Presentation #3

MOBILE COMPUTING IN MOBILE COMPUTING IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMDISTRIBUTED SYSTEM

Group Members:Group Members:Shafinah KamarudinShafinah Kamarudin GS14607GS14607Eizaireen Erma RamseEizaireen Erma Ramse GS14614GS14614Fadzlina Mohammad AzmiFadzlina Mohammad Azmi GS14671GS14671Siti Haslia Yaakob Siti Haslia Yaakob GS14710GS14710Masliza Mhd. Ali ShahMasliza Mhd. Ali Shah GS15374GS15374

MOBILE COMPUTINGMOBILE COMPUTING

Mobile ComputingMobile Computing, also known as ubiquitous , also known as ubiquitous computing and nomadic computing is an umbrella term computing and nomadic computing is an umbrella term used to describe technologies that used to describe technologies that enable people to enable people to access network services anyplace, anytime, and access network services anyplace, anytime, and anywhere. anywhere.

Mobile Computing systems can be viewed as a Mobile Computing systems can be viewed as a specialized class DS where some nodes can specialized class DS where some nodes can disengage from joint distributed operations, disengage from joint distributed operations, move move freely in the physical spacefreely in the physical space and reconnect to a and reconnect to a possibly different segment of a computer network at a possibly different segment of a computer network at a later stage in order to resume suspended activities.later stage in order to resume suspended activities.

WHAT IS Wi-Fi?WHAT IS Wi-Fi?

Short for wireless fidelity, WiFi is the leading Short for wireless fidelity, WiFi is the leading communication protocol for wireless local area communication protocol for wireless local area networks (WLANs). . networks (WLANs). .

Formerly, the term "Wi-Fi" was usedFormerly, the term "Wi-Fi" was used only in place of only in place of the 2.4GHz the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard802.11b standard. The Alliance . The Alliance expanded expanded the generic use of the term in an attempt to stop the generic use of the term in an attempt to stop confusion about WLAN interoperability.confusion about WLAN interoperability.

WiFi generically refers to any type of 802.11 network, WiFi generically refers to any type of 802.11 network, whether whether 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, or a dual-band , or a dual-band combination of these IEEE protocolscombination of these IEEE protocols

ADVANTAGES OF Wi-FiADVANTAGES OF Wi-Fi Unlike packet radio systems, Wi-Fi uses Unlike packet radio systems, Wi-Fi uses unlicensed radio unlicensed radio

spectrumspectrum and does not require regulatory approval for and does not require regulatory approval for individual deployers. individual deployers.

Allows LANs to be deployed Allows LANs to be deployed without cabling, potentially without cabling, potentially reducing the costs of network deployment and reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion.expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. LANs.

Wi-Fi products are widely available in the market. Different Wi-Fi products are widely available in the market. Different brands of access points and client network interfaces are brands of access points and client network interfaces are interoperable interoperable at a basic level of service. at a basic level of service.

Competition amongst vendors has Competition amongst vendors has lowered priceslowered prices considerably since their inception. considerably since their inception.

Many Wi-Fi networks support Many Wi-Fi networks support roaming,roaming, in which a in which a mobile client station such as a laptop computer can mobile client station such as a laptop computer can move from one access point to another as the user move from one access point to another as the user moves around a building or area. moves around a building or area.

Many access points and network interfaces support Many access points and network interfaces support various degrees of encryption to protect traffic from various degrees of encryption to protect traffic from interception. interception.

Easy to add on to an existing Ethernet network.Easy to add on to an existing Ethernet network. Easy to expand the number of users and OS.Easy to expand the number of users and OS. Good operating range – 75 to 300 yards, depending on Good operating range – 75 to 300 yards, depending on

conditions.conditions. Mix or match. Wi-Fi h/w interchangeable with other Wi-Mix or match. Wi-Fi h/w interchangeable with other Wi-

Fi h/w.Fi h/w. Different h/w platform – common medium of exchange.Different h/w platform – common medium of exchange. Safety – output power of Wi-Fi equipment is much Safety – output power of Wi-Fi equipment is much

lower than cellular phone. Max output 1 watt of transmit lower than cellular phone. Max output 1 watt of transmit power and send data in short bursts. So, nasty health power and send data in short bursts. So, nasty health effects.effects.

DISADVANTAGES OF Wi-DISADVANTAGES OF Wi-FiFi

Use of the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band does not require a license in most of the Use of the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band does not require a license in most of the world provided that one stays below the 100mWatt limit and one world provided that one stays below the 100mWatt limit and one accepts interference from other;accepts interference from other; including interference which causes including interference which causes your devices to no longer function. your devices to no longer function.

Legislation is not consistent worldwideLegislation is not consistent worldwide; most of Europe allows for an ; most of Europe allows for an additional 2 channels; Japan has one more on top of that - and some additional 2 channels; Japan has one more on top of that - and some countries, like Spain, prohibit use of the lower-numbered channels.countries, like Spain, prohibit use of the lower-numbered channels.

Power consumption is fairly highPower consumption is fairly high compared to other standards, compared to other standards, making battery life and heat a concern.making battery life and heat a concern.

The 802.11b and 802.11g flavors of Wi-Fi use the The 802.11b and 802.11g flavors of Wi-Fi use the 2.4 GHz spectrum, which is 2.4 GHz spectrum, which is crowded with other crowded with other devices such as Bluetooth, microwave ovens, devices such as Bluetooth, microwave ovens, cordless phones (900 MHz or 5.8 GHz are, cordless phones (900 MHz or 5.8 GHz are, therefore, alternative phone frequencies one can therefore, alternative phone frequencies one can use if one has a Wi-Fi network), or video sender use if one has a Wi-Fi network), or video sender devices, among many othersdevices, among many others. This may cause a . This may cause a degradationdegradation in performance. Other devices which use in performance. Other devices which use microwave frequencies such as certain types of cell microwave frequencies such as certain types of cell phones can also cause degradation in performance. phones can also cause degradation in performance.

Wi-Fi networks have Wi-Fi networks have limited rangelimited range. A typical Wi-Fi . A typical Wi-Fi home router using 802.11b or 802.11g might have a home router using 802.11b or 802.11g might have a range of 150 ft (46 m) indoors and 300 ft (92 m) range of 150 ft (46 m) indoors and 300 ft (92 m) outdoors. outdoors.

The most common wireless encryption standard, The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly to be easily breakable even when correctly configured.configured. Although newer wireless products are Although newer wireless products are slowly providing support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access slowly providing support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocol, many older access points will have to (WPA) protocol, many older access points will have to be replaced to support it. be replaced to support it.

The adoption of the 802.11i (aka WPA2) standard in The adoption of the 802.11i (aka WPA2) standard in June 2004 makes available a rather better security June 2004 makes available a rather better security scheme for future use — when properly configured. In scheme for future use — when properly configured. In the meantime, many enterprises have the meantime, many enterprises have had to deploy had to deploy additional layers of encryption (such as VPNs) to additional layers of encryption (such as VPNs) to protect against interception.protect against interception.

Rogue access pointsRogue access points could be used to steal could be used to steal information transmitted from Wi-Fi users. information transmitted from Wi-Fi users.

WIRELESS LAN WIRELESS LAN AND IEEE 802.11AND IEEE 802.11

A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a data transmission data transmission systemsystem designed to provide location-independent designed to provide location-independent network access between computing devices by network access between computing devices by using using radio wavesradio waves rather than a cable infrastructure. In the rather than a cable infrastructure. In the corporate enterprise, wireless LANs are usually corporate enterprise, wireless LANs are usually implemented as the final link between the existing implemented as the final link between the existing wired network and a group of client computers, giving wired network and a group of client computers, giving these users these users wireless access to the full resources wireless access to the full resources and servicesand services of the corporate network across a of the corporate network across a building or campus setting.building or campus setting.

.. The major motivation and benefit from wireless LANs is The major motivation and benefit from wireless LANs is increased increased

mobilitymobility. Network users can move about almost without restriction . Network users can move about almost without restriction and access LANs from nearly anywhere.and access LANs from nearly anywhere.

The 802.11 specification as a standard for wireless LANS was ratified The 802.11 specification as a standard for wireless LANS was ratified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in the by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in the year 1997. This version of 802.11 provides for 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps year 1997. This version of 802.11 provides for 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates and a set of fundamental signaling methods and other data rates and a set of fundamental signaling methods and other services. Like all IEEE 802 standards, the services. Like all IEEE 802 standards, the 802.11 standards focus 802.11 standards focus on the bottom two levels the ISO model, the physical layer and on the bottom two levels the ISO model, the physical layer and link layer . link layer .

802.11 STANDARD IN OSI MODEL802.11 STANDARD IN OSI MODEL

IEEE WIRELESS IEEE WIRELESS STANDARDSSTANDARDS

The most critical issue affecting WLAN demand has been The most critical issue affecting WLAN demand has been limited throughputlimited throughput. The data rates supported by the . The data rates supported by the original 802.11 standard are too slow to support most original 802.11 standard are too slow to support most general business requirements and slowed the adoption general business requirements and slowed the adoption of WLANs. of WLANs.

Recognizing the critical need to support higher data-Recognizing the critical need to support higher data-transmission rates, the IEEE ratified the transmission rates, the IEEE ratified the 802.11b 802.11b standard (also known as 802.11 High Rate) for standard (also known as 802.11 High Rate) for transmissions of up to 11 Mbps. transmissions of up to 11 Mbps.

After 802.11b one more standard After 802.11b one more standard 802.11a802.11a has been has been ratified and in January 2002 the draft specification of ratified and in January 2002 the draft specification of another another 802.11g 802.11g has been approved. has been approved.

IEEE 802.11b STANDARDIEEE 802.11b STANDARD

With 802.11b WLANs, mobile users can get Ethernet With 802.11b WLANs, mobile users can get Ethernet levels of performance, throughput, and availability. The levels of performance, throughput, and availability. The basic architecture, features, and services of 802.11b basic architecture, features, and services of 802.11b are defined by the original 802.11 standard. The are defined by the original 802.11 standard. The 802.11b specification affects only the physical layer, 802.11b specification affects only the physical layer, adding higher data rates and more robust connectivity.adding higher data rates and more robust connectivity.

The key contribution of the 802.11b addition to the The key contribution of the 802.11b addition to the wireless LAN standard was to standardize the physical wireless LAN standard was to standardize the physical layer support of two new speeds,5.5 Mbps and 11 layer support of two new speeds,5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps.Mbps.

Nowadays, most widely use IEEE 802.11b standard.Nowadays, most widely use IEEE 802.11b standard.

More prone to interference than 802.11a, but lower More prone to interference than 802.11a, but lower frequency gives longer range, estimated at between 75 frequency gives longer range, estimated at between 75 to 300 meters.to 300 meters.

Faster at 54Mbps and less vulnerable to radio noise.Faster at 54Mbps and less vulnerable to radio noise. Greater capacity – wireless streaming videoGreater capacity – wireless streaming video Significant Significant disadvantage of 802.11b is that the disadvantage of 802.11b is that the

frequency band is crowded, and subject to frequency band is crowded, and subject to interferenceinterference from other networking technologies, from other networking technologies, microwave ovens, 2.4GHz cordless phones, and microwave ovens, 2.4GHz cordless phones, and Bluetooth.Bluetooth.

Other drawbacks including Other drawbacks including lack of interoperabilitylack of interoperability with voice devices, and no QoS provisions for with voice devices, and no QoS provisions for multimedia content. multimedia content.

Interference and other limitations aside, Interference and other limitations aside, 802.11b is the 802.11b is the clear leader in business and institutional wireless clear leader in business and institutional wireless networkingnetworking and is gaining share for home applications and is gaining share for home applications as well. as well.

All wireless LANs use unlicensed spectrum; therefore All wireless LANs use unlicensed spectrum; therefore they're prone to interference and transmission errors. they're prone to interference and transmission errors. To reduce errors, both types of 802.11 To reduce errors, both types of 802.11 automatically reduce the Physical layer data rateautomatically reduce the Physical layer data rate. . IEEE 802.11b has three lower data rates (5.5, 2, and IEEE 802.11b has three lower data rates (5.5, 2, and 1Mbit/sec), and 802.11a has seven (48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 1Mbit/sec), and 802.11a has seven (48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, and 6Mbits/sec). Higher (and more) data rates aren't 9, and 6Mbits/sec). Higher (and more) data rates aren't 802.11a's only advantage. 802.11a's only advantage.

It also uses a It also uses a higher frequency band, 5GHzhigher frequency band, 5GHz, which is , which is both wider and less crowded than the 2.4GHz band both wider and less crowded than the 2.4GHz band that 802.11b shares with cordless phones, microwave that 802.11b shares with cordless phones, microwave ovens, and Bluetooth devices. ovens, and Bluetooth devices.

IEEE 802.11a STANDARDIEEE 802.11a STANDARD

Also used a modulation scheme – Orthogonal Also used a modulation scheme – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), makes Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), makes possible possible data speed as high as 54Mbpsdata speed as high as 54Mbps and cut and cut down on cross-channel and reflected-signal down on cross-channel and reflected-signal interference.interference.

One big disadvantage is that it is One big disadvantage is that it is not directly not directly compatible with 802.11bcompatible with 802.11b, and requires new bridging , and requires new bridging products that can support both types of networks. products that can support both types of networks. Other clear disadvantages are that 802.11a is only Other clear disadvantages are that 802.11a is only available in half the bandwidth in Japan (for a available in half the bandwidth in Japan (for a maximum of four channels), and it isn't approved for maximum of four channels), and it isn't approved for use in Europe, where HiperLAN2 is the standard.use in Europe, where HiperLAN2 is the standard.

Though 5GHz has many advantages, it also has problems Though 5GHz has many advantages, it also has problems and one of them is and one of them is compatibility.compatibility. The different The different frequencies mean that frequencies mean that 802.11a products aren't 802.11a products aren't interoperable with the 802.11b base. interoperable with the 802.11b base.

To get around this, the To get around this, the IEEE developed 802.11g, which IEEE developed 802.11g, which should extend the speed and range of 802.11b so that should extend the speed and range of 802.11b so that it's fully compatible with the older systems.it's fully compatible with the older systems.

The obvious advantage of The obvious advantage of 802.11g is that it maintains 802.11g is that it maintains compatibility with 802.11bcompatibility with 802.11b (and 802.11b's worldwide (and 802.11b's worldwide acceptance) and also offers acceptance) and also offers faster data ratesfaster data rates comparable comparable to 802.11a. to 802.11a.

Disadvantage of 802.11g is that it also works in the 2.4 Disadvantage of 802.11g is that it also works in the 2.4 GHz band and so due to interference it will never be as GHz band and so due to interference it will never be as fast as 802.11a.fast as 802.11a.

IEEE 802.11g STANDARDIEEE 802.11g STANDARD

Wireless standards and Wireless standards and their networking their networking environment environment

802.11 in Malaysia802.11 in Malaysia

Recently started employing the 802.11g Recently started employing the 802.11g standard replacing 802.11b.standard replacing 802.11b.

Market place is very competitive since:Market place is very competitive since: Wi-Fi usage is still in its infancy.Wi-Fi usage is still in its infancy. Providers do not need special license to Providers do not need special license to

provide Wi-Fi services as long as Internet provide Wi-Fi services as long as Internet access is supplied by licensed Internet access is supplied by licensed Internet Access Service Providers.Access Service Providers.

802.11 in Malaysia (cont.)802.11 in Malaysia (cont.)

According to IDC Malaysia – 480 hotspots with According to IDC Malaysia – 480 hotspots with 12,000 subscribers as of Dec 03.12,000 subscribers as of Dec 03.

Figure is expected to increase by 58% throughout Figure is expected to increase by 58% throughout 2004 – 2008 reaching 120,000 subscribers.2004 – 2008 reaching 120,000 subscribers.

Among some Wi-Fi providers are:Among some Wi-Fi providers are:

TMNetTMNet TIMETIME Celcom Celcom MaxisMaxis

JaringJaring Airzed NetworkAirzed Network Gold Information Gold Information

SystemsSystems

INTRODUCTION OF INTRODUCTION OF WiMAXWiMAX

The term WiMAX stand for ‘The term WiMAX stand for ‘Wireless Interoperability Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access.for Microwave Access.

Technology that involves Technology that involves microwavesmicrowaves for the transfer for the transfer of data wirelessly.of data wirelessly.

Can be used for Can be used for high-speed,high-speed, wireless networking wireless networking distances up to a few miles up to 30 miles.distances up to a few miles up to 30 miles.

It is similar to Wi-Fi that use the same core technology It is similar to Wi-Fi that use the same core technology of wireless modulation developed way back in 60’s and of wireless modulation developed way back in 60’s and 70’s.70’s.

Also known as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Also known as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)Multiplexing)

Use Use IEEE 802.16 standardIEEE 802.16 standard addresses frequencies addresses frequencies from 10GHz to 66GHz.from 10GHz to 66GHz.

INTRODUCTION OF INTRODUCTION OF WiMAX (Cont.)WiMAX (Cont.)

Can run signals very close to each other on wireless Can run signals very close to each other on wireless channels.channels.

Can super narrow lanes, can put a lot of traffic over them Can super narrow lanes, can put a lot of traffic over them and they don’t disrupt each otherand they don’t disrupt each other

Channel sizes range from 1.5 to 20 MHz.Channel sizes range from 1.5 to 20 MHz.

Supports ATM, IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, and VLAN services.Supports ATM, IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, and VLAN services.

Provide a rich choice of service possibilities to voice and Provide a rich choice of service possibilities to voice and data network providers.data network providers.

BENEFIT OF WiMAX BENEFIT OF WiMAX TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

Cost effectiveCost effective

Ability to get higher connection speeds farther away from Ability to get higher connection speeds farther away from the transmitterthe transmitter

Much easier to install – enable self installationMuch easier to install – enable self installation

More scalable and multi-access capabilities to the fixed More scalable and multi-access capabilities to the fixed OFDM technology.OFDM technology.

Other advantages – robust security features, good QoS Other advantages – robust security features, good QoS and mesh and smart antenna technology that will allow and mesh and smart antenna technology that will allow better utilization of the spectrum resources.better utilization of the spectrum resources.

The WiMAX Wireless The WiMAX Wireless ArchitectureArchitecture

Wi-Fi vs WiMAXWi-Fi vs WiMAX

How Do Wi-Fi and WiMAX Relate? Wi-Fi and WiMAX are How Do Wi-Fi and WiMAX Relate? Wi-Fi and WiMAX are actually complementary technologies. actually complementary technologies.

As WiMAX is a "last mile" technology, meaning that it As WiMAX is a "last mile" technology, meaning that it connects businesses and homes to the high-speed Internet. connects businesses and homes to the high-speed Internet.

Wi-Fi provides the wireless LAN connectivity within a Wi-Fi provides the wireless LAN connectivity within a building or a home. In the notebook computer of the future, building or a home. In the notebook computer of the future, we may have both WiMAX and Wi-Fi technology to make we may have both WiMAX and Wi-Fi technology to make connections to the broadband Internet. These two connections to the broadband Internet. These two technologies have been architected as close cousins, and technologies have been architected as close cousins, and will work together to provide the best connection for user will work together to provide the best connection for user needs.needs.

1G1G

Short for 1Short for 1stst generation mobile technology. generation mobile technology.

TechnologyTechnology FeaturesFeatures

AMPSAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Advanced Mobile Phone Service Service

Analog voice service.Analog voice service. No data service.No data service.

NMTNMT Nordic Mobile Nordic Mobile TelephoneTelephone

2G2G

Short for 2Short for 2ndnd generation mobile technology. generation mobile technology.

TechnologyTechnology FeaturesFeatures

TDMA-basedTDMA-based Digital voice serviceDigital voice service 9.6K to 14.4K bps.9.6K to 14.4K bps. CDMA, TDMA and CDMA, TDMA and

PDC offer one-way PDC offer one-way

data transmissions only.data transmissions only. Enhanced calling Enhanced calling

features like caller ID.features like caller ID. No always-on data No always-on data

connection.connection.

TDMATDMA Time Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access

GSMGSM Global System for Mobile Global System for Mobile CommunicationsCommunications

iDENiDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Integrated Digital Enhanced NetworkNetwork

PDCPDC Personal Digital CellularPersonal Digital Cellular

CDMA-basedCDMA-based

CDMACDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCode Division Multiple Access

2.5G / 2.75G2.5G / 2.75G

Stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular Stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies.wireless technologies.

Are not officially defined; invented for Are not officially defined; invented for marketing purposes.marketing purposes.

TechnologyTechnology

2.5G2.5G GPRS – General Packet Radio ServiceGPRS – General Packet Radio Service

2.75G2.75G EDGE – Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EDGE – Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology)CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology)

2.5G / 2.75G (cont.)2.5G / 2.75G (cont.)

Some protocols, such as EDGE and Some protocols, such as EDGE and CDMA2000 1x-RTT, officially qualify as CDMA2000 1x-RTT, officially qualify as 3G services (because they have a data 3G services (because they have a data rate of above 144kbps), but are rate of above 144kbps), but are considered by most to be 2.5G or 2.75G considered by most to be 2.5G or 2.75G services because they are several times services because they are several times slower than "true" 3G services. slower than "true" 3G services.

3G3G

Short for 3Short for 3rdrd generation mobile generation mobile technologytechnology. . Refers to pending improvements in Refers to pending improvements in

wireless data and voice communications wireless data and voice communications through any of a variety of proposed through any of a variety of proposed standards. standards.

Immediate goal – to raise transmission Immediate goal – to raise transmission speeds from 9.5K to 2M bps. speeds from 9.5K to 2M bps.

3G (cont.)3G (cont.)

TechnologyTechnology FeaturesFeatures

W-CDMA W-CDMA Wide-band Code Division Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access Multiple Access

Superior voice Superior voice

quality.quality. Up to 2Mbps. Up to 2Mbps.

always-on data.always-on data. Broadband data Broadband data

services like video services like video

and multimedia.and multimedia. Enhanced roaming.Enhanced roaming.

CDMA-2000 CDMA-2000 Based on the Interim Based on the Interim Standard-95 (IS-95) CDMA Standard-95 (IS-95) CDMA standard standard

TD-SCDMA TD-SCDMA Time-division synchronous Time-division synchronous code-division multiple-code-division multiple-access access

2G2G 2.5G2.5G 3G3G

Services include:Services include:- Phone calls- Phone calls- Voice mail- Voice mail- Receive simple email - Receive simple email

messagesmessages

Services include:Services include:- Phone calls/fax- Phone calls/fax- Voice mail- Voice mail- Send/receive large - Send/receive large

email messagesemail messages- Web browsing- Web browsing- Navigation/maps- Navigation/maps

Services includes:Services includes:- Phone calls/fax- Phone calls/fax- Global roaming- Global roaming- Send/receive large - Send/receive large

email messagesemail messages- High-speed Web- High-speed Web Navigation/maps Navigation/maps- Videoconferencing- Videoconferencing- TV streaming- TV streaming- Electronic agenda - Electronic agenda

meeting reminder.meeting reminder.

Speed:Speed: 10Kbps 10Kbps Speed:Speed: 64-144Kbps 64-144Kbps SpeedSpeed: 144K -2M bps: 144K -2M bps

Time to download a Time to download a 3min MP3 song:3min MP3 song: 31-41 min31-41 min

Time to download a Time to download a 3min MP3 song:3min MP3 song: 6-9min6-9min

Time to download a Time to download a 3min MP3 song:3min MP3 song: 11sec-1.5min11sec-1.5min

3G: System Capabilities3G: System Capabilities

Capability to support circuit and Capability to support circuit and packet data at high bit ratespacket data at high bit rates:: 144 Kbps or higher in high mobility 144 Kbps or higher in high mobility

(vehicular) traffic.(vehicular) traffic. 384 Kbps for pedestrian traffic.384 Kbps for pedestrian traffic. 2 Mbps or higher for indoor traffic. 2 Mbps or higher for indoor traffic.

Interoperability and worldwide Interoperability and worldwide roaming capabilityroaming capability

3G: System Capabilities 3G: System Capabilities (cont.)(cont.)

Common billing/user profiles:Common billing/user profiles: Sharing of usage/rate information between Sharing of usage/rate information between

service providers.service providers. Standardized call detail recording.Standardized call detail recording. Standardized user profiles.Standardized user profiles.

Capability to determine geographic Capability to determine geographic position of mobiles and report it to position of mobiles and report it to both the network and the mobile both the network and the mobile terminal.terminal.

3G: System Capabilities 3G: System Capabilities (cont.)(cont.)

Support of multimedia Support of multimedia services/capabilities:services/capabilities: Fixed and variable rate bit traffic Bandwidth Fixed and variable rate bit traffic Bandwidth

on demand.on demand. Asymmetric data rates in the forward and Asymmetric data rates in the forward and

reverse links.reverse links. Multimedia mail store and forward.Multimedia mail store and forward. Broadband access up to 2 Mbps.Broadband access up to 2 Mbps.

3G in Malaysia3G in Malaysia

Malaysia – still relatively new.Malaysia – still relatively new. based on W-CDMA standard, similar to based on W-CDMA standard, similar to

the system used by European countries.the system used by European countries. licences awarded to:licences awarded to:

Telekom Malaysia Bhd. (July 02)Telekom Malaysia Bhd. (July 02) Maxis Communications Bhd. (July 02)Maxis Communications Bhd. (July 02) DiGi Telecommunication Sdn. Bhd. (Nov 04)DiGi Telecommunication Sdn. Bhd. (Nov 04)

3G in Malaysia (cont.)3G in Malaysia (cont.)

July 03 – 14 Jan 04: TM conducted pilot July 03 – 14 Jan 04: TM conducted pilot testing.testing.

Jan – Dec 04: 300 TM customers were Jan – Dec 04: 300 TM customers were introduced to subscribe to a limited set of 3G introduced to subscribe to a limited set of 3G services provided in various parts of the MSC services provided in various parts of the MSC and Klang Valley.and Klang Valley.

2005: TM (through Celcom) and Maxis are set 2005: TM (through Celcom) and Maxis are set to fully launch their 3G services in major cities to fully launch their 3G services in major cities first.first.

4G4G

Short for 4Short for 4thth generation mobile technology. generation mobile technology. Still undergoing a lot of research and Still undergoing a lot of research and

development processes.development processes. Key players – Japan, Korea, China, Europe.Key players – Japan, Korea, China, Europe. ITU’s 4G definition:ITU’s 4G definition:

1Gbps standstill 1Gbps standstill 100Mbps when moving at train-like speeds 100Mbps when moving at train-like speeds

4G (cont.)4G (cont.)

June 2004 – Japan’s NTT DoCoMo June 2004 – Japan’s NTT DoCoMo revealed results from new 4G test revealed results from new 4G test system:system: peak – 300 Mbpspeak – 300 Mbps average rate – 135Mbps average rate – 135Mbps

in a car moving at 30kmph; at a distance in a car moving at 30kmph; at a distance of 800m to 1km from base stations.of 800m to 1km from base stations.

Comparison: 3G - 4GComparison: 3G - 4G

3G3G 4G4G Back compatible to 2G Back compatible to 2G Extend 3G capacity by Extend 3G capacity by

one order of magnitude.one order of magnitude. Circuit and packet Circuit and packet

switched networks.switched networks.

Entirely packet switched Entirely packet switched

networks.networks. Combination of existing & Combination of existing &

evolved equipment.evolved equipment.

All network elements are All network elements are

digital.digital. Data rate (up to 2Mbps) Data rate (up to 2Mbps) Higher bandwidth (up to Higher bandwidth (up to

1Gbps). 1Gbps).

ConclusionConclusion

Mobile data communication has become a very Mobile data communication has become a very important and rapidly evolving technology as it important and rapidly evolving technology as it allows users to transmit data from remote allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations. locations to other remote or fixed locations.

This proves to be the solution to the biggest This proves to be the solution to the biggest problem of business people on the move – problem of business people on the move – mobility.mobility.

With current developments and upcoming With current developments and upcoming technologies, mobility will no longer be a big technologies, mobility will no longer be a big issue.issue.