e-Waste Trends and Assessment in Mumbai At Multi-stakeholder workshop on e-waste Management, Mumbai Presentation by: Dr. Ajay Deshpande Regional Officer, I/c PCI-II Maharashtra Pollution Control Board November 28, 2006
e-Waste Trends and Assessment in Mumbai
AtMulti-stakeholder workshop on e-waste Management,
Mumbai
Presentation by:
Dr. Ajay DeshpandeRegional Officer, I/c PCI-II
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
November 28, 2006
WHAT IS ELECTRONIC WASTE
Electronic Waste (E-Waste) comprises of
waste electronic goods which are not fit for
their originally intended use. These range
from household appliances such as
refrigerator, air conditioner, cellular phone,
personal stereos and consumer electronics to
computers.
IS IT HAZARDOUS WASTE ? E-Waste contains several different substances
and chemicals, many of which are toxic and are
likely to create adverse impact on environment
and health, if not handled properly. However,
classification of E-waste as hazardous or
otherwise shall depend upon the extent of
presence of hazardous constituents in it.
TOXIC CONSTITUENTS
CONSTITUENTS COMPONENTS
Lead and cadmium Printed circuit boards
Lead oxide and Cd Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
Mercury Switches & flat screen monitors
Cadmium Computer batteries
PCB Capacitors and transformers
Brominated flameretardant
Printed circuit boards, plasticcasings cable
PVC Cable insulation / coating
ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH HAZARDS
Computer /E-WasteComponents
Process PotentialOccupational Hazard
PotentialEnvironmentalHazard
Cathose raytubes (CRTs)
Breakingremoval ofcopperyoke anddumping
Silicosis
Cuts from CRT glassin case of implosion
Inhalation or contractwith phosphorcontaining cadmiumor other metals
Lead, Barium andother heavy metalsleaching intogroundwater,release of toxicphosphor
Contd..
Printed circuitboards
De-solderingandremovingcomputerchips
Tin and leadinhalation
Possible brominateddioxin, beryllium,cadmium, mercuryinhalation
Air emission ofsame substances
Dismantledprinted circuitboardprocessing
Openburning ofwasteboardsthat havehad chipsremovedto removefinalmetals
Toxicity to workersand nearby residentsfrom tin, lead,brominated dioxin,beryllium, cadmiumand mercuryinhalation
Respiratory irriation
Tin and leadcontamination ofimmediateenvironmentincluding surfaceand groundwaters.Brominateddioxins beryllium,cadmium andmercury emissions
Contd..
Chips andother goldplatedcomponents
Chemicalstrippingusing nitricand hydro-chloricacid alongriverbanks
Acid contact witheyes, skin may resultin permanent injury.
Inhalation of mistsand fumres of acids,chlorine and sulphurdioxide gases cancause respiratoryirritation to severeeffects includingpulmonary edema,circulatory failure anddeath
Hydrocarbons,heavy metals,brominatedsubstances, etc.,dischargeddirectly into riverand banks.
Acidifies theriver destroyingfish and flora.
Contd..
Plastics fromcomputer andperipheralse.g. printerskeyboards,etc.
Shreddingand lowtemperatu-re meltingto bereutilizedin poorgradeplastics
Probable hydrocarbon,brominated dioxin andheavy metal exposure.
Emissions ofbrominated dioxinsand heavy metalsand hydrocarbons
Computerwires
Openburning torecovercopper
Brominated andchlorinated dioxin,polycyclinc aromatichydrocarbons (PAH)(carcinogenic)exposure to workersliving in the burningworks area.
Hydrocarbonashes includingPAHs dischargedto air, water andsoil.
Contd..
Miscellaneo-us computerpartsencased inrubber orplastic e.g.steel rollers
Openburning torecoversteel andothermetals
Hydrocarbon includingPAHs and potentialdioxin exposure
Hydrocarbonashes includingPAHs dischargedto air, water andsoil.
Tonercartridges
Use ofpaint-brushes torecovertonerwithoutanyprotection
Respiratory tractirritation
Carbon blackpossible humancarcinogen
Cyan, yellow andmagenta tonersunknown toxicocity
Cyan, Tellow andmagenta tonersunknown toxicity
Contd..
Secondarysteel orcopper andpreciousmetalsmelting
Furnacerecoverssteel orcopperfromwasteincludingorganics
Exposure to dioxinsand heavy metals
Emission ofdioxins and heavymetals.
Removal and smelting of e-Waste
POLLUTION PROBLEMS
E-Waste Scrap
Melting in open pit furnace without APC (wood/charcoal/oil)
Fugitive emission
Slag & Ingot Sale
Pulverizer Dust
Ash & Metallic Recirculation
Mixed with acid in reactor
Contd..
Filtration
Cu sol. & Mud (HW) Disposal
Fe-fillings
Cu & supernatant Liquid effluent
Heating in open (wood) to remove water
Cu & CuO is recovered
Examples of Pollution
Plastic Shredding:
In 01: Computer Plastic ABS
P 01: Shredder used for Shredding
P 02: Washing in water for dust Removal
In 02: Electricity and Human Labour
Ou 03: Washed Plastic
In 03: Water and Human Labour
Ou 02: Contaminated Water
Ou 01: Shredder Plastic
P 03: Sun DryingOu 04: Plastic Send
for Grain Making
POSITION OF ELECTRONIC WASTES
(a) HW Rules, 1989 Not covered in Schedule 1. Schedule 2 can be
applied in case of their disposal. Schedule 3 entry at Sl.No. A1180 : waste electrical
and electronic assemblies (For EXIM). Schedule 3 entry at Sl.No. B1110 : electrical and
electronic assemblies not valid for direct reuse but for recycling (For EXIM).
(b) Basel A 1180: Annex I (Cd, Hg, Tb, PCB) to exhibit
Annex III. B 1110: Mirror entry of A1180
FINDINGS STATED IN REPORT BY BAN
50 to 80% E-wastes collected are exported forrecycling by U.S. Export is legal in U.S.
Export is due to cheaper labour and laxedstandard in poor countries.
E-waste recycling and disposal in China, Indiaand Pakistan are highly polluting.
China has banned import of E-waste.
Lack of responsibility on the part of FederalGovernment and Electronics Industry,Consumers, recyclers and local governmentstowards viable and sustainable options fordisposal of E-wastes.
International Scenario
Scenario of WEEE Generation in India{Top ten States}
Sr.No States WEEE Tones/Yr
1 MAHARASHTRA 20270.592 TAMIL NADU 13486.243 ANDHRA PRADESH 12780.334 UTTAR PRADESH 10381.115 WEST BENGAL 10059.366 DELHI 9729.157 KARNATAKA 9118.748 GUJARAT 8994.339 MADHYA PRADESH 7800.6210 PUNJAB 6958.46
Top ten cities
CITY WEEE (Tonnes)/year
MUMBAI 11017.1
Ahemadabad 3287.5
Banglore 4648.4
Chennai 4132.2
Delhi 9730.3
Hyederabad 2833.5
Kolkata 4025.3
Nagpur 1768.9
PUNE 2584.2
Surat 1836.5
Contd…
INTERVENTION REQUIRED
1. Policy
2. Technical
3. Financial
4. Implementation & capacity building
INITIATIVES OF CPCB
• Participation in Basel
• Expert Group on HWM
• Need assessment study
• Indo German Collaboration
• INDO - SWISS Study / Workshop
Efforts made by MPCB for e-Waste management
• A National working group constituted by CPCB for managing e-Waste in India. Member Secretary, MPCB is the member of this Group
• MPCB conducted Public consultation meeting for e-Waste management in Maharashtra on 22.09.2006.
• Decision taken to carry out Rapid e-Waste assessment study for Maharashtra
• MPCB formed an Expert Committee on e-Waste management
• UNEP agreed to extend partial financial assistance totaling US $ 12000 for this study
• EMPA (Swiss Agency) has offered technical support to carry out the e-waste assessment study
• UNEP has released US $ 6000 to MPCB on 16 Jan 2006 for this study.
Contd..
• The Terms and References for e-waste Assessment study prepared
• Invited Expression of Interest from the consulting agencies for carrying out e-Waste Assessment study in MMR and Pune and Pimpari- Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Areas
• Three consultants short listed and given Tender Documents
• Time frame is fixed for carrying out the assessment study i.e. Six month
• Technical and Financial Bids are evaluated• LoI issue to successful Bidder
Contd…
• Service agreement has signed with consultant on 17 May 2006
• Study has started in June 2006• Amount of Rs. 3,67,490 released by MPCB
as a first installment to consultant on 19.6.2006
• Consultant has submitted the Inception Report to MPCB
• Preliminary report is expected shortly.
e-Waste Assessment Study Objectives
• Assessment of existing and future quantity of WEEE in MMR and Pune and Pimpari Chinchwad Municipal Corporation areas
• Assessment of existing recycling methods being followed for WEEE
• Assessment of whether the WEEE recycling is currently posing any major environmental problems/ risks now or likely to pose the environmental problems in future
• Assessment of capacities/capabilities of existing stakeholders and infrastructure required for WEEE management
• Assessment of environmental and social sustainability of present system
• Assessment of the e-trade economics
e-Waste Management
• Management of E waste can be done by – Waste Reduction– Volume Reduction– Sustainable Product Design– Recovery, reuse and recycling