cyclical regeneration Spatial conditions of an urbanizing Bangladesh defined by recurring natural disasters 26 February 2009 Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
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cyclical regeneration
Spatial conditions of an urbanizing Bangladesh de�ned by recurring natural disasters
26 February 2009
Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
invisible countries
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
u n d e r s t a n d t h i n g s t h r o u g h c o m p a r i s o n t o h o m e
The theme for our case study is the spatial condition of an urbanizing Bangladesh, a process defined by constantly recurring (natural) disasters. We use the term urbanizing rather than urban as the population of Bangladesh, despite its density (with a population of over 150 million Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world), largely live in rural conditions. In the case of Bangladesh, rural does not refer to traditional western notions of low density housing in a natural setting, but rather to an economy based on agriculture and a typology of dense city-sized villages. Bangladesh is a country with enough critical mass to evolve into a highly urbanized metropolis, but for various reasons it hasn’t. In our research we aim to explore the notion that the urbanizing condition of Bangladesh is related to the recurring disasters that the country faces as well as to the response to these disasters. Our research methods will focus on bottom-up mapping of the spatial and socio-economical processes of daily life in this urbanizing Bangladesh. We will investigate relations between economic, social, geographical, political, historical and climatological aspects and try to find out why the urbanization of Bangladesh looks the way it does, what potentials it has and where it can go from here. As specific cases studies we will focus on two regions and two disasters; Chittagong, which got hit by the Gorky cyclone in 1991, and the Barisal division, which got hit by the Sidr cyclone in 2007. Historically Bangladesh has always been a region prone to disasters. Cyclones, tornadoes, floods, landslides and earthquakes are regularly recurring events. With cyclone shelters, wind resistant huts and refined warning systems the country has in time learned to deal with the disasters and recurring disasters has become another factor of daily life. While natural disasters in the region have intensified in the last 50 years, the percentage of people losing their lives to these events has steadily declined. Bangladesh has adopted a flexible coping mechanism based on evacuation, cover and reconstruction. A good result by any standard, but what does the combination of effective defense system specialized in saving lives and increasingly hard-hitting cyclones leave in its wake? With a large percentage of the population living with minimal means off what the land offers, the material damage the recurring disasters deal on a household level is profound. While lives are saved livestock and harvests are not. Potentially the state of urbanizing in Bangladesh is directly linked to the inability to sustain livelihoods at a small scale. As people struggle to recover from the disasters, a downward spiral from poor and vulnerable to poorer and even more vulnerable ensues. While the coping mechanism of Bangladesh successfully saves lives, a massive amount of time, money and energy is spent trying to rebuild damaged economical systems. In our research we would like to understand the factors that are holding Bangladesh from breaking through this stalemate and whether its urban potentials could manifest themselves, or if this is even desired. The research into the Barisal region and the Sidr aftermath is directly linked to the idea of urbanizing Bangladesh as a coherent and densely populated rural region. Looking to the impact and aftermath of this disaster will give us clues about the hows and whys of the vulnerability of small-scale livelihoods and socio-economic networks as well as the peculiarities of this typology. The Chittagong case on the other hand will, with its distance in time, give us insights into the long-term effects of Bangladesh disaster management as well as highlight an increasingly pressing issue provided our theory holds water; that of how to deal with disaster management in large cities threatened by recurring natural disasters. A situation in which established Bengali strategies based on adaptability, evacuation, and specially designed refugee shelters will be pushed beyond their limit.
theoretical underlayer
invisible countries
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
u n d e r s t a n d t h i n g s t h r o u g h c o m p a r i s o n t o h o m e
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
soil
sky
ground
potentiality
novelty
Research what is possible in the future, in order to �nd out scenarios and gaps within current literature and academic research. The seed already holds the future, but the future state can still vary greatly: how will the future plant look like? This is highly uncertain.
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
soil
�ood
possibility
surface
emergency
Reoccuring disasters are not a potentiality, but a possibility. That is: their occurance can be predicted to some extent, it is a matter of when and where. But the state of emer-gency is not new.
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
soil
nurturing
surface
emergence
sun
water
The �rst sprouts are visible from the seed. Only now can one more or less guess what the �nal plant might look like: it’s type is shown as well as the �rst outer esthetics of the future green.
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
soil
future state
surface
virtual state
sun
Here is the �nal plant, even though this state of being will never be actualised: in fact, it will remain in the virtualities of us as utopias, dystopias, scenarios, etc.
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
mughal britain pakistani Bangladesh
1950
1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990
2000 2010 2020
1975 1985
1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali 1975 coup of
BNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
26 March 1971 East pakistan splits from west pakistan and the state of Bangladesh is founded
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola strikes East Pakistan300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
a history intertwined with disasters
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
50 million
150 million
explosive growth
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
limited urbanization
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
a constant minority
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
urbanizing Bangladesh
steady economic development
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
urbanizing Bangladesh
at a slow speed
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 2015
1900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500
2025
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
percentage of world development aid
intensifying disastersdeclining aid
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
more and greater disasters
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
catalysts for intervention
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
catalysts for intervention
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
deaths by disasters in total numbers
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
saving lives
deaths by disasters in relation to the total population
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
new problematics
livestock
crops reconstruction
economcal stalematefood crisis
material shortage
land rights
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
urbanizing Bangladesh
bangladesh
ecology
disaster
economyculture
urbanity
natural
aid
damage
politics
delta
political
landslides
�oods
cyclones
war
corruption
secularity
cities
conglomerations
density
villages
slums
inequalities
settlements
risk
hazard
vulnerability
NGOs
poverty
GDP
FDI
wealth
hope
market
homeless
deaths
dwellings
regenerationoppression
religion
shelter
water
hydrology
terrain
hills
riverscoast
chars
geology
islam
historynomadic
purdha
democracyAwami league
development
prediction
awareness
commercial
rubble
structures
waste
redevelopment
possibilities
infrastructuremangroves
recycleswamps
potentialitiescontamination
soil
groundwater
diarrhea
earthquakes
tornadoes
drought
�shermenagriculture
sanitation
forests
pakistan
india
bengal
great-britain
dump
grasslands
cultivated
CARE red cross
caritas
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
foggy mapping
“how to map that which is unknown still?”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
natural resources
- where are the resources?- what are the resources?- why are these resources used?
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
extracting resources
- where are the resources taken from?- what are the ways of extracting?- why are these resources extracted?
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
selling resources
- where are the resources sold? - what are the places of selling?- why are these resources sold there?
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
places of comsumption
- where are the shops?- what are these shop types?- why are these shops there?
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
places of income
- where are business districts?- what are these district types?- why are these districts there?
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
monetary �ows
- where is the money going to?- what is the value of money?- why is the money going there?
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
from a disaster’s perspective
9
We should make a distinction between the methodology and methods (tools) that we will be using for our research in Bangladesh. Our methodology is one of “foggy mapping” and “following of the fish”: the first refers to the complexity of the research topic in space. We have to map specific typologies, but are unsure what the field research will show us. As a result, we hope to open doors that will lead us to specific typologies and cycles. The second refers to the complexity of sequences in time. By tracing back the typologies we hope to be able to pinpoint why such a typology has sprouted. Naturally, the methodology is always approached from a natural disaster’s perspective: what typologies are there related to the natural disaster (sector: shelter, homes, shops, urban development, etc.)? Where are these typologies located (facet, within a specific sector)? And finally, why did these typologies evolve (potentialities and probabilities)? More specifically, we have thought of ways to incorporate the tools we learnt as methods of mapping. Below we have provided a short summary of these tools. Not only will we be able to extract information from our surrounding, we will also be able to see whether these tools (like Space Syntax, GIS analyses, GPS tracking, Google maps) are valuable for this kind of research. In the process of using these tools we will most likely be stumbling upon new doors to open and to new fishes to catch.
1- Google maps: we will be using Google maps as a database for our research. This has two advantages: first of all the information is stored in a spatial way, so that our focus will always be on interrelations in space. Secondly, we can integrate the maps with our blog, so that our research is transparent. This will make it easier to give feedback digitally. We will make a difference between three questions: what (typology), where (spatial relation), and why (relation of time). Typologies could include: cyclone shelters, housing types, agriculture, materials, sports, modalities, markets, harbours, boats, sanitation, water supplies, livestock, etc.
2- GIS analyses: GIS software can be used to import information from our Google maps to do more specific analyses. These could include calculations based on population density, distances, infrastructure, shelter locations, market places, materials, agricultural land, etc.
3- GPS tracking: since accurate maps of cities and regions lack for Bangladesh, we can make use of GPS tracking to make our own maps. After testing the GPS device, we have concluded that the settings of synchronising every 10 seconds or 3 meters is optimum for our way of use. By stopping at street corners we will be able to make clearer route changes. We will be able to mark all our data, so that we will know the answers to the where questions.
4- Informal in-depth interviews: by using qualitative research methods, we will be able to better understand the foggy world around us without leaning towards a specific direction just yet. In-depth interviews could be done in an informal way to open up doors and leads. These results can be stored in the Google map as well, together with the location of the interview and the characteristics of the interviewed person.
5- Photos: photos can be fitted into our Google maps. The photos will help us in several ways. First of all, the photos will be linked with the geographic location through the use of the GPS. This is easily done by synchronising the time of the GPS device with the time of the camera, and link the photos with the point in time of the track. This will give us a remembrance of what was where. Secondly, it provides us with information regarding the what of the different typologies within the different sectors.
6- Backcasting: when looking at photos, we will be able to trace back all the elements within the picture. By really looking at the picture we might be able to open doors that will lead us to answers to the why of the different typologies. Each element in the picture can be addressed and filled in blank when described. With each step we detract the meaning from the picture, until all the meaning is gone from the picture and moved to our research.
7- Space Syntax: to map informal settlement areas that are hard to map from satellite images, we have thought of a method to roughly map road patterns. Take a space of informal houses enclosed by known roads. We will then map all the roads that enter the area using our GPS system. We will then walk into the areas in order to connect the dots of these secondary roads. This could further be done for tertiary roads, and on. We will never achieve precise data this way, but it is more than sufficient for Space Syntax, since connectivity does not rely on geographic distance specifically. For more rural areas, we want to research whether it is possible to research the connectivity of settlements on a larger scale. What can these data tell us? Is the death toll higher in remote villages? And how is the connectivity towards the shelter areas?
We aim to get an understanding of the complexity of the issue without using a linear process. By using methods like the braingraph we will be able to make relationships between different sector typologies, but in a more cyclical manner.
methodology and methods
the what, where, when approacho r : “ i s s u e s o f q u a l i t y , s p a c e , a n d t i m e ”
tools
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
the what in photoso r : “ c a t c h i n g t h e � s h ”
google earthcamera
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
follow the �shor: “doors that we can open”
mapping the braingraph
the why in typologieso r : “ s e a r c h i n g t h e s e q u e n c e s ”
listen!culture
the why in typologieso r : s e a r c h i n g t h e s e q u e n c e s ”
listen!culture
the where in typologieso r : “ s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s ”
syntaxGISGPS
the where in typologieso r : “ s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s ”
syntaxGISGPS
google maps database
typology mapping
GPS tracksin-depth interviews
typology mapping
photos
videos
culture
hearing
backcasting
google maps databaseculture
cultureculture
culture cultureculture culture
cultureculture
hearinghearing
hearinghearing
hearinghearing
hearing hearinghearing
hearing
videosvideos
videosvideos
videos
videos
videos
videos
videos
videos
videos videoshearing in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews typology mapping
typology mapping
typology mapping
typology mapping
hearing
typology mapping
videos
videos
videos
typology mapping
GPS tracks
GPS tracksGPS tracks
GPS tracks
GPS tracks
GPS tracks
GPS tracks GPS tracks
typology mapping
backcastingbackcasting
backcastingbackcasting
backcasting
backcastingbackcasting
backcasting
photosphotos
photos
photos
photosphoto
typology mapping
GPS tracksin-depth interviews
typology mapping
photos
videos
culture
hearing
backcasting
blog
feedback
GIS
google maps database
GISGIS
GIS
GISGIS
GIS
GIS GIS
GIS
GISGIS
GIS
GISGIS
GIS
GISGIS
GIS
GISGIS analysis
GISGIS GIS
blog
blog
blog
blogblog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog
blog blogblog
blog
blog
GIS
cultureculture
cultureculture cultureculture culture
cultureculture
hearinghearing
hearinghearing
hearinghearing
hearing hearinghearing
hearing
videosvideos
videosvideos
videos
videos
videos
videos
videos
videos
videos videoshearing in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews
in-depth interviews typology mapping
typology mapping
typology mapping
typology mapping
hearing
typology mapping
videos
videos
videos
typology mapping
GPS tracks
GPS tracksGPS tracks
GPS tracks
GPS tracks
GPS tracks
GPS tracks GPS tracks
typology mapping
backcastingbackcasting
backcastingbackcasting
backcasting
backcastingbackcasting
backcasting
photosphotos
photos
photos
photosphoto
the what, where, when approacho r : “ i s s u e s o f q u a l i t y , s p a c e , a n d t i m e ”
tools
informal dwellings
space syntax
the what, where, when approacho r : “ i s s u e s o f q u a l i t y , s p a c e , a n d t i m e ”
tools
junctions into site
space syntax
the what, where, when approacho r : “ i s s u e s o f q u a l i t y , s p a c e , a n d t i m e ”
tools
primary conncetions
space syntax
the what, where, when approacho r : “ i s s u e s o f q u a l i t y , s p a c e , a n d t i m e ”
tools
secondary conncetions
space syntax
timeline of research casesor: “di�erences between chittagong and barisal”
back
of t
he h
ead
bangladesh
Dhaka
Chittagong
KhulnaKolkata
Brussels, March 3, 7:20
Dhaka, March 4, 6:50
india
myanmar
india
forced to travel home...
...for post-research
March 8
April 8
Dhaka, May 22
learn
dhaka
institute of water and �ood managementShah Alam Khan
caritasAkhila D'Rozario
CEGISGIS maps
ICDDR,BHubert Entz
Ministry of Disastermaps
Bangladesh University of Engineering and TechnologyKhaleda Rashid
State University of BangladeshQazi Azizul Mowla
Urban Design in Developing CountriesShayer Ghafur
orientation
rikshaw ridesliveAmerican International University BangladeshSariful Islam
re�ect
Dutch Embassy DhakaBea ten Tusscher
march 4 march 8
cultural di�erences
top down academic information
dhaka
mapping urban spaces beyond their maps
?
?
?
?
???
PUMRukunnuddin Ahmed
march 8 april 8
chittagong
care chittagongStav Zotalis
Chittagong University of Engineering and TechnologyMahmood Omar Imam
learn
live
re�ecturban vitality and vulnerability
sanitationtypology
materials
connectivity
economic productivity
chittagong
urban regeneration and vulnerability
learn
live
re�ect
Khulna UniversityKausarul Islam
barisal
palligana (bakergonj upazila)Nicholas Prodip Baishnob
INDAB (babuganj upazila)S I Kabir
ahsania missionSha�qul Islam
UNDP sidr coordinationMozharul Huq
april 8 may 3
shelter mapping
urbanizing character of typology
evacuation infrastructure
livelihood
un-urban
barisal
connectivity and livelihood
farm
farm
farm
farm
sell
sellsell
Title Category Cost Cost (€) Name CommentFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 DiederikFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 LauraFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 MagnusVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 DiederikVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 LauraVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 MagnusMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 DiederikMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 LauraMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 MagnusHotel Dhaka Accommoda 5 20,0 $ 78,8 All 2 rooms, 10 $ eachTrain Dhaka - ChTransport 3 290,0 TK 10,0 All 1st class, no AircoAccomodation ChAccommoda 21 25,0 $ 413,7 All comparable pricesSteamer ChittagonTransport 3 850,0 TK 29,3 AllAccomodation deAccommoda 52 20,0 $ 819,5 All comparable pricesDaily travel Transport 70 300,0 TK 241,5 All 1,5 hour travel a dayFood Food 79 750,0 TK 681,4 AllVisa extension Material 3 37,5 € 112,5 AllRocket Khulna - DTransport 3 1190,0 TK 41,1 AllUnforeseen costs Safety 1 200,0 € 200,0 AllWork space Accommoda 70 5,0 € 350,0 All
how does the infrastructural network work in the case of a disaster?how well-connected is the Barisal region as a whole to the raised evacuation / transportation routes?which consequenses does excavation of the dikes to extract building materials have on disaster resilience?
26 February 2009
Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
the Barisal region
Title Category Cost Cost (€) Name CommentFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 DiederikFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 LauraFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 MagnusVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 DiederikVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 LauraVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 MagnusMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 DiederikMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 LauraMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 MagnusHotel Dhaka Accommoda 5 20,0 $ 78,8 All 2 rooms, 10 $ eachTrain Dhaka - ChTransport 3 290,0 TK 10,0 All 1st class, no AircoAccomodation ChAccommoda 21 25,0 $ 413,7 All comparable pricesSteamer ChittagonTransport 3 850,0 TK 29,3 AllAccomodation deAccommoda 52 20,0 $ 819,5 All comparable pricesDaily travel Transport 70 300,0 TK 241,5 All 1,5 hour travel a dayFood Food 79 750,0 TK 681,4 AllVisa extension Material 3 37,5 € 112,5 AllRocket Khulna - DTransport 3 1190,0 TK 41,1 AllUnforeseen costs Safety 1 200,0 € 200,0 AllWork space Accommoda 70 5,0 € 350,0 All how does the infrastructural network work in the case of a disaster?
how well-connected is the Barisal region as a whole to the raised evacuation / transportation routes?which consequenses does excavation of the dikes to extract building materials have on disaster resilience?
26 February 2009
Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
line - infrastructure
Title Category Cost Cost (€) Name CommentFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 DiederikFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 LauraFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 MagnusVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 DiederikVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 LauraVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 MagnusMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 DiederikMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 LauraMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 MagnusHotel Dhaka Accommoda 5 20,0 $ 78,8 All 2 rooms, 10 $ eachTrain Dhaka - ChTransport 3 290,0 TK 10,0 All 1st class, no AircoAccomodation ChAccommoda 21 25,0 $ 413,7 All comparable pricesSteamer ChittagonTransport 3 850,0 TK 29,3 AllAccomodation deAccommoda 52 20,0 $ 819,5 All comparable pricesDaily travel Transport 70 300,0 TK 241,5 All 1,5 hour travel a dayFood Food 79 750,0 TK 681,4 AllVisa extension Material 3 37,5 € 112,5 AllRocket Khulna - DTransport 3 1190,0 TK 41,1 AllUnforeseen costs Safety 1 200,0 € 200,0 AllWork space Accommoda 70 5,0 € 350,0 All
how is the building typology shaped by natural disasters?does the building typology rely on resilience or rapid regeneration?how does the relationship to the infrastructure dictate the urban growth?
26 February 2009
Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
line and point: housing
Title Category Cost Cost (€) Name CommentFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 DiederikFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 LauraFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 MagnusVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 DiederikVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 LauraVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 MagnusMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 DiederikMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 LauraMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 MagnusHotel Dhaka Accommoda 5 20,0 $ 78,8 All 2 rooms, 10 $ eachTrain Dhaka - ChTransport 3 290,0 TK 10,0 All 1st class, no AircoAccomodation ChAccommoda 21 25,0 $ 413,7 All comparable pricesSteamer ChittagonTransport 3 850,0 TK 29,3 AllAccomodation deAccommoda 52 20,0 $ 819,5 All comparable pricesDaily travel Transport 70 300,0 TK 241,5 All 1,5 hour travel a dayFood Food 79 750,0 TK 681,4 AllVisa extension Material 3 37,5 € 112,5 AllRocket Khulna - DTransport 3 1190,0 TK 41,1 AllUnforeseen costs Safety 1 200,0 € 200,0 AllWork space Accommoda 70 5,0 € 350,0 All
how e�ective are the cyclone shelters?western in�uence?capacity?adaptability?local context?
26 February 2009
Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
point: cyclone shelters
Title Category Cost Cost (€) Name CommentFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 DiederikFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 LauraFlight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 MagnusVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 DiederikVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 LauraVisa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 MagnusMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 DiederikMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 LauraMalaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 MagnusHotel Dhaka Accommoda 5 20,0 $ 78,8 All 2 rooms, 10 $ eachTrain Dhaka - ChTransport 3 290,0 TK 10,0 All 1st class, no AircoAccomodation ChAccommoda 21 25,0 $ 413,7 All comparable pricesSteamer ChittagonTransport 3 850,0 TK 29,3 AllAccomodation deAccommoda 52 20,0 $ 819,5 All comparable pricesDaily travel Transport 70 300,0 TK 241,5 All 1,5 hour travel a dayFood Food 79 750,0 TK 681,4 AllVisa extension Material 3 37,5 € 112,5 AllRocket Khulna - DTransport 3 1190,0 TK 41,1 AllUnforeseen costs Safety 1 200,0 € 200,0 AllWork space Accommoda 70 5,0 € 350,0 All
what is the damage?what are the long-term e�ects?do disaster response mechanisms consider the cultivated land?cyclone cow sheds?
26 February 2009
Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
surface: cultivated land
rajshahi
friendshipRuna Khan
may 8 may 22
learn
live
re�ectregeneration or resistance?
priority
micromacro
rajshahi
CYCLICregeneration
floods
floods
food
food
food
Title Category Cost Cost (€) Name Comment
Flight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 Diederik
Flight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 Laura
Flight ticket Transport 1 845,8 € 845,8 Magnus
Visa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 Diederik
Visa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 Laura
Visa Material 1 37,5 € 37,5 Magnus
Malaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 Diederik
Malaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 Laura
Malaria pills Material 1 100,0 € 100,0 Magnus
Hotel Dhaka Accommoda 5 20,0 $ 78,8 All 2 rooms, 10 $ each
Train Dhaka - ChTransport 3 290,0 TK 10,0 All 1st class, no Airco
Accomodation ChAccommoda 21 25,0 $ 413,7 All comparable prices
Steamer ChittagonTransport 3 850,0 TK 29,3 All
Accomodation deAccommoda 52 20,0 $ 819,5 All comparable prices
Daily travel Transport 70 300,0 TK 241,5 All 1,5 hour travel a day
Food Food 79 750,0 TK 681,4 All
Visa extension Material 3 37,5 € 112,5 All
Rocket Khulna - DTransport 3 1190,0 TK 41,1 All
Unforeseen costs Safety 1 200,0 € 200,0 All
Work space Accommoda 70 5,0 € 350,0 All
transportation: 3 x !950accommodation: 3 x !440
material: 3 x !290food: 3 x !230
safety bu"er: !200
26 February 2009
Laura van Santen, Diederik de Koning & Magnus Svensson
budget: !5930
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