Presentation in CPM

Republic of the PhilippinesNueva Ecija University of Science and TechnologyCabanatuan CityCollege of EngineeringReport in CE 53!Construction "ethod and Project "anage#ent$Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsChapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations(ntroductionIn our report, we will examine the methods, materials and operations used in the construction of traditionally built houses, and some systems of plumbing and lightning. Also we will discuss about the external works outside the building.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations(ntroductionTopics to be discussed:FoundationallsFloors!oofs"uttering#oinery Fittings$lumbing%lectric &upplyInsulation of 'uildings%xternal orksChapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations'bjectivesAfter studying this report you should be able to:( explain the rele)ance to your work of a knowledgeof building methods and materials*( explain the basic principles of construction for the main parts of a building* ( identify some common building problems which occur in dwellings*( describe some approaches to remedying common defects.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations%)olution of +onstruction ,ethods and -perationsIn this section we shall be looking at how we arri)ed at currentconstruction techni.ues, and the materials used in contemporarybuildings./$rincipal influences/The enormous economic, social, and technological changes of thelast hundred years ha)e affected the ways in which buildings areconstructed, and the methods used in their de)elopment. Theseare some of the main influences for change in building like:( +hanging social and economic conditions, including thechanges caused by wars.-0ew materials and technologies.- 1egislation, including building bye(laws and regulations.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations%)olution of +onstruction ,ethods and -perations/1egislati)e framework/The connection between poor housing and health led to a number of Acts of $arliament from the 2ictorian era onwards whichestablished basic re.uirements for sound housing conditions.These re.uirements included:( ade.uate sanitation,( ade.uate water supply,( freedom from damp,( ade.uate natural light,( ade.uate )entilationChapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations%)olution of +onstruction ,ethods and -perations/3ousing Today/&ince the end of the 45s, Authorities ha)e turned away from the industriali6ed approach and yet there has been anincreasing use of the types of timber(framed structureswhich were originally inspired by it. The standards achie)edwill )ary, as they do with any other form of construction,including traditional. It is, therefore, perhaps unfortunatebut ine)itable, that e)en the better ones will be sub7ect to theantipathy originally created by the industriali6ed approach.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations'uilding %lements/$rimary 'uilding elements/As you can see, the primary building elements are all related tothe basic structure of the building: the foundations, walls, floors,roofing timbers and the roof co)ering. hen a house is beingconstructed these are usually the first elements to be constructed./&econdary 'uilding elements/The shell of the house consists of the primary building elements.The secondary elements relate to aspects such as wiring,plumbing, internal 7oinery 8such as doors, architra)es, windows9,plaster and painting.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsFoundations-nce a decision to construct a building has been made and all ofthe appro)als ha)e been obtained, the first task is to determinethe :.uality: of the ground on which it is to be built. This is doneby drilling or exca)ating a number of small trial holes on the siteto establish the solidity, or otherwise, of the ground below theimmediate surface. This ensures that the appropriate foundationsfor the building can be correctly specified./The $urpose of Foundations/Foundations then exist to support the whole building by pro)idinga firm base to pre)ent its mo)ement and to spread the weightmore e)enly.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsFoundations/Types of Foundations/The type of foundation used will depend upon the nature of theground on which building is to take place. $ut simply, the;weaker< or more )ariable the sub(soil, the bigger the foundationsre.uired. A site survey may be necessary to establish the exactnature of the sub(soil.0owadays all foundations are made from concrete and can takeone of three basic forms:Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsFoundations/$roblems with Foundations/$roblems with foundationsIt is unlikely that a customer would come into a housing officeand report defecti)e foundations. They are more likely to reportsome other problem with their house, which could then beattributed to problems with the foundations.The most likely complaint is that there are cracks in the walls.all cracking, as we will see later in this block, can ha)e anumber of causes but one of the causes can be defecti)efoundations.-&ubsidence-3ea)e-Tree roots-=efecti)e constructionChapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsallsalls are normally constructed of brick but othermaterials may be used to either supplement or replacetraditional brickwork. &tone, reconstructed stone,bree6e blocks, cast concrete or e)en wood can be used.3owe)er, the choice of material for the walls willdepend on a number of factors ( appearance, strength,etc. ( and different materials may be used for differentparts of the dwelling.alls ser)e a number of purposes: they delineateboundaries* support roofs and floors* pre)ent waterentering the dwelling* keep warmth in and cold out*pre)ent the spread of fire, etc. &ome walls will bere.uired to ha)e all of these properties whilst othersmay only be re.uired to fulfill some of these functions.-b)iously a wall has failed if it can no longer fulfill all ofthe purposes for which it was constructed or if itbecomes unsafe in its own right.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsalls/Types of alls/( external*( internal*( load bearing*-non(load bearing./&olid and +a)ity alls/Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsalls/Ties and 1intels/Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsalls/,ortar/a mixture of sand, cement and>or lime, and water.,ortar should ha)e the following properties.The properties of a good mortar are:8i9 it should be easily workable*8ii9 it should stiffen .uickly after laying to enable bricklayingto proceed without delay*8iii9 it should de)elop sufficient strength for the 7ob onwhich it is used*8i)9 it should bond to the bricks to gi)e a tight 7oint throughwhich rain will not penetrate*8)9 it must be durable.ith age, mortar will loosen and gaps will appearbetween the bricks. The property will need replacementof the mortar, called ;repointingor the appliances connected to it can be fairly serious. Fre.uently the fuse in the consumer unit, plug or indi)idual appliance will ;blow< but, if the fuse does not blow and cut off the circuit>appliance, then a fire may occur.$roblems may be caused through the wiring, or at least the wireEs co)ering, perishing or connections becoming loose.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perationsInsulation of 'uildings/Insulation of roofs and walls/Traditional pitched roofs can be insulated by laying mineral or glass fibre .uilting o)er or between the ceiling 7oists.Traditional ca)ity walls can be insulated by a )ariety of means:( in7ection of urea formaldehyde foam into the ca)ity*( in7ection of polystyrene pellets*-in7ection of blown rockwool fibres into the ca)ity./Acoustic insulation/It is something to do with minimising noise coming into a building.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations%xternal orks/Fencing/0umerous types of fencing are used to define property boundaries.-+hestnut-+hain link-&trained wire-+lose(boarded-Interwo)en or lapped fencing/!etaining walls/here the ground le)el on one side of a wall is higher than on the other side, this is known as a retaining wall. It must be strong enough to withstand the pressures exerted by the earth on the higher side.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations%xternal orks/ $aths and dri)es/The form of construction depends on:( the desired appearance*( cost limits*( the a)ailability of local material*( subsoil conditions*-sage.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations%xternal orks/"arages, &tores and &heds/(,aterials%xternal garages, stores and sheds are normally built on concrete slabs 8rafts9 and may be brick, prefabricated concrete panels or asbestos panels on a steel frame, prefabricated timber panels, or purpose(built from timber based materials.(!oofs!oofs may be pitched or flat, and co)ered with felt, corrugated asbestos cement, p)c or tiles in traditional manner. !oof drainage is normally by gutter and downpipe, which sometimes dischargesinto a rainwater butt or more usually to a soakaway.Chapter % & Construction "ethods and 'perations%xternal orks/"arages, &tores and &heds/(allsThe walls of outbuildings are built to lower insulation standards than houses and are often single skin brickwork with strengthening piers.(=oors and windowsindows and doors are usually of standard pattern. "arage doors may be sliding, side(hinged or ;up(and(o)er