Presentation #3 for Medical Terminology

The Cardiovascular The Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular of the Cardiovascular

SystemSystem Also Called the Circulatory Also Called the Circulatory

SystemSystem Responsible forResponsible for

Delivering Nutrients and Delivering Nutrients and Oxygen to the Tissue Oxygen to the Tissue CellsCells

Removing Metabolic Removing Metabolic Wastes from Tissue CellsWastes from Tissue Cells

Brings Hormones to Brings Hormones to Target CellsTarget Cells

Composed ofComposed of Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation

OrgansOrgans HeartHeart Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

Two Parts of the Two Parts of the Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation Between Heart and Between Heart and

LungsLungs Carries DeOxygenated Carries DeOxygenated

Blood to Lungs to Blood to Lungs to Get OxygenGet Oxygen

Carries Oxygenated Carries Oxygenated Blood to HeartBlood to Heart

Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation Between Heart and Body Between Heart and Body

CellsCells Carries Oxygenated Carries Oxygenated

Blood From Heart to Blood From Heart to Body Cells then Back to Body Cells then Back to the Heart the Heart

The HeartThe Heart

Pump of the Pump of the Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Has Three Layers: Has Three Layers: Epicardium; Epicardium; MyoCardium and MyoCardium and EndoCardiumEndoCardium

Has Four ChambersHas Four Chambers Two Superior Chambers: Two Superior Chambers:

Left Atrium and Right Left Atrium and Right AtriumAtrium

Two Inferior Chambers: Two Inferior Chambers: Left Ventricle and Right Left Ventricle and Right VentricleVentricle

Flow of Blood Thru the Flow of Blood Thru the HeartHeart

Very OrderlyVery Orderly Direction Controlled by Four Valves of the Direction Controlled by Four Valves of the

HeartHeart Valves Situated at Entrances and Exits to VentriclesValves Situated at Entrances and Exits to Ventricles Valves Allow Only Forward Direction of BloodValves Allow Only Forward Direction of Blood

Chambers Alternate Between Relaxing and Chambers Alternate Between Relaxing and Contraction StatesContraction States Relaxed Stated Called Diastole Allows Blood to FillRelaxed Stated Called Diastole Allows Blood to Fill Contracting State Called Systole Pushes Blood Contracting State Called Systole Pushes Blood

ForwardForward Conduction System of the Heart Regulated by Conduction System of the Heart Regulated by

Autonomic SystemAutonomic System

Orderly System of Blood Orderly System of Blood FlowFlow

DeOxygenated Blood from All Body DeOxygenated Blood from All Body Tissues Enters Right Atrium thru The Tissues Enters Right Atrium thru The Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena CavaVena Cava

Right Atrium Contracts and Blood Right Atrium Contracts and Blood Flows thru Tricuspid Valve into Right Flows thru Tricuspid Valve into Right VentricleVentricle

Right Ventricle Contracts; Blood Right Ventricle Contracts; Blood Pumped thru Pulmonary Valve into Pumped thru Pulmonary Valve into Pulmonary Artery; Carried to Lungs Pulmonary Artery; Carried to Lungs to be Oxygenatedto be Oxygenated

Oxygenated Blood Enters Left Oxygenated Blood Enters Left Atrium from Pulmonary VeinsAtrium from Pulmonary Veins

Left Atrium Contracts and Blood Left Atrium Contracts and Blood Flows thru Mitral Valve into Left Flows thru Mitral Valve into Left VentricleVentricle

From Left Ventricle Blood Pumped From Left Ventricle Blood Pumped thru Aortic Valve into Aorta, which thru Aortic Valve into Aorta, which Carries Blood to All Parts of the BodyCarries Blood to All Parts of the Body

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels Form a Network of Tubes That Form a Network of Tubes That

Carry Blood Between Heart Carry Blood Between Heart and Body Cells and Tissuesand Body Cells and Tissues

Provide Environment in which Provide Environment in which Blood Cells Can Perform their Blood Cells Can Perform their FunctionFunction

Three TypesThree Types Arteries: Carry Blood Away Arteries: Carry Blood Away

from the Heartfrom the Heart Veins: Carry Blood Back to Veins: Carry Blood Back to

the Heartthe Heart Capillaries: Exchange Capillaries: Exchange

Sites Between Blood and Sites Between Blood and TissuesTissues

Lumen: Channel Within the Lumen: Channel Within the Vessels through Vessels through which Blood Flowswhich Blood Flows

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System Diseases - HeartDiseases - Heart

Angina PectorisAngina Pectoris ArrythmiaArrythmia Bundle Branch BlockBundle Branch Block Cardiac ArrestCardiac Arrest CardioMyopathyCardioMyopathy Congenital Septal DefectCongenital Septal Defect Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure Coronary Artery DiseaseCoronary Artery Disease EndocarditisEndocarditis FibrillationFibrillation FlutterFlutter Heart Valve ProlapseHeart Valve Prolapse Heart Valve StenosisHeart Valve Stenosis Mycardial Infarction - Heart AttackMycardial Infarction - Heart Attack MyoCarditisMyoCarditis PericarditisPericarditis Tetralogy of FallotTetralogy of Fallot

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System Diseases - Blood VesselDiseases - Blood Vessel

AneurysmAneurysm AtheroscerosisAtheroscerosis Coarctation of the AortaCoarctation of the Aorta EmbolusEmbolus HemorrhoidHemorrhoid HypertensionHypertension ThrombusThrombus Varicose VeinsVaricose Veins ThrombophkebitisThrombophkebitis

Diagnostic ProceduresDiagnostic Procedures Clinical Laboratory TestsClinical Laboratory Tests

Cardiac EnzymesCardiac Enzymes Serum Lipoprotein LevelSerum Lipoprotein Level

Diagnostic ImagingDiagnostic Imaging AngiographyAngiography Cardiac ScanCardiac Scan Doppler UltrasonographyDoppler Ultrasonography EchocardiographyEchocardiography VenographyVenography

Cardiac Function TestsCardiac Function Tests Cardiac CatheterizationCardiac Catheterization Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) Holter MonitorHolter Monitor Stress TestingStress Testing

Cardiac EnzymesCardiac Enzymes

Cardiac Enzymes Are Found in Heart Tissue

Serve as Catalysts for Heart’s Various Biochemical Reactions.

Key Cardiac Enzymes TroponinTroponin Creatine Phophokinase (CPK)Creatine Phophokinase (CPK) Lactate Dehydrogenasen(LDH)Lactate Dehydrogenasen(LDH) MyoglobinMyoglobin

Cardiac Enzyme TestCardiac Enzyme Test

Measures Levels of the EnzymesMeasures Levels of the Enzymes Indicates Heart Muscle Damage Such as Indicates Heart Muscle Damage Such as

Mycardial InfarctionMycardial Infarction Each Cardiac Enzyme Has Its Specific TestEach Cardiac Enzyme Has Its Specific Test Two Most CommonTwo Most Common

TroponinTroponin Creatine PhophokinaseCreatine Phophokinase

In the Past Lactate DeHydrogenase Used In the Past Lactate DeHydrogenase Used Commonly But the Above Two Enzymes Are Commonly But the Above Two Enzymes Are More Specific and ReliableMore Specific and Reliable

Cardiac Enzyme TestCardiac Enzyme Test

Troponin TestTroponin Test Very Specific for

Cardiac injury Released During

Heart Attack Can Calculate Infarct

Size Creatine TestCreatine Test

Found In Large Amounts Found In Large Amounts Specific Way to

Estimate the Amount of Heart Muscle Damage

Cardiac Function TestsCardiac Function Tests

Cardiac CatheterizationCardiac Catheterization Electrocardiography (ESG, EKG)Electrocardiography (ESG, EKG) Holter MonitorHolter Monitor Stress TestingStress Testing

Holter MonitorHolter Monitor Named for Dr. Norman J. Named for Dr. Norman J.

HolterHolter Clinical Use Started in Earlier Clinical Use Started in Earlier

1960’s1960’s Records the Heart's Rhythms

Continuously Usually Worn for 24 - 48

Hours During Normal Activity. Electrodes (Small Conducting

Patches) Are Stuck onto the Chest and Attached to a Small Recording Monitor.

Carried in a Pocket or Small Pouch Worn Around the Neck or Waist.

MonitorI is Battery Operated

Therapeutic ProceduresTherapeutic Procedures

MedicalMedical Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationCardiopulmonary Resuscitation Defibrillation CirculationDefibrillation Circulation Implantable CardioverterdefibrillatorImplantable Cardioverterdefibrillator Pacemaker ImplantationPacemaker Implantation Thrombolytic TherapyThrombolytic Therapy

SurgicalSurgical AneurysmectomyAneurysmectomy Arterial AnastomosisArterial Anastomosis Coronary Artery Bypass GraftCoronary Artery Bypass Graft EmbelectomyEmbelectomy EndarterectomyEndarterectomy Heart TransplantationHeart Transplantation Introcoronary StentIntrocoronary Stent Litigation and StrippingLitigation and Stripping Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) Valve ReplacementValve Replacement

Thrombolytic TherapyThrombolytic Therapy Has Been Available for the Last 5

decades, but the Modern Era of Thrombolysis Began in the Early 1990s

Uses Drugs to Break Up or Dissolve Uses Drugs to Break Up or Dissolve Blood Clots, Which are the Main Blood Clots, Which are the Main Cause of both Heart Attacks and Cause of both Heart Attacks and Stroke.Stroke.

Thrombolytics Used Most OftenThrombolytics Used Most Often

Others drugs include:

. Lanoteplase . Reteplase . Staphylokinase . Streptokinase

(SK) . Tenecteplase . Urokinase

Images and Information Images and Information Gathered FromGathered From

Vascularweb.orgVascularweb.org Allenpress.comAllenpress.com About.comAbout.com Essortment.comEssortment.com Americanheart.orgAmericanheart.org Classes.kumc.eduClasses.kumc.edu Mayoclinic.comMayoclinic.com Niaaa.nih.govNiaaa.nih.gov Unm.eduUnm.edu Fremgen, Bonnie F and Frucht Suzanne S. Fremgen, Bonnie F and Frucht Suzanne S. Medical Medical

Terminology, A Living LanguageTerminology, A Living Language (4th Ed).Upper Saddle (4th Ed).Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentic Hall. Pp. 130-152. River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentic Hall. Pp. 130-152.