAX

UM

TS

Signal S

trength (R

SS

)

RSS0

v0

Slope ASlope B

RSS0

UM

TS

Signal

Strength (R

SS

)

Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) vMAX0

Slope ASlope B



CLUSTERING ON THE BASIS OF IEEE 802.11P WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

RANGE Pair of GWCs whose inter-vehicular

distance is less than or equal to their IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission range form a new sub-cluster or join an existing sub-cluster if one of the GWCs is already a member of the sub-cluster

Transmission Range of GWC vehicle is determined as follows: R = Tr . (1 – Є)

-where,

R – Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle

Tr – Peak Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle

Є – Wireless Channel Fading condition

DIRECTION

DIRECTION

DIR

EC

TIO

N

DIR

EC

TIO

N

SC1

SC2

SUB-

CLUSTER© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010


ELECTION OF CLUSTER HEAD AND COMPUTATION OF TTL

Distributed Approach: GWC1 and GWC5 – Border GWCs of the sub-cluster (formed in Stage III) Identification of borders as leading and trailing edge GWCs of the sub-cluster Leading edge (L.E) GWC – No neighbour behind it Trailing edge (T.E) GWC - No neighbour in front of it L.E GWC communicates that its status and its GPS

co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front The neighbour calculates its relative distance from

L.E GWC and transmits this information along with its GPS

co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front

(R.D + GPS co-ordinates) This continues till the information reaches the T.E GWC.

The T.E GWC thus calculates its Relative Distance from the L.E. GWC and re-broadcasts this information along with its GPS co-ordinates

This continues till the re-broadcast message reaches the middle vehicle in the cluster (identified to be approximately (closest to) half of the R.D of the T.E. GWC)

Further re-broadcasting is not done and this vehicle claims itself to be the CH of the cluster TTL (TTLc): Computed as the maximum hop distance between the CH and the border-edge GWCs

CH

GWC1

GWC5

TTLc=2

TTLc=2



MULTI-METRIC ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT

Gateways: Intermediate vehicles which serve as a liaison between VANET and UMTS

Mobile Adaptive Gateways to support dynamic, infrastructure-less, reactive and multi-hop communication nature of GWs

3 stages of Gateway Management include: Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Selection:

To select minimum number of optimal CHs as Gateways, per direction, to enable VANET communicate with the backhaul UMTS network

Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Handover: To perform handover of the serving gateway to one or more optimal gateways when the serving

gateway loses its optimality Gateway Discovery/Advertisement

To inform vehicles of the VANET about the Gateway by adopting Hybrid Gateway Discovery Computation of TTL for the CH and vehicular source in VANET



MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM

Begin Algorithm 11. A source broadcasts GWSOL message within the VANET . Dynamic Clustering is performed in 3 stages, as explained above2. When receiving GWSOL by a vehicle If (VEHICLE_TYPE = CH or GWC) Then 2.1. Transmit metric information of CH containing the three metrics Xi (i=1..3): RET with source, UMTS RSS and MOBILITY_SPEED 2.2. Discard duplicate GWSOL messages from the same source (if any). Else 2.3. Forward GWSOL to all vehicles in the next hop in the same direction and so on, till GWSOL reaches at least one of the GWCs in each sub-cluster, reachable from the source. End If3. When receiving a reply, 3.1. The source calculates the scaled metric Yi . For each metric Xi of the CH, where 1< i < 3 do:



If (Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then

Else If (Xi[CRITERION] is NEGATIVE) Then

End If

End For

3.2. The source calculates the weight of each CH by:

4. The source determines the CH with the maximum Weight and selects it as the GATEWAY

5. The source broadcasts information about the GATEWAY within the VANET


Xi – Xmin Yi = Xmax - Xmin

Xmax – Xi Yi = Xmax - Xmin

3WCH = ∑( Xi[PRIORITY_FACTOR] * Yi ) i = 1



6. The GATEWAY activates its 3G UTRAN interface in order to communicate with the UMTS BST

7. For every new ACTIVE_SOURCE do 7.1. If ((UMTS_RSS > SSTh ) and (RET with New ACTIVE_SOURCE > RETTh)) Then

7.1.1. New ACTIVE_SOURCE continues with the same GATEWAY

Else

7.1.2. Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for selecting a new GATEWAY

End If

End For

End Algorithm 1

Note: 1. There cannot be any common GWC as a neighbour to any 2 sub-clusters

2. RETn-1 = min{LETi,i+1}, i = 1,…,n – 1

a = vi cos θi – vj cos θj ; b = xi – xj ; c = vi sin θi – vj sin θj ; d = yi – yj


- ( ab + cd ) + √( a2 + c2 ) R2 – ( ad – bc )2

LETij = a2 + c2



CHaGW

ADAPTIVE GATEWAY HANDOVER – THE PROCESS

METRIC REQUEST

METRIC RESPONSE

LOSS OF OPTIMALITY

NEW GW

COMPUTATION AND COMPARISON OF WEIGHTS (FOR MORE THAN ONE METRIC RESPONSE)

GWC

S

GWC

CHaGWCGW

GWC

METRIC REQUEST

METRIC REQUEST

METRIC REQUEST

METRIC RESPONSE

METRIC RESPONSE

ELECT Cha AS THE NEW GW AND INFORM VANET BY HYBRID DISCOVERY



MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY HANDOVER

Begin Algorithm 2

For the current serving gateway GW with respect to its sources,1. If (SS[GW] < SSTh) Or (RET[GW] < RETTh) Then

1.1. Broadcast METRIC_REQUEST solicitations for new gateways

1.2. Receive METRIC_REQUEST from some CHs

1.3. Determine Gateway-Elects as the list of CHs with the maximum weight using

MMGSA, with respect to each of its ACTIVE_SOURCE

1.4. Forward new incoming transactions to Gateway-Elects

1.5. Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery and Advertisement mechanism to inform

vehicles about the Gateway-Elects

End If

2. Gateway-Elects become serving gateways and send acknowledgement to the old

gateway GW End Algorithm 2



GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS

PRO-ACTIVE Periodic Broadcast of GATEWAY ADVERTISEMENT (GWADV) message

by the GATEWAY Less Delay More Overhead

s

G

GWADVGWADV

GWADV

GWADV



GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...Contd

REACTIVE On-demand Broadcast of GATEWAY SOLICITATION (GWSOL) message

by Active Sources of MANET requiring data transfer Less Overhead More Delay

s

G

GWSOLGWSOL

GWSOL

GWSOL



GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...(Contd)

HYBRID Integration of Pro-active and Reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms Periodic Broadcast of GWADV by Gateway and On-demand Broadcast

of GWSOL by Active Sources in MANET Less Overhead Less Delay Requires Configuration of GWADV zone and time interval

s

G

GWADV

GWSOL

GWADVGWSOL



GATEWAY DISCOVERY/ADVERTISEMENT

Hybrid Gateway Discovery – combining the pro-active and reactive mechanisms for less delay and overhead

CH and elected GW broadcast periodic Cluster Advertisement (CA) and GWADV messages within the cluster using the TTLc

From the CA/GWADV, every other GWC within the cluster knows metric information about CH: RET with the source(s), UMTS RSS and mobility speed of VANET

Now, a vehicle which wants to become a vehicular source needs to broadcast reactively the on-demand GWSOL using TTLs

TTLs – Computed as maximum of the hop distances between source and its nearest GWC (one-hop further from the last OV i.e. OVn), and between the source and the first OV in the VANET, so that the GWSOL reaches the OV and the immediate GWC

Sufficient if the GWSOL reaches the GWC and not CH as GWC of the cluster knows information about its corresponding CH

TTLs = Max (d( s , OV1 )

Rs

, (d( s , OVn )

Rs

+ 1 ) )



ILLUSTRATION OF HYBRID GATEWAY DISCOVERY IN VANET-3G

INTEGRATED NETWORK AND LEMMA A Vehicular source has the maximum RET with the CH of the nearest cluster Source S has RET equal to 0 with the CH of the any other clusters existing beyond

the reachable cluster as there will not be a neighbour GWC between any 2 clusters.

CL 1.1

CL 2.2Moving Direction

BST

TTLs TTLcCL 1.2



SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

A. NS2 SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR VANET

Parameters Values

Area 8000 x 1000 m2

Channel Channel/

WirelessChannel

Propagation Model Propagation/

Nakagami

Network Interface Phy/

WirelessPhyExt

MAC Interface Mac/802_11Ext

Peak Wireless Transmission Range

300 m

Interface Queue Type

Queue/DropTail/

PriQueue

Parameters Values

Interface Queue length 20 packets

Antenna Type Antenna/

OmniAntenna

Routing Protocol AODV

No. of vehicles 50

Peak mobility speed 30 ms-1

Mobility Model 300 m

UMTS RSS Threshold -94 dBm

Transport Layer Protocol & Application

TCP/Newreno

Packet Size 1 KB© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010


UMTS SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Parameters Values

Uplink Frequency 1.925 GHz

Downlink Frequency 2.115 GHz

Peak Uplink Channel Bit Rate 384 Kbps

Peak Downlink Channel Bit Rate 2 Mbps

Wireless Transmission Range of UMTS BST 7 km

UMTS Node B – RNC Data Rate 622 Mbps (TTI: 1 ms)

RNC – SGSN Data Rate 622Mbps (TTI: 1 ms)

SGSN – GGSN Data Rate 622 Mbps (TTI: 10 ms)

GGSN – external IP Host Data Rate 10 Mbps (TTI: 15 ms)

Node B Interface Queue Length 20 packets



EVALUATION PARAMETERS

EVALUATION PARAMETERS: Packet Delivery Ratio Throughput Control Packet Overhead Packet Drop Fraction Delay

METRICS CONSIDERED FOR EVALUATION: VANET vehicular sources Mobility speed variance IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission range of vehicles Number of clusters in VANET at an instance



RESULTS

2 4 6 8 10

50

55

60

65

70

75

DYMO in in-

tegrated

VANET-In-

ternet

AODV+ in

MGSA

AODV in

CMGM

Number of vehicular sources in VANET

Da

ta P

ack

et D

eliv

ery

Ra

tio (

%)

2 4 6 8 10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

DYMO in in-

tegrated

VANET-In-

ternet

AODV+ in

MGSA

AODV in

CMGM

Number of vehicular sources in VANETC

on

tro

l Pa

cke

t Ove

rhe

ad

(%

)

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13.78%

IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 18.01%


IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 23.39%© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010


RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+: 18.79%(T),2.96%(A)

IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 22.75%(T),10.65%(A)

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 16.71%(T) 22.2%(A)

IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 24.97%(T) 29.45%(A)



RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 2.62

IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 10.74

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 11.68

IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 16.62© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010


RESULTS


IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 16.4%


IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 5.09%© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010


RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 5.67%IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 9.17%



CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Envisioning a novel VANET – UMTS Integrated Network Architecture involving route stability, mobility and signal strength features.

Dynamic Clustering mechanism to: Group vehicles moving in the same direction Differentiate between Gateway Candidates and ordinary vehicles Enhance Stability by grouping vehicles and their neighbours into clusters Elect Cluster Head and enable CH communication with rest of the GWCs

Adaptive Gateway Management to: Select minimum number of optimal and adequate gateways to avoid bottleneck at BST Perform gateway handover at times of loss of optimality of the serving gateways Discover the newly-elected Gateways within the VANET

To incorporate Collision Avoidance mechanism as risk-aware factor during clustering, as future work by defining a critical “inter-vehicular distance” among vehicles

To enable QoS for differentiating services according to vehicular priorities



REFERENCES

1. S. Barghi, A. Benslimane, and C. Assi, “An Efficient Routing Protocol for connecting Vehicular Networks to the Internet”, in Proc.10th IEEE Int’l Symp. on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Kos, Greece, Jun. 2009.

2. M. Scholler, T. Taleb, and S. Schmid, “Neighborhood Fish-Eye State Routing”, in Proc.20th PIMRC, Tokyo, Japan, Sep. 2009.

3. M. Gerla, X. Hong, and G. Pei. “Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc Networks”, Internet Draft draft-ietf-manet-fsr-03, Jun. 2002.

4. A. Benslimane, “Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET)”, LNCS Springer Berlin/Heidelberg High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications, Vol. 3079, pp. 655 - 666, Sep. 2004.

5. T. Taleb, A. Benslimane, and K.B. Letaif, “Towards an Effective Risk-conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov. 2010. (to appear)

6. T. Taleb, E. Sakhaee, A. Jamalipour, K. Hashimoto, N. Kato, and Y. Nemoto, “A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol.56, No. 6, pp.3337 - 3347, Nov. 2007



REFERENCES

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9. C. Bergese, A. Braun, and E. Porta, “Inside CHAUFFEUR,” in Proc. 6th ITS World Congr, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 1999.

10. L. Andreone and C. Ricerche, “Activities and applications of the vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication to enhance road safety,” in Proc. 5th Eur. Congr. Exhib. ITS, Hannover, Germany, Jun. 2005.

11. R. Kruger, H. Fuler, M. Torrent-Moreno, M. Transier, H. Hartenstein, and W. Effelsberg, “Statistical analysis of the FleetNet highway movement patterns,” University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, Tech. Rep. TR-2005-004, Jul. 2005.

12. W.-B. Zhang, H.-S. Tan, A. Steinfeld, B. Bougler, D. Empey, K. Zhou, and M. Tomizuka, “Implementing advanced vehicle control and safety systems (AVCSS) for highway maintenance operations,” in Proc. 6th Annu. World Congr. ITS, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 1999.



REFERENCES

13. R. Manoharan, S. Rajarajan, S. Sashtinathan, and K. Sriram, “A Novel Multi-hop B3G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks,” in Proc. 5th IEEE WiMob 2009, Marrakech, Morocco, Oct. 2009.

14. A. Lo, J. Zhou, I. Niemegeers, “Simulation-based Analysis of TCP over beyond 3G Cellular Multi-Hop Networks”, In Proc 17th IEEE PIMRC, Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 2006.

15. F.P. Setiawan, S.H. Bouk, and I. Sasase, “An Optimum Multiple Metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration”, In Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008.

16. U. Javaid, D.-E. Meddour, S.A. Mahmud, T. Ahmed, “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, In Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008.

17. T. Murray, M. Cojocari, and H.Fu, “Measuring the performance of IEEE 802.11p using ns-2 Simulator for Vehicular Networks,” In Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), Ames, IA, May 2008.



REFERENCES

18. L.E. Hodge, S.C. Ghosh, S. Hurley, R.M. Whitaker, S.M. Allen, “Coverage and Service Bounds for UMTS”, In Proc. International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications, and Systems, Yilan, Taiwan, Sep. 2008.

19. B. Singh, “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, In Springer Netherlands Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 879 - 887, Apr. 2007

20. “Overview of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems”, http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htm

21. K. Fall and K. Varadhan, “The ns Manual”. available at http://wwwi.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html

22. L. Paquereau, “A Module-Based Wireless Node for Multi-channel Multi-interface support in NS2 – Notes and Documentation”, Center for Quantifiable Quality of Service in Communication Systems, Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway – Laurent Paquereau Edition, Mar. 2007



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23. N. Baldo, F. Maguolo, M. Miozzo, M. Rossi, and M. Zorzi, “ns2-MIRACLE: a modular framework for multi-technology and cross-layer support in network simulator 2”, In Proc. 2nd International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and tools, Value Tools, Nantes, France, Oct. 2007.

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25. A. Hamidian, “A Study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad hoc Networks in NS2”, Masters Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, LTH at Lund University, Feb. 2003.

26. C. Sommer, and F. Dressler, “The DYMO Routing Protocol in VANET Scenarios”, in Proc.66th IEEE VTC, Baltimore, MD, Sep. 2007.



INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON INTER-VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION

Allocation of spectrum for Inter-vehicular Communication (IVC) and Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) by Federal Communications Commission

Inter-vehicular Communication Projects by Governments and Industries: Toyota BMW Daimler-Chrysler

Projects on Intelligent Transportation Services in IVC Advance Driver Assistance Systems Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership Chauffeur in EU CarTALK 2000 FleetNet California Partners for Advanced Transmit and Highways (California PATH)

INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON BEYOND 3G NETWORKS

Major R&D funding for 3G and Beyond 3G Networks from EU-SPICE Project, Europe – Focus upon UMTS and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) 3G technology

SPICE Project – European effort in Telecoms research called Wireless World Initiative (WWI)

Funding from EU’s Sixth Framework Programme for research Major Partner Industries (24) in EUROPE:

France Telecom-Orange Alcatel-Lucent Nokia Siemens Networks Ericsson R&D Fraunhofer Institute NEC Europe Network R&D Labs, Germany

Standardization by ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union) in association with 3GPP

3G IN INDIA

CDMA2000 1xEVDO technology – Multiplexing technique operation for: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – Time Division Duplexing

Contrast to Wide-Band CDMA (WCDMA) – Frequency Division Duplexing 3G and 3G-ready service operators in India:

BSNL MNTL Tata Indicom (Tata Telecommunications – tie up with NTT-DoCoMo for deploying 3G

infrastructure) Reliance

Tata’s role in 3G services – Tata Photon Plus : High-speed mobile broadband CDMA2000 1xEVDO USB device for high speed data packet access/transfer upto 3.1 Mbps (Reliance NetConnect Plus is a competitor)

TCS Innovation Labs – Convergence: R&D in UMTS, WiFi, IMS, WiMAX, NGN

PUBLICATIONS AND HONOURS

• PUBLICATION– A.Benslimane, T.Taleb, S.Rajarajan, « Dynamic Clustering-Based Adaptive Mobile Gateway

Management in integrated VANET-3G Heterogeneous Wireless Networks », IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication (JSAC) – Special Issue on Vehicular Communication Networks, Submitted on 5th Jan 2010

• HONOURS FROM THE INTERNSHIP:– Requested by IEEE JSAC editorial committee to be a reviewer for the journal, in the area of Next-

Generation Vehicular Communication Networks. Indication from IEEE JSAC that the committee believes our paper as an expertise research work in our domain, after skimming through the paper. A big honour at B.Tech level, at the age of 21, having mentioned my designation as a student (-Accepted the honour)

– Secured a bi-monthly internship stipend of € 2400 Euros sanctioned by EGIDE Group of Institutions, Government of France.

– Encouraged by one of the session chairs of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010 to submit the conference version of the research to have it published in IEEE GLOBECOM, Hawaii, Dec 2010. Prof. Benslimane has asked me to present the research work in GLOBECOM on behalf of our research team (-Awaiting till March for official confirmation of the invited publication)

– Proposal by Dr. Tania Jimenez, Co-Author of the book – NS2 for Beginners, to co-author a few chapters on the latest MIRACLE, UMTS and WAVE patches and simulation scripts of NS2 due to my knowledge and experience on them (-Shelved the offer due to time constraints)

FUTURE RESEARCH INTERESTS AND PROPOSALS

Incorporating risk-aware collision avoidance in our envisioned dynamic clustering-based Adaptive Mobile Gateway Management in integrated VANET-UMTS Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Extending our architecture and methodologies to support 4G Long Term Evolution LTE and enable Quality of Service by DiffServ (Differentiating services by varying priority of the metrics considered in our current architecture)

Optimization of Next-Generation Access Networks (Multi-hop B3G, 4G LTE, WiMax) with IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) (-Dream Research)

QUERIES??

THANK YOU

PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT- GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY: RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE) ASSISTANT.

Documents

networks vanet

ieee comsoc communication

integrated vanet

gumts networks vehicular

vanets vehicular communication

confidential slide

vehicle v2v communication

purpose of vanet