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des'.

*NDE()*NDE(NE$%5)1E4O8)1ENE$%5

%o be in a lo#er position inrelation to something else

%he shoes arender the des'.

NE$()12)NE9% %O %o be close My school is near

my home.

OPPO-I%E)IN F(ON% OF %o be directly in front %he petrol station

is opposite the postoffice.

1E%8EEN %o be in the middle of t#o

ob:ects or people

I live bet#een the

pharmacy and thespermar'et.

$MON+ %o be in the middle of threeor more ob:ects or people

I cold hardly seeMary among all thosepeople.

Prepositions of DIRECTION

Prepositions Meaning Examples

ON%O%o be placed on a

srface %he cat :mped onto the

table.

%O %o go in the direction of I go to school everymorning.

IN%O

%o be placed inside

something

Please place the food

into the bag careflly.

$(O*ND%o circle a bilding,

field, etc. I li'e rnning arond my

bilding.

DO8N+oing increasingly

lo#er in direction %he boy climbed do#n

the tree.

*P+oing increasingly

higher in direction

%he boy climbed p the

tree.

F(OM Originating I&ve :st come from #or'.

%5(O*+5 +oing directly into andot of a place

%he train #ent throgh

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~ ON $E%AL& O&, de parte de. -pea'ing or acting for.

"I would like to thank the speakeron behalf ofall themembers in this club".

~ $ECAUSE O&, a casa de, debido a.

Because ofhis poor health, he could not work in a tropical country.

~ $+ MEANS O&, por medio de.

Katie passed the ! asic examinationsby meansofhard work.

~ IN SPITE O&, a pesar de.

!any people will probably come toni#htinspite ofthisbad weather.

~ IN &AOUR O&, en favor de.

$ho is in favour oftakin# a holiday in %u#ust&~ ACCORDING TO

. 1ased on #hat is said or stated by someone.

According tothe directions, the #lue takes ( hours to dry.

2. In a #ay that agrees #ith someone.

3. Depending on.

The teacher sorted the exams according to#rade.

~ AS &OR

1. on respecto a, en canto aI can't teach that class today, I'm sick.As forthe rest of the teachers,they are still on.

~ APART &ROM

. except for> besidesApart fromthe lowsalary, it)s not a bad*ob.

~ IN CASE O& -ST%.

. En caso de.

In !ase ofdifficlty, please dial nmber !!!

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IN T%E SIG%T O&, a la vista de.5e #as giltyin the sight ofthe la#.

IN REGARD TO, en canto a, relacionado con.Did he tell yo anythingin regard toyor ftre :ob@

ON ACCOUNT O&, por motivo de, a centa de, a casa de.%he girl cold not go a#ayon a!!o"nt ofthe terrible storm.

OUT O&6 -toc', reach, doors, date, #or', practice, sight, danger, tne,order, and the hose.

. From the inside to the otside of> having emerged from.

The audience came out ofthe theatre.

The cat is out ofthe ba#A. Not part of.

This is out ofmy area of expertise.

B. 8ith the motivation of.

I #ie money to charity out ofpity.

he asked the uestion out ofmere curiosity.

C. 8ithot> no longer in possession of> not having more> divested offree from sth.

orry, we're out ofbread.

/. Not in a cstomary or desired state.

They will soon be out ofbusiness.

This train will be #oin# out ofserice at the next station.

6. xpressin# a fraction or a ratio.

nly three out ofa thousand are born with this rare disease

Out ofthe entire class, only 0ynthia completed the work.

$+1. %he person or thing #ho does the action2. %he #ay to travelB. Near or nextto.4. $t some time before the given time, or before the end of a given

time interval.

5. Indicates the creator of a #or'.

6. Indicates the case of a condition or event

7. Indicates a meansInvolving)sing the means of.

. Indicates the amont of some progression #ith a change of.

!. Indicates a promise#ith the athority of.

y 1oe2 I think she's #ot it2

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y all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.

10. *sed to separate dimensions #hen describing the si?e ofsomething.

The room was about ( foot by 3 foot.

1y himself, by sight, by heart, by mista'e, by chance, by car.

/ith /ithin /itho"t

. $gainst.

4e picked a fi#ht with the

class bully.

2. In the companyof>

close to> near to.

4e went with his friends.

3. In additionto.

he owns a

motorcycle witha sidecar.

4. In spportof.

$e are withyou all the

way.

1. Indicatesspatialenclosre.

A. 1efore thespecifieddration ends.

5eae

here within

three days.

1. Otside of, beyond.

The snow was swirlin# without the

cotta#e, but it was warm within.

2. Not having, containing,characteristic of, etc.

It was a mistake to leae myhouse withouta coat.

3. Not doing or not having donesomething.

4e likes to eat

eerythin# without sharin#.

4e shot withoutwarnin# anyone.

O&&

1. *sed to indicate movement a#ay from a position on

I took it offthe table60ome offthe roof2

A. $#ay from or not on.

4e's offthe computer, but he's still on the phone.> Keep offthe #rass.B. Disconnected or sbtracted from.

$e'e been offthe #rid for three days now.> 4e took 78 offthe list

price.

C. Distant from.

$e're *ust offthe main road.> The island is 9 miles offthe cape.

/. No longer #anting or ta'ing.

4e's been offhis feed since Tuesday.4e's offhis meds a#ain.6. Placed after a nmber of prodcts or parts, as if a nit, in

commerce.

I'd like to re-order those printer cartrid#es, let's say :-off.

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$4ON+-IDE6 %ogether#ith or at the same time, next to.

The nurse worked alongside the doctor.

$4ON+6-a' 'ado, a 'o 'argo.

1. From one partof a road, ri*er, et!0 to another0% romanticwalkalong the beach/river

2. In a 'inenext to soething 'ong1% rowof housesalongthe river

B. $t a parti!"'arp'a!eon a road, ri*er, et!0Somewherealong this roadtheres a garage0

&OR. Intended to be given to6

There's a phone messa#e for you.A. 5aving the prpose of6

There's a si#n there sayin# 'boats for hire'.This pool is forthe use of hotel residents only.

I'm sorry6 the books are not for sale.B. 8ithot6

If it wasn't forthe life *acket, I would hae drowned.C. 1ecase of or as a reslt of something

I'm feelin# all the better formy holiday.

/. *sed to sho# an amont of time or distance6$e walkedfor miles.

G. *sed for comparing one thing #ith others of the same type6he's ery maturefor her a#e.

". On the occasion of or at the time of6$hat did you buy him for 0hristmas&

. *sed to say #hose responsibility something is6he knew the drier of the other car was not responsible for her

son's death.

!. In spport of or in agreement #ith64e otedfor the ;reens at the last election.0. to approve of or spport something very mch6

I'e #ot nothin# a#ainst chan#e - I'm allfor it.. in order to help someone6

5et me carry those ba#sfor you.A. in relation to someone or something6

4er feelin#s forhim had chan#ed.B. despite6

!orall her ualifications, she's still useless at the *ob.C. getting in exchange6

4ow much did you payfor your #lasses&/. 1eing employed by or representing a company, contry, etc.6

he works fora charity.G. to#ards> in the direction of6

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1ust follow si#ns forthe town centre.". sho#ing meaning6

$hat's the panish word for'e#etarian'&. in order to get or achieve

I hate waitin# forpublic transport.!. the dty or responsibility of6%s to whether you should marry him - that's foryou to decide.A0. in troble6

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%O8$(D- %O

. Moving in the direction ofbt not necessarily

arriving at.

he moed towardthe

door.

A. In relation to someone orsomething.

$hat are your

feelin#s towardhim@

B. For the prpose ofattaining an aim.

I'm sain# money

Towardretirement.

C. 4ocated close to> near atime or place.

ur place is

oer towardthe station.

. In the direction of, and arriving at.

$e are walkin# tothe shop.2. *sed to indicate prpose.

4e deoted himself toeducation.

3. Indicating a necessity.

That is somethin# todo.

4. *sed to indicate reslt of action.

4is face was beaten toa pulp.

5. *sed after an ad:ective to indicate itsapplication.

imilar to..., releant to...,pertinent

to..., I was nice tohim, he was

cruel toher, I am used towalkin#.

6. *sed to indicate the indirect ob:ect.

I #ae the book tohim.

7. time Proceeding.

Ten totenH !6/0> $e're #oin# to

leae at ten to=the hour>.

*P DO8N

. %o#ard the top of.

The cat went upthe tree.

They walk upthe steps.

A. %o#ard the center, sorce, or main point of

reference> to#ard the end at #hich something isattached.

They took a boat upthe rier from the coast.

I felt somethin# crawlin# upmy arm.

B. Frther along in any direction.

;o upthe street until you see the si#n.

4. From soth to north of

. From the higher end tothe lo#er of.

The ball

rolled downthe hill.

A. From one end toanother of.

The bus

went downthe street.

They

walked downthe

beach holdin# hands.

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IN%O $(O--

. +oing inside of.

!ary danced intothe house.A. +oing to a geographic region.

we left the house and

walked intothe street6 the

plane flew intothe open air

B. $gainst, especially #ith force orviolence.

The car crashed intothe tree6 I

wasn't careful, and

walked intoa wall

C. Prodcing, becoming

I cared the piece of

driftwood intoa sculpture of a

whale.

?i#ht before our eyes, 1ake

turned intoa wolf2

/. $fter the start of.

%bout 7 minutes intothe fli#ht,

the pilot reported a fire on

board.

6. collouial Intensely interestedin or attracted to.

he)s really intohakespeare

ri#ht now6 I)m so intoyou2

. %o, to#ard or from the far side ofsomething that lies bet#een t#o pointsof interest.

@ortunately, there was a

brid#e acrossthe rier.

4e came acrossthe street to meet

me.

A. On the opposite side of somethingthat lies bet#een t#o points of interest.

That store is acrossthe street.

B. From one side to the other #ithin

The meteor streaked acrossthe sky.

4e walked acrossthe room.

0ould you slide that acrossthe table

to me, please&

C. -panning.

This poetry speaks acrossthe

centuries.

/. Drante) a lo largo

%ll acrossthe country, oters were

communicatin# their representaties.

G. -o as to intersect or pass throghor over at an angle.

5ay the top stick acrossthe bottom

one.

1E-IDE IN-IDE

. Next to> at the side of.

% small table besidethe bed

A. Not relevant to.

That is besidethe point

3. besides> in addition to

. 8ithin the interior ofsomething, closest to thecenter or to a specific pointof reference.

4e placed the

letter insidethe enelope.

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P$-% $(O*ND

past

. beyond in place,antity or time

the room past

mine

count past twenty

past !idni#ht

. Defining a circle or closed crve containing athing.

I planted a row of lilies aroundthe statue.

The *ackals be#an to

#ather aroundAsomeone or somethin#B.

A. Follo#ing the perimeter ofa specified area and retrning tothe starting point.

$e walked aroundthe football field6

3. of distance, time Near.

I left my keys somewhere aroundhere6

I left the house aroundC7 this mornin#

C. $t varios places in.

Those teena#ers like to han# aroundthe

mall.

NE9% %O NE$(

. 1eside> 7ery lose #ith nothing inbet#een.

Do you mind if I sit ne#t toyou&

+eter always sits ne#t to!ary.

A. Immediately follo#ing or preceding in a seence.

$hen you start the ne#t tothe last roll,

#et some more paper.

1. lose to, inclose proximity to.

2. lose to in time.

B. -hort distance from,#hich can be matter ofopinion.

The oya#e

was nearcompletion.

I lie nearthe sea6 it)sonly ten miles away.

OPPO-I%E ON %OP OF

. Facing, or across from.

4e lies oppositethe

pub.

A. Ina complementary role to.

4e

played opposite!arilyn

!onroe.

1. idiomatic In addition tosomething else.

. . . and on top ofall that, I #ot a

puncture22. idiomatic Flly informed abot,

and in control of something> p tospeed #ith.

I hae sorted out the problems

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and am now on top ofthe

situation.

1EFO(E 1E4O8

. Earlier than in time.

I want this done before!onday.

A. In front of in space.

4e stood beforeme.

B. *nder consideration, :dgment, athorityof someone.

The case laid beforethe panel aroused

nothin# but ridicule.

C. In store for, in the ftre of someone.

The period beforeus looks #rim becauseof the economical crisis.

/. In front of, according to a formal system ofordering items.

In alphabetical order, "cat"

comes before"do#",

"canine" beforefeline".

G. $t a higher or greater position in a

sb:ective ran'ing.

%n entrepreneur puts market share and

profit beforeuality, an amateur intrinsic

uality beforeeconomical considerations.

. lo#er in spatial position than

The treasure is buried two

meters belowthe #round.

A. lo#er in vale than

The temperature

is belowEero.

3. do#nstream of

4. soth of

/. nsitable tothe ran' or dignity of

uch petty behaiour

is belowme.

6. sta#edirections do#nstage of

A$OE

. Physically over> on top of> #orn on top of, as clothing.4e always put his coat on abovehis sweater.

A. In or to a higher position than encima.

%here #as a plane high a#o*e.

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B. Farther north than.

Idaho is aboveFtah.

C. Figratively, higher than> sperior to in any respect> higher inmeasre, degree, volme, or pitch, etc. than> ot of reach> notexposed to> not li'ely to be affected by.

en the chief of police is not abovesuspicion.

/. 5igher in ran', stats, or position.

OER

. On top of> above> higher than> sggest closeness or toching.

4old the si#n up overyour head.

A. $cross or spanning.

There is a brid#e overthe rier.

B. In sch a #ay as to cover.

Drape the fabric overthe table6 there is a roof overthe house

C. More than> to a greater degree.

I prefer the purple overthe pink.

/. 1eyond> past> exceeding> too mch or too far.

I think I)m overmy limit for calories for today.

1. in certain collocations $s compared to.

ales are down this uarter overlast.

A. From one physical position to another via an obstacle that mstbe traversed vertically, first p#ards and then do#n#ards.

The do# *umped overthe fence6 let)s walk overthe hill to #et

there

B. Finished #ith> done #ith>$e #ot overthe en#ineerin# problems and the prototype works

#reat.

I am overmy cold and feel #reat a#ain.

C. oncerning or regarding.

The two boys had a fi#ht overwhose #irlfriend was the best.

$E%IND

1. $t the bac' of.2. %o the bac' of.3. $fter, time< or motion

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The republicans are fully behindtheir candidate.

AGAINST

. In a contrary direction to.

If you swim againstthe current, you must work harder.

2. lose to.

B. In front of> before a bac'grond.

The #iant was silhouetted againstthe door.

C. In physical contact #ith.

The puppy rested its head againsta paw.

/. In physical opposition to, or in collision #ith.

The rain pounds againstthe window.G. In contrast and)or comparison #ith.

4e stands out againsthis local classmates.

". In competition #ith, verss

The Ti#ers will play againstthe ears this weekend.

. In opposition to.

%re you againstfreedom of choice&6 I)d bet againsthis

succeedin#

9. In exchange for.

10.$s conterbalance to.11.$s a charge on.

A. $s protection from.

4e turned the umbrella againstthe wind.

B. In anticipation of> in preparation for a particlar time, event

etc..

AMONG

. Denotes a mingling or intermixing #ith distinct or separableob:ects.

4ow can you speak with authority about their customs when you

hae neer lied amongthem&A. Denotes a belonging of a person or a thing to a grop.

4e is amongthe few who completely understand the sub*ect.

B. Denotes a sharing of a common featre in a grop.

5actose intolerance is common amongpeople of %sian herita#e.

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$ET/EEN

. In the position or interval that separates t#o things,

or intermediate in antity or degree. -ee the *sage notesbelo#.

1ohn stood between%my and !ary.

5et's meet betweentwo and three.

I want to buy one that costs somewhere betweenforty and fifty

dollars.

A. Done together or reciprocally.

0onersation betweenfriends.

B. -hared in confidence.

Betweenyou and me, I think the boss is craEy.

5et's keep this betweenourseles.

C. In transit from one to the other, or connecting places.

4e's between*obs ri#ht now.

The shuttle runs betweenthe town and the airport.

/. ombined by effort or o#nership.

Betweenus all, we shall succeed.

$e'e only #ot G: betweenus.

Betweenthe leaky taps and the peelin# wallpaper, there isn't

much about this house to appeal to a buyer.

G. One of representing a choice.

on top of.

!y cat *ust *umped ontothe keyboard.

2. informal $#are of.

The thou#ht-police were ontomy plans of $orld domination.

UPON

. 1eing above and in contact #ith another.

+lace the book uponthe table.

A. 1eing directly spported by another.

The crew set sail uponthe sea.

he balanced uponone foot.

B. $t a prescribed point in time.

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The contract was rendered oid uponhis death.

$E+OND

1. Frther a#ay than.2. On the far side of.3. 4ater than> after.4. +reater than.5. In addition to.G. past, or ot of reach of

A$OUT

1. In a circle arond> all rond> on every side of> on the otside of.

A. Near> not far from> regarding approximately time, si?e, antity> onthe point or verge of.

The show is aboutto start6 I am not aboutto admit to your crime

A&TER

. -bseently to> follo#ing in time> later than.

$e had a few beers afterthe #ame.The time is uarter afterei#ht.

The 0old $ar be#an shortly afterthe econd $orld $ar.

A. 1ehind

4e will leae a trail of destruction afterhim

B. In prsit of, see'ing

4e aftera *ob6 run afterhim6 inuire afterher health

C. In allsion to, in imitation of> follo#ing or referencing.

we named him afterhis #randfather6 a paintin# after5eonardo da

Hinci

/. Next in importance or ran'.

The princess is next in line to the throne afterthe prince.

G. $s a reslt of.

Afteryour bad behaior, you will be punished.

". In spite of.

Afterall that has happened, he is still my friend.

ASIDE

1okin# aside.

Fnusual circumstances aside.

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. exclding

A. #ith the exception of

$ENEAT%

1. 1elo#.

2. %o a lo#er position.B. overed p or concealed by something.

&OLLO/ING

. $fter, sbseent to.

!ollowingthe meetin#, we all had a chat.

INCLUDING

. -ch as, among #hich> introducin# one or more parts of the #roupor topic *ust mentioned.

%ll you hae to do is to fill in the details, includingyour name and

address and the amount you wish to #ie.

OUT

. $#ay from the inside.

4e threw it outthe door.

A. otside

It's rainin# out.

It's cold out.

OUTSIDE

1. On the otside of.

A. Near, bt not in.

3. usually with ofJ Except, apart from.

Outsideof winnin# the lottery, the only way to succeed is throu#h

many years of hard work.

UNTO

1. archaic or poetic *p to, indicating a motion to#ards a thing and

then stopping at it.ir ;awain rode untothe nearby castle.

RAT%ER T%AN

. Instead of> in preference to.

I'd like a do# rather thana cat.

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SUC% AS

. for example

$aterbirds, such asthe duck or the #ull, are common in the area.

A. li'e, of the 'ind mentionedI was neer in a country such asthat.

B. those #ho

Such ashae already done their work may leae.

T%AN2S TO

. 1ecase of> normally sed #ith a positive connotation, thogh itcan be sed sarcastically.

%my was #ien a scholarship thanks toher excellent #rades.UP TO

. $gainst> next to> near> to#ards> as far as.

;o up tothe counter and ask.

A. apable of.

%re you up toliftin# somethin# that heay&

B. (eady for.

%re you up tothe challen#e&C. 8illing to participate in.

%re you up to#oin# to the beach&

/. $s mch as> no more than.

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. In front of.

% hill loomed ahead ofthem.

A. In advance of

B. Preceding> before

onthe couch

A. overing.

4e wore old shoes onhis feet.

B. $t the date of.

orn onthe (th of 1uly.

Onmy birthday

C. -ome time dring the day of.

I'll see you on!onday.

The bus leaes on@riday.

0an I see you ona different day& Onunday I'm busy.

/. Dealing #ith the sb:ect of, abot, or concerning something.

% book onhistory.

The $orld ummit onthe Information ociety.

G. %oching> hanging from.

The fruit ripened onthe trees.

The paintin# han#s onthe wall.

7. informal In the possession of.

I haen't #ot any money onme.

. 1ecase of, or de to.

To arrest someone onsuspicion of bribery.

To contact someone ona hunch.

!. Immediately after.

On1ack's entry, $illiam #ot up to leae.

0. Paid for by.

The drinks are onme toni#ht, boys.

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contribution to the enironment.

8. Indicating an order or arrangement.

!y fat rolls around infolds.

!. Into.5ess water #ets inyour boots this way.

0. Dring said of periods of time

inthe first week of December

aster falls inthe fourth lunar month

The country reached a hi#h leel of prosperity inhis first term.

11. Denotin# a state of the sub*ect.

4e stalked away inan#er.1ohn is ina coma.

12. Indicates a lan#ua#e, script, tone etc. of writin#, speakin# etc.

$hen you write incursie, it's ille#ible.

4e spoke in@rench, but his speech was simultaneously translated

into ei#ht lan#ua#es.

13. Indicates, connotatiely, a place-like form of someone's =orsomethin#'s> personality, as his, her or its psychic and physical

characteristics

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1. In or very near a particlar place.

%o say #here someone or sth is #ith a particlar prpose rather thaninside.

he lies athome. I)ll meet you atthe bus stop.Atthat precise position, at1im)s house.

2. indicatin# time

Atsix o)clock, atclosin# time, atni#ht.

B. In the direction of often in an nfocsed or ncaring manner.

4e threw the ball atme, he shouted ather.

Atthe cinema.

C. Occpied in activity.!en atwork.

/. 1ecase of.

5au#h ata *oke.

G. 5olding a given speed or rate.

It is #rowin# atthe rate of 98 a year.

". In a state of.

he is atsixes and seens with him.The city was atthe mercy of the occupyin# forces.

At1 six o3!'o!), night, at idda(4idnight, the 5ee)end, at the endof the fi', at s!hoo',