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Teori Akuntansi Keuangan MEASUREMENT THEORY Nama Anggota Kelompok : Marcellina Cindy Lupita Novrizal Nugroho Ken Anissa Sylfia Sipayung N Renny Larasati Tiffany Adam Nurin Wildania
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Presentasi Measurement Theory

Jan 01, 2016

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Page 1: Presentasi Measurement Theory

TeoriAkuntansiKeuangan

MEASUREMENT THEORY

Nama Anggota Kelompok :Marcellina Cindy LupitaNovrizal NugrohoKen AnissaSylfia SipayungN Renny LarasatiTiffany AdamNurin Wildania

Page 2: Presentasi Measurement Theory

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Economic entity

2. Going concern

3. Monetary unit

4. Periodicity

5. Accrual

PRINCIPLES

1. Measurement

2. Revenue recognition

3. Expense recognition

4. Full disclosure

CONSTRAINTS

1. Cost

2. Materiality

OBJECTIVEProvide information about

the reportingentity that is useful

to present and potentialequity investors,

lenders, and othercreditors in their

capacity as capitalProviders.

ELEMENTS

1. Assets2. Liabilities3. Equity4. Income5. Expenses

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

1. Fundamental qualities

2. Enhancing qualities

Page 3: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Pengukuran yang menghasilkan data kuantitatif memberikan informasi lebih besar dibanding data kualitatif.Campbell, assignment of numerals to

represent properties of material systems Stevens, assignment of numerals to objects

or events according to the rules.

IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT

Page 4: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Stevens,Peraturan yang dipakai adalah semantic rules.

“Menghubungkan simbol agar dapat menerangkan sebuah objek, ketika objek tersebut dapat dijelaskan dengan persamaan matematika maka pengukuran telah dilakukan”

IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT

Page 5: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Every measurement is made on scale.Menunjukan informasi tentang gambaran angka dan memberikan arti bagi angka tersebut.

Menurut Stevens, skala dibagi menjadi 4:Skala NominalSkala OrdinalSkala IntervalSkala Ratio

SCALES

Page 6: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Used only as labels.Represent Classification

Example: Chart of Account

NOMINAL SCALE

Page 7: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Created when an operation ranks the objects in question with respect to a given property.

Weakness: tidak menjelaskan perbedaan interval antar ranking.

Tongerson berpendapat, skala ordinal mempunyai natural origin, yaitu natural zero point.

ORDINAL SCALE

Page 8: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Interval scale imparts more information than ordinal scale, not only ranking, but the distance between the intervals on the scale is equal and known, and selected zero point also exists.

Weakness: zero point is arbitrarily established.

Example: varians dalam standar cost accounting.

INTERVAL SCALE

Page 9: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Ratio Scale is one where:The rank order of the objects or event s The interval between the objects are equal

and are knownNatural zero point, exists where the distance

from it for at least one object is known

RATIO SCALE

Page 10: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Beberapa aplikasi matematika tertentu hanya dapat dioperasikan di tipe skala tertentu

Nominal & Ordinal ScalesTidak ada operasi aritmatika

Interval ScalesPengurangan dan Penambahan

Ratio ScalesSemua operasi aritmatika

PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE

Page 11: Presentasi Measurement Theory

InvariantSkala ratio jika dikalikan dengan konstanta, maka akan menghasilkan skala ratio yang sama

Skala RasioX’ = cX

Hal ini karenaPeringkatnya tidak berubahRasionya tidak berubahTitik nol tidak berubah

PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE

Page 12: Presentasi Measurement Theory

VarianPengukuran dengan dua skala yang berbeda

Skala IntervalX’ = cX + b

Karena variant maka kita tidak bisa mengatakan A X kali lebih .... dari B

PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE

Page 13: Presentasi Measurement Theory

RasioA X’= cx x=2

X’=10.2 X’=20

B X’= cx x=6 6 =3 x 2X’=10.6 X’=60 60 =3 x 20

B = 3 x A

IntervalA X’= cx+b x=2

X’=10.2+10 X’=30

B X’= cx+b x=6 6 =3 x 2X’=10.6+10 X’=70 70 =3 x 30

B ≠ 3 x A

PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE

Page 14: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Menurut Campbell, dalam melakukan pengukuran, harus ada teori yang mendasarinya.

Type of measurement menurut Campbell : Fundamental Measurement dan Derived Measurement

TYPE OF MEASUREMENT

Page 15: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Pengukuran terhadap sesuatu sesuai dengan teori dasar dan tidak terhantung pada pengukuran atas variabel lain

Contoh : panjang, jumlah, volume

FUNDAMENTAL MEASUREMENT

Page 16: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Merupakan pengukuran yang bergantung pada pengukuran dua atau lebih variabel

Contoh : pengukuran profit

DERIVED MEASUREMENT

Page 17: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Dalam akuntansi, tidak ada teori yang mendasarinya, hanya berdasarkan asumsi

Teori pengukuran yang dibuat merupakan hasil pemikiran

Contoh : Pengukuran laba akuntansi

FIAT MEASUREMENT

Page 18: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Tidak ada measurement yang bebas dari error.

Sumber-sumber error dalam melakukan measurement, yaitu :

1. Measurement operations stated imprecisely2. Measurer (si pengukur)3. Instrument (contoh : grafik dan tabel atas

sejumlah angka dan indeks harga)4. Environment5. Attribute unclear6. Risk and uncertainty

REALIBILITY AND ACCURACY

Page 19: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Apa yang dimaksud dengan realiable measurement?

1. Proven consistency2. Repeatable or reproductable3. Precision

Ada 2 aspek realibility, yaitu :1. Accuracy and certainty of measurement2. Representative of faithfulness

REALIABLE MEASUREMENT

Page 20: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Hasil yang konsisten, ketelitian, dan realibility seharusnya mengarah pada keakuratan (accuracy).

Keakuratan dapat dicapai dengan melakukan pengukuran yang benar dan menunjukkan nilai yang benar (true value) dari ukuran tersebut.

Untuk melakukan perhitungan yang akurat diperlukan standar yang menunjukkan nilai yang sebenarnya.

ACCURATE MEASUREMENT

Page 21: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Dampak perhitungan FV pada realibility dan relevancy dari laporan keuangan.

Tujuan digunakannya FV adalah agar dapat menyediakan LK yang lebih relevan dan mencerminkan keadaan ekonomi yang sebenarnya sehingga lebih relevan terhadap keadaan pasar. Subjektivitas dan proses estimasi menimbulkan keraguan atas keandalan informasi. Tetapi perhitungan FV dianggap lebih realiable dibandingkan dengan historical cost.

DAMPAK DARI PENGGUNAAN FAIR VALUE DALAM PELAPORAN LK TERHADAP PROFESI AKUNTANSI

INTERVIEW DENGAN THERESA ABLSTORM, LONG ISLAND OFFICE MANAGING PARTNER, KPMG LLP

Page 22: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Subjektivitas dan kompleksitas yang melekat pada penilaian fair value yang memungkinkan mudah untuk dimanipulasi, sehingga hal ini tergantung dari ketelitian dan kompetensi teknis dari si pembuat LK

PANDANGAN ABLSTROM PADA PENGGUNAAN PENGUKURAN FAIR VALUE TERHADAP

PENINGKATAN ATAU PENURUNAN KOMPLEKSITAS DAN KUALITAS DARI LAPORAN KEUANGAN.

Page 23: Presentasi Measurement Theory

SFAS 157 menjadi salah satu guidelines atau kerangka untuk menghitung FV yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan konsistensi dan transparansi dalam penilaian FV.

DAMPAK SFAS 157 “FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT” TERHADAP STANDAR

AKUNTANSI FV MEASUREMENT.

Page 24: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Hal ini berdampak pada audit risk dan cost dari audit. Karena kalkulasi FV tidak terlepas dari subjektivitas dan komplektitas sehingga berdampak pada resiko audit.

DAMPAK PENGGUNAAN FV MEASUREMENT TERHADAP AUDIT PROCEDURE DARI

AUDITOR INDEPENDENT.

Page 25: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Ada 2 fundamental measure dalam akuntansi : - Capital - Profit

Sebelum diperkenalkannya IAS Profit was not earned until initial opening

historical cost capital was maintained and profit realized

Capital was always stated at historical cost and changes in net assets were not considered as profit

MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING

Page 26: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Setelah diperkenalkannya IAS Profit derived from the change in capital

ovet the period from all activities including decrease/increase in fair value of net assets, excl. transaction with owners

Capital is derived from the net of fair value measure of assets and liabilities.

MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING

Page 27: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Sejarah perkembangan konsep capital valuation in accountingFirst thousand years AD : The purpose of

accounting was to count & safeguard the assets of the steward using single-entry accounting

Dimulainya jalur perdagangan di Timur Tengah dan Asia setelah perang salib abad ke 11, profit dihitung tiap satu kali perjalanan. Sedangkan ending capital diukur sebagai accumuluation of wealth from individual ventures plus original capital, profit represented an increase in wealth.

MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING

Page 28: Presentasi Measurement Theory

The use of Arabic numbering system together with the concept of returnable capital led to the evolution of double-entry accounting was used by Italian merchants from the 12 th – 16 th centuries and fi rst documented by Luca Pacioli as “The System of Venice” in 1494

Pada abad ke 18 di Inggris berkembang perusahaan dengan kepemilikan saham ditandai dengan adanya limited liability, separate management class, & transferability of shares. Namun karena banyaknya perusahaan yang bangkrut, disusunlah Joint Stock Companies Regulation Act pada 1844. This act emphesized creditor protection and conservative accounting valuation. Serta mulai menggunakan metode LOCOM (lower of cost and market value) sebagai prinsip pengukuran capital.

MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING

Page 29: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Dikenalnya konsep depresiasi (depreciation method) di Amerika Serikat pada abad ke -19

Paton & Littleton in 1940 produced the first definitive statement on the concept of capital and profit. Profit as being derived from the matching

or allocation of historical costs against revenue earned.

The balance sheet was simply the repository of all-yet-to-be allocated historical cost and not seen as a measurement of net market value (or a fair value) of a bussiness

MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING

Page 30: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Kritikan atas prinsip valuation historical cost mulai berkembang pada tahun 1960an. Para pakar berpendapat bahwa valuation yang

didasarkan pada historical cost sudah tidak lagi tepat untuk pengambilan keputusan.

The profi t did not measure contemporary resource usage.

IASB memperkenalkan standar akuntansi pada tahun 2005: profit measurement and revenue recognition should be

linked to timely recognition the fair value approach should be adopted as the

working measurement principle

MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING

Page 31: Presentasi Measurement Theory

1. Why is the measurement distinction between

capital and income important?

2. Why do you think is real financial capital

maintenance and what is physical capital

maintenance?

3. Is the increase in the value of a house you live in

income or capital ? Provide explanation.

4. Does your answer to question 3 change if your

house is an invesment property? Give reasons for

your answer.

THEORY IN ACTION 5.2CAPITAL OR INCOME?

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1. Accounting information should be aimed at

decision makers making economic decisions

about the entity

2. Entities should present a single statement

of all recognised income and expense items

as a component of a complete set of

financial statements

THE FASB/IASB JOINT PROJECT ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHTS THE IASB’S THINKING ON

INCOME AND ASSET MEASUREMENT, PARTICULARLY THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT.

SOME AGREED CONCEPTD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :

Page 33: Presentasi Measurement Theory

3. The statement should be all-inclusive:

a) It should include the eff ects of all changes in net assets and

liabilites during the period, other than transactions with

owners.

b) Assets and liabil ities should be valued at fair value which

presumes market prices but substitutes such as discounted

future cash fl ow, depreciated market prices but substitutes

such as discounted future cash fl ows, depreciated market

prices or asset-pricing models can be used in the absence of a

l iquid market.

c) Income determination should be split between profi t before

remeasurement and remeasurement eff ects.

THE FASB/IASB JOINT PROJECT ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHTS THE IASB’S THINKING ON

INCOME AND ASSET MEASUREMENT, PARTICULARLY THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT.

SOME AGREED CONCEPTD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :

Page 34: Presentasi Measurement Theory

4. All income and expenses should be categorised and displayed in

a way that

a) enhances users’ understanding of achieved performance

b) assists in forming expectations of future performance

5. Profi t should not be based on a notion of realisation

6. The focus should be on

a) greater transparency

b) useful information to investors and relevance of data for

decision making

c) the concept of realibil ity has been replaced by

representational faithfulness

THE FASB/IASB JOINT PROJECT ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHTS THE IASB’S THINKING ON

INCOME AND ASSET MEASUREMENT, PARTICULARLY THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT.

SOME AGREED CONCEPTD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :

Page 35: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Adanya beberapa metode valuasi aset menciptakan isu untuk auditor

Jika beberapa valuasi aset tersebut: 1. dapat diaplikasikan dengan benar dan

konsisten, 2. menggunakan asusmsi yang masuk akal, 3. dan data yang digunakan valid untuk

menghasilkan valuasi, valuasi tersebut dapat diterima auditor

MEASUREMENT ISSUES FOR AUDITORS

Page 36: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Manajemen harus selalu mengecek apakah aset tertentu perlu ada impairment atau tidak

Jika ada, maka manajemen harus mengestimasi Recoverable Amount aset

Jika RA < CA maka Carrying Amount harus dikurangkan dari RA nya

Pengurangan ini disebut impairment loss

IMPAIRMENT LOSS

Page 37: Presentasi Measurement Theory

Isu dari historical cost salah satunya standar inventory cost, di mana cost nya dinyatakan secara gamblang, namun ada hal yang mempengaruhi cost tersebut dari perubahan kondisi ekonomi.

HISTORICAL COST

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NPVCapital asset pricing modelCost of creationMarket-based comparisonRoyalty relief methodRelative valueBalanced scorecardCompetency modelsBenchmarkingBusiness WorthBusuness Process AuditingKnowledge Bank

12 METODE PENILAIAN ASET TIDAK BERWUJUD