Presentation on mammal`s

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Presentation on:

Classification of Mammals

Introduction To Mammals

The mammals from the phylogenetically “highest” group of vertebrate animalkingdom.

It is known that true mammals did emerge by 125 millions years ago,approximately 40 million years after ‘mammalia formes’ , mammal liketherapsids.

The term “mammal” refers to the Greek words ”Mammae” which meansmammary glands

They include the moles ,bats, rodents, cats ,monkey, whales, horse ,deer andhumans other living forms ,besides a host extinct species and orders.

Mammals include 5400 species (15,000 sub species) and 34 orders.

Simple Layout of Class Mammals

Mammalia

Subclass 1 :Prototheria Subclass 2:Theria

Infraclass 1 Eotheria Infraclass 2 Ornithodelphia Infraclass 3 Allotheria Infraclass 2 Metatheria Infraclass 3 EutheriaInfraclass 1 Pantotheria

Order-1TriconodontaOrder-2 Docodonta

Order-3 Monotremata Order-4 Multituberculata Order-5 SymmetrodontaOrder-6Trituberculata

Order-7 Masupialia

Order-8 InsectivoraOrder-9 DermopteraOrder-10 ChiropteraOrder-11 PrimatesOrder-12 TillodontiaOrder-13 TaeniodontaOrder-14 EdentataOrder-15 PholidotaOrder-16 LagomorphaOrder-17 RodentiaOrder-18 CetaceaOrder-19 CarnivoraOrder-20 PinnipediaOrder-21 CondylarthraOrder-22 LitopternaOrder-23 NotungulataOrder-24AstrapotheriaOrder-25TubulidentataOrder-26 PantodontaOrder-27 UintatheriaOrder-28 PyrotheriaOrder-29 Proboscidea

Order-30 EmbrithopodaOrder-31 HyracoideaOrder-32 SireniaOrder-33 PerissodactylaOrder-34 Artiodactyla

General characters Have mammary glands.

Have hair and fur on the body.

Mammals are endothermic vertebrates.

Brain highly developed, Cranial nerves 12 pairs.

Four chambered hearts.

Have sebaceous (fat secreting glands), sudoriferus (sweat), and scent glands.

Have heterodont dentations (different types of teeth).

Possess diaphragm.

Possess one single jaw bone.

Respiration always by lungs (pulmonary).

Fertilization internal preceded by copulation.

Subclass-1: Protheria

Infraclass1: Eotheria (Extinct)

Order :1 Triconodonta (Extinct)

Carnivores

Cat-sized

Dental formula : I4 C1P(3-4)M(4-5)

I4 C1P(3-4)M(4-5)

with 3 subequal cusps in line. Fig: Triconodon

Ex. Triconodon.

.

Order: 2 Docodonta (Extinct)

Probably omnivorous.

Cat- sized.

Dental formula : I3 C2P10M8

I3 C2P10M8

Ex: Docodon.

• Fig: Docodon.

Infraclass-2: Ornithodelphia (living)

Order: 3 Monotremata (Living)

head

Egg laying mammals. web

No external pinna or ear. horny beak

Teeth only in young ,adults with

horny beak.

Mammary glands without nipples.

Ex. Ornithorhynchus.

Fig: Ornithorhynchus

Infraclass-3: Allotheria (Extinct)

Order:4 Multituberculata (Extinct)

Herbivorous, beaver like

Analogus to placental rodents in size and

function. Fig:Taeniolabis

Highly specialized and varied form.

Dental formula : I1+/1 C0P0M2/3

I1+/1 C0P0M2/3

Ex. Ptilodus , Taeniolabis.

Fig:Ptilodus

Subclass 2: Theria

Infraclass1: Pantotheria

Order :5 Symmetrodonta (Extinct)

Carnivores.

Moderate-sized. Dental formula : I3 C1P3M7

I3 C1P3M7

molars symmetrically triangular Fig: Hadrocodium

Ex. Eurylambda ,Hadrocodium

Order:6 Trituberculata (Extinct)

Carnivores

Small-sized

Only jaws known,

Dental formula: I4C1P4M7-8

Molars asymmetrically triangular

in shape.

Fig: Dryolestida

Ex.Melanodon, Dryolestida

Infraclass 2:-Mertatheria

Order :7 Marsupialia (Living)

Marsupial or broad pouch strong hind

present in females. limb

Mammary glands are strong tail

sebaceous and bearing nipples. Fig: Macropus

Incisor teeth not equal

in the two jaws.

Viviparous.

Ex. Macropus

Fig. Macropus

Infraclass 3: Eutheria

Order: 8 Insectivora (Living)

Small and furry animal.

Snout usually long and tapering. nostril

Teeth sharp and pointed. clawed digit

Dental formula : I3 C1P4M3

I3 C1P3M7 Nocturnal and terrestrial.

Ex. Talpa

Fig:Talpa

Order :9 Demoptera (Living)

Commonly known as “flying lemurs”

Nocturnal in habit.

Incisor teeth 2/3.

Fore limbs equal and included with a tail.

Ex. Cynocephalus

Fig:Cynocephalus

Order: 10 Chiroptera (Living)

Commonly known as

“true flying lemurs”

Fore limbs are modified for flight.

Hind limbs are weak having Fig: Desmodus

clawed digits.

Eyes are small, ears have large pinnae.

Teeth are sharp.

Dental formula: I2/3 C1/1P3/3M3/3 claw

I2/3 C1/1P3/3M3/3 wing

Ex. Desmodus, Pteropus

Fig: Pteropus

Order :11 Primates (Living)

Completely hairy and generally

arboreal mammals.

Head turns readily on neck.

Limb bones separate, freely

jointed.

Hands and feet often enlarged,

each with five distinct digits.

Mode of walking is plantigrade. Fig: Ateles

Ex. Torsius, Ateles (spider monkey)

Order :12Tillodontia (Extinct)

Skull long, brain case small.

Two pairs of rootless incisors,

cannines minute, molars, low-crowned.

Feet plantigrade, 5 toed, claws large.

Ex.Tilotherium

Fig :Side-view of the skull of Tillotherium fodieus, with the lower jaw displaced downwards, one-fourth of the natural size.

Order :13 Taeniodonta (Extinct)

Early forms small, like insective.

Teeth rooted, enamel covered.

Later types larger, skull short and deep.

One pair of incisors, canines large, molars peglike, no roots, scant enamel.

Ex. Stylinodon, Conorytes

Fig:Stylinodon

Order: 14 Edentata (Living)

Includes large fossil ground

sloths and glyptodont.

Feet have well developed claws.

Teeth present or absent.

If present incisors and canines

are always absent. Fig: Bradypus

Ex. Bradypus, Dasypus.

Fig:Dasypus

Order :15 Philodota (Living)

Body covered by large over-lapping horny scales.

Hairs are found between scale.

Snout elongated. scales

Teeth are entirely absent.

Nocturnal and burrowing in habits. external ear

The limbs are short bearing five digits. nostril

Ex. Manis (Pangolin)head

tail

Fig: Manis

Order :16 Lagomorpha (Living)

Small to moderate sized mammals.

Two pairs of incisors are present in

the upper jaw, canine absent. pinna

Tail short. head

Soles of feet are hairy, toes bear claws. eye

Ex. Orictolagus. (Rabbit) fore

limb

Fig: Orictolagus

Order:17 Rodentia (Living)

Usually small mammals.

Limbs small ,usually with 5 toes and claws .

Incisors single pair, long chisel like ,

canines entirely absent.

Exa. Rattus rattus (Rat) Fig:Rattus rattus

Callosciurus (Squirrel) tail

pinna

neck

Fig: Callosciurus

Order :18 Cetacea (Living)

Medium sized to very large aquatic mammals.

Body usually spindle-shaped and fish like.

Head long often pointed without neck.

Eyes are minute.

Ex. Megaptera, Orcinus (killer whale)

Fig:Orcinus

Order :19 Carnivora (Living)

Small to large, terrestrial, arboreal or aquatic.

Teeth usually sharp, incisors small, usually 3/3, canine 1/1.

Small toes usually five.

Ex. Panthera tigris (Tiger)

Canine teeth

Fig: Panthera

Fig: Hunting tiger

Order :20 Pinnipedia (Living)

Marine carnivores.

Size medium to large, body spindle-shaped.

Limbs flipper or paddle shaped, used in swimming.

Tail is very short.

Ex. Otario (Sea-lion)

Fig: Otario

Order :21 Condylarthra (Extinct)

Primitive ungulates, some with cannies.

Cheek teeth with pointed cusps.

Some small-bodied.

Ex. Phenacodus.

Fig: Fossil of Phenacodus

Order :22 Litopterna (Extinct)

Of ungulate form, some to sized of camel.

Toes three or one with hoofs.

Upper incisor present

Cheek teeth are well developed, with folded enamel.

Ex. Thoatherium

Fig: Fossil of Thoatherium

Order: 23 Notoungulata (Extinct)

Form varied, rabbit sized to 6m long.

Some heavy-bodied. Digit grade, mostly three-toed, with claws.

Teeth varied, incisors large in some, upper molars incurved.

Ex. Toxodon

Fig: Toxodon

Order :24 Astrapotheria (Extinct)

Small to large.

No upper incisors, canines and molars large.

Toes five digitigrades.

Ex. Astrapotherium.

Fig:Astrapotherium

Order: 25 Tubulidentata (Living)

Body stout, some what a pig like, covered with sparse hairs.

Snout is very long and tubular.

Ears long ,erect and pointed.

Permanent teeth fewer, no incisors and canine, enamel absent.

Exa: Orycteropus

ear

Fig: Fossil of Orycteropus Fig: Orycteropus

Order:26 Pantodonta (Extinct)

Medium- sized

Limbs short, feet broad, hoofed.

Canines large, Cheek teeth with looped ridge.

Ex. Pantolambda.

Short limb

Fig: Pantolambda

Order:27 Dinocerata (Extinct)

Size and form of rhinoceros.

Skull long with horn-like bony growths.

Canines large, upper molars double-crested.

Ex. Uintatherium

Canine teeth

Fig: Uintatherium

Order:28 Pyrotheria (Extinct)

Elephant-like in size and form.

Incisor chisel like.

Ex. Pyrotherium.

Fig :Pyrotherium

Order:29 Proboscidea (Living)

Largest and highly specialized terrestrial mammals.

Skin thick and sparsely covered with hairs.

Flexible muscular proboscis present.

Eyes are small and ears are large.

Legs are large and pillar like.

Ex. Elephas large ear

trunk

Fig:Elephas

Order:30 Embrithopoda (Extinct)

Size of rhinoceros.

Forelimbs shorter than hindlimbs.

Toes 5,apreading

Small pair on frontals.

Teeth equal- sized.

Ex. Arsinotherium.

Fig:Arsinotherium

Order:31 Hyracoidea (Living)

Small rabbit like animals with split snout.

Ears are short and tail is much reduced.

Dental formula : I1/2 C1/0P4/4M3/3

I1/2 C1/0P4/4M3/3 .

Four digit in the fore limbs and

three in hind. Fig: Procavia

Ex. Procavia, Hyrax

Order:32 Sirenia (Living)

Aquatic mammals commonly known as “sea cows”

Body stream lined or spindle-shaped.

Forelimbs modified as peddles, hind limb absent.

Teeth with enamel.

Tail flattened with lateral flukes.

Ex. Helicore ,Trichechus peddle

Fig: Trichechus

Order:33 Perissodactyla (Living)

Large-sized hoofed mammals.

Teeth are lophodont. head

Legs long foot with odd number of toes.

Ex. Equas cabellus (Horse)

hair

Fig: Equas

Order:34 Artiodactyla (Living)

Terrestrial and aquatic mammals.

Fore and hind limbs bear two rarely four digits.

Teeth selenodont or bunodont.

Anters or horns often present on head. Teeth

Ex : Camelus, Hippopotamus.

Fig:Hippopotamus

Reference

Storer, T.I, Usinger, R.L, Stebbins, R.C and Nybakken, J.W. 1983, General Zoology, 6th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, Bombay-New Delhi, Page (794-805)

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