Report: NORTHERN REGION FARM MACHINERY TRAINING & TESTING INSTITUTE HISAR(HR) One Month Summer Training Under Guidence: r.Sunil Patil .Gurjeet singh Submitted By: Saurabh kumar
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Report:
NORTHERN REGION FARM MACHINERY TRAINING &
TESTING INSTITUTE HISAR(HR)One Month Summer
TrainingUnder Guidence:
Er.Sunil PatilEr.Gurjeet singh
Submitted By:Saurabh kumar
Presentation
OF
Presented BySaurabh
Badhautiya
ENGINE
ENGINE IS THE HEART OF THE AUTOMOBILE
IT CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY OF THE FUEL TO MECHANICAL ENERGY
• ENGINE DEVELOPS POWER & TORQUE
TORQUE : - Is the capacity to do work Measured in Kg-m , N-m , Lb-ft
POWER : - How fast the work can be done Measured in - Horse Power, Kilo watt
Main components of the engine• Cylinder Head• Engine block• Oil pan / sump• Gaskets• Cylinder• Piston,pistonrings,piston pin• Connecting rod• Crank shaft• Main Bearings• Camshaft• Valves• Mufflers• Manifolds
Engine produces the powerFUEL
COMBUSTION..
HEAT GENERATION .AIR EXPANTION.
PRESSURE GENERATION.
PISTON MOVEMENT
Engine layout
FF : Front Engine Front Drive
FR : Front Engine Rear Drive
MR : Midship Engine Rear Drive
RR : Rear Engine Rear Drive
Lengthwise type Breadthwise type
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
1.Based on construction* Two stroke engine* Four stroke engine2.Based on Ignition* Spark Ignition engine* Compression Ignition engine3.Based on number of cylinder* Single cylinder* Twin cylinder* Three cylinder* Four cylinder* Six cylinder etc
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
4.Based on arrangement of cylinder* Inline engine* V-Type* Opposed type* Radial type
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
5. Based on fuel used• Petrol engine • Diesel engine• Gas engine6. Based on cooling system• Air cooled engine• Water cooled engine
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
7.Based on number of valves• Conventional type – 2 valves per cylinder• Recent type- 3 or 4 valves per cylinder8.Type of valve arrangement• Side valve• Over Head valve
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINES
By type of Ignition - Compression Ignition/Spark Ignition
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Diesel engines• Use diesel fuel • Combustion is initiated by heat, on its own
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
• Basically Petrol engines, LPG engines, CNG engines• Use leaded or unleaded petrol, Alcohol, LPG or CNG• Combustion is initiated by a spark from a spark plug
ENGINEFUEL WORK
COOLING
EXHAUST
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY = OUTPUT% INPUT
100%
33%
33%
33%
TYPICAL EFFICIENCIES
PETROL - 25%DIESEL IDI - 28-30%DIESEL DI - 32-33%
INPUT OUTPUT
ENGINE PARAMETERS
STROKE, mm
BORE,mm
CYLINDER CAPACITY,cc
ENGINE CAPACITY, cc = CYL. CAPACITY ( II/4 x D2x L) X No OF CYLUNITS - cc - Cubic centimeter - Lit - Liters = cc/1000
CLEARANCE VOLUME
ENGINE PARAMETERSBORE, mm : The diameter of the cylinder
STROKE, mm : The distance between top most point of piston travel to the bottommost point of piston movement
CAPACITY, cc : Also called displacement. The volume displaced by all pistons while moving from top to bottom. Also indicated in Liters.
CLEARANCE VOLUME : The volume available above piston, with the piston in top most point.
COMPRESSION RATIO : The ratio between the total volume to the clearance volume.
VALVE MECHANISM : The mechanism by which the valves are operated. It could be push rod type or overhead camshaft type
TIMING SYSTEM : The mechanism by which the camshaft & fuel injection pump are operated . It could be gear driven, chain driven or belt driven.
ENGINE PARAMETERS
• IHP or IP=PLAN/4500The power produced inside the engine by
burning of air-fuel mixture • BHP or BP=2iiNT/4500It is the amount of power available for useful
work at flywheel• FHP or FP=IHP - BHPIt is the difference between IHP and BHP
ENGINE PARAMETERS
Top Dead Centre (T D C)It refers to the position of the crank shaft when
the piston is in topmost position (Position closest to the cylinder head)
Bottom Dead Centre (B D C)It refers to the position of the crank shaft when
the piston is in lowest position (Position farthest to the cylinder head)
DIESEL ENGINEDIESEL ENGIENS ARE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES & USE DIESEL FUEL
DIESEL ENGINES ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS DIRECT INJECTION (DI) AND INDIRECT INJECTION (IDI)
DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE (DI)
ON DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED DIRECTLY ON TOP OF THE PISTON.
• Highly fuel efficient• Noisy• Easy cold starting ability
INDIRECT INJECTION ENGINE
ON INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES, FUEL IS SPRAYED ON TO A SEPERATE PRE-CHAMBER.
• Less fuel efficient• Less Noisy/smoother• Requires pre-heating for starting
DIESEL ENGINESIndirect Injection
• In an indirect injection (abbreviated IDI) diesel engine, fuel is injected into a small prechamber, which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow opening.
• The initial combustion takes place in this prechamber.
• This has the effect of slowing the rate of combustion, which tends to reduce noise.
An indirect injection diesel engine uses a prechamber and a glow plug.
Four stroke Engine
Almost all Tractors currently use all 4 strokes of operation is completed in two revolution of crank shaft
called a four-stroke combustion cycle to convert Diesel into motion. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, in honor of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. The four strokes are :
Suction stroke.Compression stroke.Power stroke.Exhaust stroke.
General Definitions
Stroke
Piston movement
In Open
Ex Close
Action
Valve position
TDC to BDC
Suction
Air is sucked in
Stroke
Piston movement
In Close
Ex Close
ActionAir is
compressed
Valve position
BDC to TDC
Compression
Stroke
Piston movement
In Close
Ex Close
ActionDiesel is
injected & explosion
Power
TDC to BDC
Valve position
Stroke
Piston movement
In Close
Ex Open
Action
BDC to TDC
Exhaust
Exhaust is out
Valve position
CONSTRUCTION OF AN ENGINECYLINDER BLOCK
TDC Top Dead Centre - the highest point the piston crown reaches.
BDC Bottom Dead Centre - the lowest point the piston crown reaches.
Bore It is the Internal diameter of the liner. Stroke Length from BDC to TDC.
General Definitions
Swept Volume Volume swept by piston from BDC to TDC.
Clearance Volume Volume above the piston crown when the piston is at TDC.
Swept Volume + Clearance Volume Compression Ratio = --------------------------------------------------- Clearance Volume
General Definitions
Oil sump
• It is the lower part of the engine• Which contains lubricating oil for engine
lubrication• It encloses the crank shaft
Piston and Connecting rod
Flywheel
The flywheel is equipped to the transmission side of the crankshaft to maintain the smooth rotation using inertia force and to reduce the irregularity of the rotational force.
Cam and Camshaft
The cam drives the valves operation opening and closing the intake port for inhaling the mixture of fuel into the combustion chamber and the exhaust port for taking out the combusted gas.
Firing order sequence
2 cylinder 1 – 2 mahindra3 cylinder 1 – 3 – 2 mahindra
1 – 3 – 4 – 2 mahindra1 – 2 – 4 – 3
5 cylinder 1 – 2 – 4 – 5 – 31 – 5 – 3 – 6 – 2 – 41 – 5 – 3 – 6 – 2 – 41 – 2 – 4 – 6 – 5 – 31 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 3 – 2
1 – 6 – 2 – 5 – 8 – 3 – 7 – 41 – 3 – 6 – 8 – 4 – 2 – 7 – 51 – 4 – 7 – 3 – 8 – 5 – 2 – 61 – 3 – 2 – 5 – 8 – 6 – 7 – 4
4 cylinder
6 cylinder
8 cylinder
Inli
ne
En
gin
e
Remember, life is short. Laugh hard, smile often,appreciate the beauty in all things and be thankfulfor every day you get!
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