PRESENT AND FUTURE OF BROADBAND AND …wireless.ictp.it/school_2004/lectures/luther/PresFut2004.pdfpresent and future of broadband and uwb technologies ... •digital television broadcast

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PRESENT AND FUTURE OFBROADBAND AND UWB

TECHNOLOGIES

BILL LUTHERFEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C.2004

2

TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

• ULTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB) SYSTEMS• FUTURE (SOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE) RADIOS• ITU MULTIMEDIA STUDIES• ADVANCED WIRELESS SYSTEMS• DIGITAL RADIO BROADCAST• DIGITAL TELEVISION BROADCAST• 12 GHz TERRESTRIAL SHARING WITH GSO

SATELLITE DBS• BROADBAND SATELLITE• ABOVE 50 GHz• EXPECTED BROADBAND GROWTH TRENDS

3

UWB INTRODUCTION• UWB TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN IN

LIMITED USE FOR YEARS BY PUBLICSERVICE, RESEARCH, AND MILITARYAGENCIES, PRIMARILY FOR IMAGINGAND RADAR

• CONSUMER UWB DEVICES ARE BEINGDEVELOPED FOR WIRELESSCOMMUNICATION AND OTHERAPPLICATIONS

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ULTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB)• TIMED, CODED PULSES OF EXTREMELY SHORT DURATION

• NOISE-LIKE EMISSION WHICH SPREADS ACROSS THESPECTRUM

• EXCELLENT IMMUNITY TO MULTIPATH INTERFERENCE

• IDEAL FOR SHORT RANGE APPLICATIONS FOR HIGH BITRATE COMMUNICATIONS

• IMPLEMENTED BY RELATIVELY LOW COST INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS

• CHARACTERIZED BY– PULSE REPETITION FREQUENCY

– RADIATED POWER DENSITY, AND

– PEAK POWER IN A WIDE BANDWIDTH

• NECESSARY BANDWIDTH FOR COMMUNICATIONS CAN BERESTRICTED BY FILTERS

5

UWB USES• GROUND PENETRATING RADARS (PUBLIC SAFETY,

ARCHEOLOGICAL, CIVIL ENGINEERING, EARTHQUAKE)

• THROUGH-WALL RADAR FOR PUBLIC SAFETY ANDCONSTRUCTION

• EMERGENCY MOTION AND IMAGING

• HIGH PERFORMANCE MICROPHONES

• LOCAL AREA VOICE, DATA, AND VIDEO NETWORKS

• SECURITY DEVICES

• COLLISION AVOIDANCE AND AIRBAG SENSORS

• FLUID LEVEL DETECTION

• SHORT RANGE CLANDESTINE COMMUNICATION

• LONG RANGE MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS

• IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION TAGS

UNLICENSED, UNCONTROLLED, UBIQUITOUS

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UWB WAVEFORMCHARACTERISTICS

• UWB signal definition:

– The fractional bandwidth is greater than20% of the center frequency, or

– The -10 dB bandwidth occupies ≥ 500MHz or more of spectrum

A Monocycle Pulse in Time and Frequency Domain

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UWB FRACTIONAL BANDWIDTH

FRACTIONAL BW = 2(Fh - Fl)/(Fh + Fl)

WHERE

Fh = HIGHEST FREQUENCY LIMIT WITHSIGNAL 10 dB BELOW PEAK EMISSION

Fl = LOWEST FREQUENCY LIMIT WITHSIGNAL 10 dB BELOW PEAK EMISSION

Fc = CENTER FREQUENCY = (Fh + Fl)/2 =1/(DURATION OF ONE CYCLE)

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UWB EFFECTIVENESSIMPROVED CHANNEL CAPACITY IS ONE MAJOR ADVANTAGE OF UWB.

SHANNON’S CAPACITY LIMIT EQUATION SHOWS THAT INCREASINGCHANNEL CAPACITY REQUIRES LINEAR INCREASES IN BANDWIDTHWHILE SIMILAR CHANNEL CAPACITY INCREASES WOULD REQUIRE

EXPONENTIAL INCREASES IN POWER.

SHANNON’S CAPACITY LIMIT EQUATION

C = BW [log2(1+SNR)]where:

C = Channel Capacity (bits/sec)

BW = Channel Bandwidth (Hz)

SNR = Signal to Noise Ratio

= Received Signal Power________(Bandwidth) (Noise Power Spectral Density)

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UWB DATA RATE VS. RANGE FORDIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES

SOURCE: INTEL

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

UWB

IEEE

DISTANCE (m)

DA

TA

RA

TE

(M

BY

TE

S/ S

)

10

11

12

-75.3 dBm/MHz

Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz

U.S. LIMITS

13

960 MHz 1.61 GHz

1.91 GHz

3.1 GHz 10.6 GHz

Preliminary

DIFFERENCE IS 34 dB

34 d

B

Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz

-75.3 dBm/MHz

14

-75.3 dBm/MHzSame GPS mask for

vehicle radars

Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz

U.S. LIMITS

15

-65.3 dBm/MHz

10 dB Stronger

Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz

U.S. LIMITS

16

-53.3 dBm/MHz

20 dB Stronger

Part 15 = -41.3 dBm/MHz

U.S. LIMITS

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SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

• NEW TECHNOLOGY USING SOFTWARE (COMPUTERS), RATHERTHAN HARDWARE FOR TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS TOCHANGE OPERATING PARAMETERS, INCLUDING FREQUENCY,MODULATION, AND POWER

• RADIOS QUICKLY CHANGE TRANSMIT FREQUENCIES ANDFORMAT

• DESIGNED TO ALLEVIATE POTENTIAL SPECTRUM SHORTAGEAND SPUR MORE EFFICIENT USE OF BANDWIDTH

• WILL ASSIST INTEROPERABILITY, PARTICULARLY FOR PUBLICSAFETY AND BETWEEN FEDERAL AND LOCAL OFFICIALS

• ITU-R SG 8 STUDYING APPROPRIATE TECHNICALCHARACTERISTICS, FREQUENCY BANDS, INTERFERENCECONSIDERATIONS, OPERATIONAL ISSUES, AND DEFINITIONS

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COGNITIVE RADIO• NEW TECHNOLOGY USING SMART RADIOS TO

ADAPT THEIR USE OF SPECTRUM IN RESPONSE TOINFORMATION EXTERNAL TO THE RADIO

• GEOLOCATION INFORMATION CAN BE USED TODETERMINE IF TRANSMISSIONS ARE PERMISSIBLE

• SENSING OF THE RF ENVIRONMENT TO DETERMINEOPTIMAL FREQUENCIES AND TRANSMIT POWERS,WHILE AVOIDING HARMFUL INTERFERENCE TOOTHERS

• INTERPRET AND TRANSMIT SIGNALS IN DIFFERENTFORMATS OR MODULATION SCHEMES

• IDENTIFICATION OF VACANT SPECTRUM CHANNELS• EXPLOITATION OF THE INTERFERENCE

TEMPERATURE CONCEPT

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TERRESTRIAL WIRELESSINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

Mobile Fixed

HDFS

LMDS

NWA/RLAN FWA

Broadcasting

Interactive Broadcasting

MWA/Cellular BWA

LMDS: Local multipoint distribution system RLAN: Radio local area networkFWA: Fixed wireless access NWA: Nomadic wireless accessBWA: Broadband fixed wireless access MWA: Mobile wireless accessHDFS: High density applications in the fixed service

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SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT(ITU-R SG 1) STUDIES

• HOW ARE INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAAPPLICATIONS OF TERRESTRIAL FIXED, MOBILE,AND BROADCASTING SERVICES CONVERGINGTECHNICALLY?

• HOW DOES TECHNICAL CONVERGENCE IMPACTON THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RADIOREGULATORY ENVIRONMENT?

• IF TECHNICAL CONVERGENCE IMPACTS THESERVICE DEFINITIONS OF THE RADIOREGULATIONS, HOW SHOULD THE DEFINITIONS BEREVISED?

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SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT(ITU-R SG 1) QUESTIONS

• WHAT CHARACTERISTICS DOES A TERRESTRIALWIRELESS INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMHAVE?

• WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS ANDTECHNOLOGIES THAT FALL INTO THISCATEGORY?

• HOW DO THESE APPLICATIONS ANDTECHNOLOGIES RELATE TO THE SPECTRUM?

• WHAT ARE THE SHARING SCENARIOS?

• WHAT ARE REGULATORY IMPEDIMENTS?

• WHAT ARE TRENDS (CURRENT AND FORESEEN)THAT WILL IMPACT THE RESPONSES TO THESEQUESTIONS?

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BROADCAST (ITU-R SG 6)STUDIES

STUDY GROUP 6 STUDIES TERRESTRIAL ANDSATELLITE BROADCASTING FROM END-TO-END, INCLUDING VISION, SOUND,MULTIMEDIA AND DATA SERVICESINTENDED FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC. USEIS MADE OF POINT-TO-EVERYWHEREINFORMATION DELIVERY. WHEN RETURNCHANNELS ARE REQUIRED FOR ACCESSCONTROL, INTERACTIVITY, ETC., ANASYMMETRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISUSED.

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MOBILE SERVICE STUDIESITU-R WORKING PARTY 8F

(IMT-2000 AND BEYOND)• FUTURE SYSTEMS WITH DATA RATES > 2 Mbit/s

• INCLUDE FREQUENCY BANDS ABOVE 3 GHz

• SERVICE APPLICATIONS, OBJECTIVES AND USERNEEDS

• INCLUDE ENHANCED INTERNET PROTOCOL

• TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES, ANDCHARACTERISTICS

• HARMONIZE SPECTRUM

• MIGRATION STRATEGY

• GLOBAL CIRCULATION AND MUTUALRECOGNITION AGREEMENTS

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THIRD GENERATION(IMT-2000 AND BEYOND)

1710 - 1755 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE

1755 - 1850 MHz - DEFENSE USES

2110 - 2150 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE

2160 - 2165 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE

2500 - 2690 MHz - MMDS and ITFS

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MOBILE AND FIXED TELEPHONESUBSCRIBERS (WORLDWIDE) AS A

FUNCTION OF YEARS

Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database and ITU projections.

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MOBILE GROWTH IN AFRICA (1995-2001)TOP 10 ECONOMIES, COMPOUND ANNUAL

GROWTH RATE (%)

121.8

122.7

122.8

129.4

133.4

138.6

145.6

151.0

169.0

209.7

Benin

Tanzania

Tunisia

Malawi

Morocco

Uganda

Kenya

Central African Rep.

Eygpt

Seychelles

Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.

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MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS IN AFRICA IN2001 (MILLIONS)

0.7 1.2 2 3.5

7.7

15.7

24

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.

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ASIA-PACIFIC AS OF SEPTEMBER 2003CELLULAR TELEPHONE SUBSCRIPTIONS BY SELECTED COUNTRY

(TOTAL 511.64 MILLION)

SOURCE: GLOBAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER DATABASE

3.1221,869,000VIETNAM

1.118288,280UZBEKISTAN

68.91833,273,788SOUTH KOREA

73.8233,402,200SINGAPORE

23.83820,168,981PHILIPPINES

1.6542,479,580PAKISTAN

46.27810,684,000MALAYSIA

2.602127,280KYRGHYZ REPUBLIC

7.2231,209,600KAZAKHSTAN

61.78878,594,300JAPAN

7.02916,480,174INDONESIA

1.746918,297,147INDIA

91.3596,754,217HONG KONG

19.426249,974,000CHINA

0.8841,222,800BANGLADESH

73.76614,554,840AUSTRALIA

POPULATIONPENETRATION

(%)

NUMBER OFNETWORKS

SUBSCRIBERSCOUNTRY

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MOBILE GROWTH IN ASIA-PACIFIC(1995-2001)

TOP 10 ECONOMIES, COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (%)

84.9

85.2

94.0

96.9

97.9

109.2

116.6

118.4

124.1

132.5

China

Oman

Viet Nam

French Polynesia

Jordan

India

Azerbaijan

Iran (Islamic Rep. of)

Kazakstan

Saudi Arabia

Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.

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MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS IN ASIA ANDTHE PACIFIC IN 2001 (MILLIONS)

24.849.8

76.3103.4

163

240.9

335.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.

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MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS IN THE AMERICASIN 2001 (MILLIONS)

40.354.1

71.995.8

133.9

181.5

222

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.

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MOBILE GROWTH IN EUROPE (1995-2001)TOP 10 ECONOMIES, COMPOUND ANNUAL

GROWTH RATE (%)

95.3

99.4

99.5

104.9

126.2

127.4

132.7

136.4

174.3

396.6

Slovenia

Russia

Lithuania

Bulgaria

Poland

Czech Republic

Ukraine

Slovak Republic

Romania

Moldova

Source: ITU Internet Reports 2002: Internet for a Mobile Generation.

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ADVANCED WIRELESSSERVICES

• STUDIES HAVE JUST BEGUN OF TYPES OFADVANCED, FUTURE MOBILE AND FIXEDCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES, INCLUDING 3G

• STUDIES– TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

– SPECTRUM REQUIREMENTS• AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM

• FREQUENCY BANDS

• STUDIES INCLUDE OF BANDS CURRENTLY USEDFOR ANALOG CELLULAR, PERSONALCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE, SPECIALIZEDMOBILE RADIO AND THE FIVE BANDS JUSTALLOCATED BY WRC-2000 (ISTANBUL)

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Big Growth for WLANsWorldwide Wireless LAN Shipments

(000s)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

2000 2001

Source: CDW-G Wireless Guide.

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DIGITAL FM BROADCAST

• 88 - 108 MHz BAND

• EXISTING FM RADIO STATIONS USE EITHER +/- 75 kHzDEVIATION AT 200 kHz CHANNEL SEPARATION, OR +/-50 kHz DEVIATION AT 100 kHz CHANNEL SEPARATION

• IN-BAND ON CHANNEL (IBOC) DIGITAL OVERLAYEXPERIMENTS

• IBOC DIGITAL SIGNAL INSERTED ~25 dB BELOW THEANALOG FM SIGNAL

• OTHER STANDARDS BEING DISCUSSEDINTERNATIONALLY WITH THE HOPE OF FINDING ACOMMON GLOBAL STANDARD

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DIGITAL SOUND BROADCASTINGBELOW 30 MHz

THE WORLD BROADCASTING UNION AND THE ITU HAVE

BEEN COOPERATING IN SUPPORT OF STUDIES LEADING

TO THE ADOPTION OF SINGLE WORLDWIDE

BROADCASTING STANDARDS, PARTICULARLY:

• SINGLE COMMON DIGITAL SOUND BROADCASTSYSTEM IN LF, MF, AND HF

• DIGITAL CODING AND MODULATION COMPATIBLEWITH EXISTING STATION PLANNING

• WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OVER ANALOG

• WHAT ARE NEW SERVICES

• COMPLEXITY OF DUAL STANDARD (ANALOG ANDDIGITAL) BROADCAST RECEIVERS

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SATELLITE RADIO SYSTEMS

U.S. Services International

Sirius XM satellite radio Worldspace

Market auto auto/home home/portable

Orbit inclined GEO GEO

Size 3 satellites 2 satellites 3 satellites

Manuf. Loral Hughes Alcatel

Channels 100 100 NA

OEM Ford GM NA

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WORLDSPACE COVERAGEAFRICA, MIDDLE EAST, AND EUROPE

39

WORLDSPACE COVERAGEASIA

40

DIGITAL TELEVISION

• THERE ARE TWO COMMON GLOBALSTANDARD (ANALOG) TELEVISIONBROADCAST CHANNEL BANDWIDTHS, 6 MHzAND 8 MHz

• THERE IS A COMMON DIGITAL TELEVISIONDISPLAY FORMAT BUT DIFFERENT RFMODULATION SCHEMES, COFDM AND 8VSB

• VERY POLITICAL

• RECALL THE DIGITAL LAG IN TRANSITIONFROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL (HIGH DEFINITIONDEFINED AS EQUIVALENT TO A 35 mm CINEMAPICTURE)

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INTERACTIVE TELEVISION

• STUDIES HAVE BEGUN (JANUARY2001) OF THE DEFINITION OFINTERACTIVE TELEVISIONSERVICES SO AS TO FACILITATEAPPROPRIATE LICENSING:– VIDEO PIPELINE (MPEG VIDEO)?

– HIGH SPEED INTERNET PROTOCOL?

– CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT?

– ANTI-COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR?

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BSS-TERRESTRIAL SHARING

• SHARING WITH GEOSTATIONARYSATELLITE, BROADCASTSATELLITE SERVICE (BSS), ISFEASIBLE

• UNIQUE TECHNICAL PROPOSAL

• MANDATORY INTERFERENCETESTING REQUIRED (BY U.S.CONGRESS)

• POLITICALLY SENSITIVE

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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT

44

Ka/Ku-BAND BROADBANDSATELLITE SYSTEMS

Medsat (Aerospatiale)Videosat (France

Telecom)WEST (Matra Marconi

Space)Genesis (Deutsche

Telekom)Euroskyway (Alenia

Spazio)Astra (Societe Europenne

des Satellites)

Megasat (Mexico)Gelikon (Informkosmos)South Africa-sat (South

Africa)Diamondsat (South Africa)PC DataStar (PCG)Afrisat (United Kingdom)

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BROADBAND CAPACITY ISSUES

• EXPECTED GROWTH IN SATELLITE ASDELIVERY MECHANISM FOR BROADBANDDATA COULD STRAIN SATELLITE CAPACITY

• MILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN RURAL AREAS WILLNEED BROADBAND VIA SATELLITE

• CURRENT ESTIMATE: 20,000 BROADBANDSUBSCRIBERS/TRANSPONDER OR 480,000BROADBAND CONSUMERS/SATELLITE (24TRANSPONDERS/SATELLITE)

46

PROMOTING COMMERCIALMILLIMETER WAVE USE

(ABOVE 50 GHz)• 51.4 - 52.6 GHz AND 58.2 - 59 GHz BANDS ARE

ALLOCATED TO FIXED AND MOBILE SERVICES(INTERCONNECT MOBILE SERVICE BASESTATIONS AND INTERCONNECT DIFFERENTSYSTEMS)

• 57 - 64 GHz ALLOCATED IN U.S. TO UNLICENSEDUSES SO AS TO PROVIDE 7 GHz (VERY HIGHSPEED AND/OR HIGH BANDWIDTHCOMMUNICATION OVER SHORT DISTANCESAND FOR NETWORKING BACKBONE PURPOSESIN CONGESTED AREAS)

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PROMOTING COMMERCIALMILLIMETER WAVE USE

(ABOVE 50 GHz)• 64 - 66 GHz ALLOCATED TO FIXED AND MOBILE

SERVICES, EXCEPT FOR AERONAUTICAL MOBILESERVICE (AGAIN, INTERCONNECT MOBILESERVICE BASE STATIONS AND INTERCONNECTDIFFERENT SYSTEMS)

• 65 - 71 GHz ALLOCATED TO INTERSATELLITESERVICE (ISS) TO MAKE SATELLITE NETWORKINTERCONNECTIONS MORE EFFICIENT (WILLPROMOTE VIDEO TELEPHONY, MEDICAL ANDTECHNICAL TELE-IMAGING, HIGH SPEED DATANETWORKS, AND BANDWIDTH-ON-DEMAND FORCONSUMERS)

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UNLICENSED OPERATION57 - 64 GHz

• LICENSING THIS BAND IS UNNECESSARY BECAUSEOF THE VERY LIMITED POTENTIAL FORINTERFERENCE DUE TO THE LOW POWER LIMITS,THE DRAMATIC OXYGEN ABSORPTION OF RFENERGY AT FREQUENCIES AROUND 60 GHz, ANDTHE NARROW BEAMWIDTH OF POINT-TO-POINTANTENNAS USED OUTSIDE

• MAXIMUM PFD PERMITTED IN THIS 7 GHz BAND IS9 uW/cm2 AVERAGE, AND 18 uW/cm2 PEAK AT 3METERS

• NOKIA HAS ALREADY BEGUN DEPLOYINGUNLICENSED MICRO-CELLULAR EQUIPMENT INTHE BAND 57 - 59 GHz IN EUROPE

49

WORLDWIDE DIGITAL MOBILESUBSCRIBERS AND INTERNET USERS

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

YEAR

US

ER

S (

Mill

ion

s)

Mobile Telephone Subscribers Internet Users

Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database.

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WORLDWIDE BROADBANDAND INTERNET USE

SOURCE: ITU WORLD TELECOMMUNICATION INDICATORS DATABASE

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BROADBAND PENETRATIONPER 100 INHABITANTS

SOURCE: ITU WORLD TELECOMMUNICATION INDICATORS DATABASE

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WORLDWIDE BROADBANDPENETRATION

SOURCE: ITU

53

GLOBAL BROADBAND MARKETMILLIONS OF SUBSCRIBERS

05

101520253035404550

1999 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007

LMDSSatelliteCable Mod.xDSL

Source: Publications Resource Group

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FEDERALCOMMUNICATIONS

COMMISSION

http://www.fcc.gov

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