Prepared With Suvarna Patra (Spp) – A Safety Profilejournalofayurveda.in/uploads/article/JOA-2hwWiL7xQdRzqD7N.pdf · Keywords : Suvarna Prashana, Suvarna Patra, Gold leaf, Heavy

Journal of Ayurveda Official publication of National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan102

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ORIGINAL REASEARCH ARTICLE - ANALYTICAL STUDY

Suvarna Prashana Prepared With Suvarna Patra (Spp) – A Safety Profile

*Vd. Sagar Bhinde, **Vd. Abhishek Patalia, *** Vd. Sonam Bhinde, **** Vd. Malhari Sirdeshpande

*Assistant Prof, Department of Kaumarbhritya, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, **Medical officer - Ayurveda (Class 2), Govt Ayurveda dispensary, Ahima, Anand., *** Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasa Shastra, Bhargava Ayurveda College and Hospital, Dahemi, Anand.,

**** The Principal, Professor and Head, Department of Dravyaguna, GJPIASR, Anand.

ABSTRACT

Suvarna Prashana (SP) is mentioned in Kashyapa Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Lehadhyaya only. But use of Suvarna (Gold) is unanimously mentioned by every Acharya during neonatal age. Samhita have not mentioned identical preparation method, time, ingredient and dose. Hence currently there are many Suvarna Prashana available in market with different name, different ingredients and with different method of preparation. However, at present the use of metallic preparations has raised concerns in scientific community. These reports raised safety concerns on Ayurvedic medicines, particularly those of metallic /mineral / herbo-mineral in origin for containing considerable levels of heavy metals like lead, mercury and / or arsenic etc. If the drug is for pediatric use, then safety concern increases by many folds.This paper will deal with the Standard operating procedure (SOP) of Suvarna Prashana prepared with Suvarna Patra (Gold leaf) (SPP) along with efficacy and safety of the same with literary elaboration and survey study. Analysis of gold foil and prepared SPP with sophisticated instruments were also carried out to substantiate the safety of SPP. Hence this article is aimed to develop SOP of the Suvarna Prashana for cost effective large scale use with safety and efficacy.

Keywords : Suvarna Prashana, Suvarna Patra, Gold leaf, Heavy metal analysis, Survey Study

Address of Correspondence: Vd. Sagar BhindeMedical officer - Ayurveda (Class 2),Tapibai Govt Ayurveda Hospital, Bhavnagar.

Email ID : [email protected]

Contact No : 9662512158

How to Site the Article : Bhinde S, Patalia A, Bhinde S, Sirdeshpande M, Suvarna Prashana Prepared With Suvarna Patra (Spp) – A Safety Profile, JOA XIII-3, 2019; 102 - 110

Introduction :

Word ‘Suvarna Prashana’ (SP) is mentioned in Kashyapa Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Lehadhyaya only. But use of Suvarna (Gold) is unanimously mentioned by every Acharya during early neonatal age. Samhita did not mention the identical time, ingredient, dose and method of preparation. Hence currently there are many

JOAjournalofayurveda.in ISSN No:2321-0435


Bhinde S, Patalia A, Bhinde S, Sirdeshpande M, Suvarna Prashana Prepared With Suvarna Patra (Spp) – A Safety ProfileJOA XIII-3, 2019; 102 - 110

SP available in market with different name, different ingredients and with different method of preparation.

The therapeutic indication of gold are common feature of approximately all Ayurveda classics i.e. Charak Samhita (1500BC), Sushruta Samhita (1000BC), Ashtanga Hridaya (400AD) in general. But Suvarna has been addressed with detailed therapeutics and pharmaceutics after development of Rasa Shastra, around 4th century and onwards. The gold is most costly and precious metal and is placed under Shuddha Lauha (pure metals[1] while classifying the Lauha. Medicinal use of gold is mentioned in the form of Suvarna Bhasma, Suvarna Parpati, Suvarna Patra or as red colloidal solution.[2] Gold has been used in various ailments like tuberculosis, anemia, cough, debility, sterility, muscular dystrophy.[3] It is considered as best rejuvenator promotes longevity and prevents ageing.[4]

However, at present the use of metallic preparations has raised concerns in scientific community.[5][6][7] These reports raised safety concerns on Ayurvedic medicines, particularly those of metallic /mineral / herbo-mineral in origin for containing considerable levels of heavy metals like lead, mercury and / or arsenic etc. Safety concern increases by many folds if such drug is for pediatric use.

This paper has elaborated the Standard operating procedure (SOP) of Suvarna Prashana prepared with Suvarna Patra (Gold leaf) (SPP) along with efficacy and safety of the same with literary review and a systemic survey study with detailed survey proforma. Heavy metal

analysis of gold foil and prepared SPP with sophisticated instruments were also carried out which also suggest the safety of SPP.

Aim and Objectives:

1. To establish the safety of Suvarna Prashana prepared with Suvarna Patra (SPP) through survey study and Analytical Study.

2. To develop the SOP of cost effective SPP for large scale camp purpose.

Material and Method:

Preparation of SPP:Preparation starts 2 days prior to Pushya Nakshatra (constellation). Firstly Kapada Chana Churna of each Kashthaushadhi (Brahmi, Shankhapushpi, Vacha) should be made. Smaller the particle size, better the absorption. This procedure takes 2 hours approximately. Than this powder should be mixed In Khalva Yantra with gold foil (100 g Churna : 1 gold foil) and start Mardana for at least 6-8 hours to mix herbo-mineral compound with each other completely. On the day of Pushya Constellation, final product should be prepared freshly. Honey should be taken first (100 g Churna: 2 kg honey) in an adequate size of vessel, then powder mixture should be added and stir it till it become homogenous. Then ghee (100g Churna: 200g ghee) should be added to it and once again stir till it become homogenous. Mixing of ghee into honey mixture, takes some more time as hydrophilic honey doesn’t mix with hydrophobic ghee easily. Now this SPP is ready to use.

Table I - Formula preparation of SPP for approximately 1500 children

Ingredient Botanical Name Amount Proportion

Honey Honey 2000 g 200

Herbalpowder

Brahmi Bacopa moonnieri (L.) 40 g

100 g 10Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy 40 g

Vacha Acorus calamus (Linn.) 20 g

Suvarna Patra Gold leaf 0.110 g*2 = 220 mg 0.022

Cow Ghee Ghee 200 g 20



Fig 1 – EDAX appearance of Suvarna Patra (Gold leaf)

Drug Collection: Brahmi, Shankhapushpi and Vacha were collected from pharmacy, G J P I A S R, New Vidyanagar. Ghee (Amul cow ghee) and honey (Uttarakhand honey) were procured from local vendor. Gold leafs were procured from Ahmedabad.

Posology of SPP:

Dose was determined by using classical reference of Sharngadhara Samhita. [8] 1 Masha=1 g [9] Adult Dose of Swarna Bhasma [10] [11] = 1/8 to ¼ Ratti (15 – 30 mg)

Table II – Posology of SPP

Age in Year Masha g Age in

Year Masha g

0 - 1 1 1 5 - 6 6 61 - 2 2 2 6 - 7 7 72 - 3 3 3 7 - 8 8 83 - 4 4 4 8 - 9 9 94 - 5 5 5 9 - 10 10 10

Anupana: NothingDuration: One dose on every Pushya constellation

Analytical Study:

Gold leaf alone and final product (SPP) were tested by ICP OES (Inductive Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometer) at SICART institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat.

Survey Study:

SPP is administered in children aged 0-10 years of both

gender once in 28 days (on every Pushya constellation). Preformed detailed survey proforma were given to the parents who are coming regularly at least for 6 doses.

Result:

Analytical study of Suvarna Patra (Gold leaf):

To authenticate the safety of gold leaf as gold supplement

and to know the % of gold in that, EDAX (Energy

dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) test was carried out.



Fig 1 shows that, gold leaf has fine fibers of metal. Many metallic structures are visible in the area of 50um.

Fig 2 shows that, gold leaf has 71.87% of gold, 21.55% of Oxygen, 5.13 % silver and 1.44% Copper.

As per API, acceptable permissible limit of heavy metals in herbo-mineral drug is as below.

*Inductive coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometer #Model: optima 3300 RL

Fig 2 – EDAX weight % of metals in Suvarna Patra (Gold leaf)

Table III – Heavy metal analysis of Suvarna Patra (Gold Leaf)

Table IV – Permissible limit of heavy metals in herbo-mineral drug[12]

Sample ID Test Parameter Testing method / Procedure

Name of Instrument Results (ppm)

Gold Leaf

Arsenic In house ICP – OES * Not detected

Cadmium In house ICP – OES * 1.3195

Mercury In house ICP – OES * Not detected

Lead In house ICP – OES * 1.4825

Metal Permissible limit (ppm)

Arsenic 3

Cadmium 0.3

Mercury 1

Lead 10



* #Model: optima 3300 RL

As per table VII, out of 41 subjects, Infants were 5, toddlers were 16, preschool children were 16 and School age chil-dren were 4.

Fig 3 indicates that out of 41 survey subjects, 21 parents are doing job, 7 are labor worker, 8 are farmer, 1 is doctor and 4 are teacher. This indicates that almost all strata of people believe in SPP and satisfied with its effect without any side effect.

Table V – Heavy metal analysis of SPP (Test drug)

Table VII - Age wise classification of 41 SUBJECTSSurvey Study:

Table VI –Inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer’s metal detection limit

Sample ID Test Parameter Testing method / Procedure

Name of Instrument Results (ppm)

SPP

Arsenic In house ICP – OES * Not detected

Cadmium In house ICP – OES * Not detected

Mercury In house ICP – OES * Not detected

Lead In house ICP – OES * Not detected

Test Parameter Instrument detection limit (ppm)Arsenic 0.0530

Cadmium 0.0027Mercury 0.0610

Lead 0.0420

Age (yr) No. of Subject %0 – 1 5 12.191 – 3 16 39.033 – 6 16 39.036 - 10 4 9.75Total 41 100

Fig 3 - Parents occupation wise distribution



Table VIII – ADR Wise Distribution

Table IX – References of Pushya Constellation in Ayurveda Samhitas

Fig 4 - Duration of SPP

ADR of SPP Short term (Immediate) Long TermYes 0 0No 41 41

Total 41

Table VIII shows, 41 (100%) patients noticed that, this SPP did not produce any adverse effects. This data proves that parents are satisfied with SPP without any side effect. Even infants are taking this SPP without any clinical manifesta-tion of side effect.

This fig 4 shows that 10 children are taking this SPP since less than 1 year and 31 children are taking this SPP since more than 1 year.

As per Table IX, it could be infer that drug collection, preparation or use on Pushya Nakshatra always increases the potency of respective drugs.

Discussion:

Why on Pushya Nakshatra?

Pushya constellation is said to have Pushti (Strengthening) and Poshana (Nourishing) qualities. Hence this constellation is chosen to administer this Suvarna Prashana. In Samhita many drugs are called to be collected or prepared on Pushya Nakshatra.

Drugs Collection / Preparation / Use Indication References

Dhatura root if embedded with waist during intercourse Collection Prevents conception --

Nagabala Collection Rasayana A.H.U.39/54Shunah Pitta Collection Apasmaraghna Ch.Chi.10/50Anjanvarti Preparation Kukkunaka Ka.Khi.13/31

Phalaghrita Use Helps in conception Sha.Ma.9/83

Reference of SPP formulation:

During Navajata Shishu Paricharya, Prashana prepared from Endri, Brahmi, Vacha and Shankhapushpi are told to be given to newborn with ghee and honey.[13] Out of these four, Endri is controversial and not easily available at local



periphery; hence it is not included in SPP. In addition to above remaining Kashthoushadhi, Suvarna Patra is added. As use of gold in children is told to have nootropic, immunomodulatory effect, so gold is intended to add in this mixture.

Hence gold along with Shastrokta Medhyaprashana was combined to prepare test drug.

In Samhita period, basically in Charaka Samhita[14] the properties of gold and its compound formulations such as Lauha Rasayana are mentioned. Sushruta Samhita[15] has included Suvarna under Parthiva Dravya and has mentioned the properties of Suvarna as Tridoshahara, Vishapaham, Brumhaniya, Chakshushya, Rasayana, Hrudya, Madhura Rasa and Sheeta Veerya. In Ashtangahridaya, Suvarna is included under Madhuragana.[16]

Analytical study of Suvarna Patra (Gold leaf):

Use of Suvarna Patra is mentioned in many Samgraha Kalina Grantha of Ayurveda. Though to establish the safety of that we had under gone for heavy metal analysis. The relation between Hiranya (gold) and Surya (sun) is available in Rig-Veda where it is mentioned that Wheel of Chariot of Sun[17] is made by gold. As per Ayurveda basics Yatpinde Tatha Brahmande, Sun represents Agni of our body. Sadhaka Pitta is mainly related with brain function. Immunity (Bala) depends upon the normalcy of Agni (Pitta).

EDAX is a popular technique used nowadays for the estimation of macro-elements in a herbo-mineral formulation. In the present work, this sophisticated instrumentation technique was effectively applied for estimation of gross elements.

As per fig 1 and 2, it is confirmed that gold leaf contains 71.87% gold and 21.55% oxygen. Oxygen being natural gas, it could be said that gold leaf have 93.42% of gold in it. Rest of 6.58% is making up by silver and copper, 5.13% and 1.44% respectively.

It is also studied that Suvarna Bhasma prepared with media of mercury was shown to contain 92% gold by

atomic absorption spectroscopy. However mercury was not detected in sample.[18]

By this it could be inferred that Suvarna Patra could be used in place of Suvarna Bhasma as far as purity concern.

Heavy Metal Analysis of Gold leaf and SPP:

As per table III and IV, gold leaf have cadmium content more than permissible limit. And hence if it is used alone as medicine, then could cause heavy metal toxicity. So to check the safety of test drug we once gain gone through the same test. (Table V)

Table V shows that final prepared SPP does not contain any heavy metal in detectable limit. Minimum limit of detection of Inductive coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometer are shown in table VI.

Survey Study:

As per Table - VII, out of 41 subjects Infant were 5, toddlers were 16, preschool children were 16 and school age children were 4. Majority of children benefited in the age, in which there is higher chance of infections. Statistical data shows that 6.9 million child deaths occur during first 5 years of life. According to UNICEF, most child deaths (and 70% in developing countries) result from one of the following five causes or a combination i.e. acute Respiratory infection, Diarrhea, Measles, Malaria, and Malnutrition.[19]

According to a “Save the Children” paper, children from the poorest households in India are three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than those from the richest households.[20] In this survey we found that, majority of below 5 yr children were benefited with this Suvarna Prashana, which is a good indicator for the purpose of preventive medication.

This fig 4 shows that 10 children are taking this SPP since less than 1 year and 31 children are taking this SPP since more than 1 year. Parents are bringing their children for longer period is also a marker of efficacy and safety of test drug.

It was observed in this survey that 22 parents have come


to know about this SPP camp through their relatives, friends or neighbor. This indicates that mouth to mouth publicity is the major part of awareness which is only possible if the treatment is effective and without any side effect.

In this survey it was also observed that benefits of SPP are vast and it varies from child to child. Never hospitalization, improvement in weight and height, improved IQ, improved immunity, increase in memory, reduction in anger, improvement in speech etc. are the answers of parents for the questions of benefit of SPP.

Conclusion:

It is now believed that different essential trace elements serve many critical roles in living body at a molecular level. They participate as catalysts or cofactors in a wide range of enzymatic processes, with roles ranging from relatively weak, non specific ion effects (metal-ion activated enzymes) to highly specific associations (metalloenzymes) in which the metals are potentially bound to protein (apoenzyme) in a certain stoichiometryIt could be concluded that importance of Pushya constellation for SP might be come in to existence in common practice due to its good effect on immunomodulator, Medhya drugs.

With the help of many researches and references on gold, role of gold in developmental age is very clear. It helps to enhance immunity and brain function as a whole.

As per the results of EDAX and ICP-OES, it is clear that test drug (SPP) is safe to use in pediatric patients. Survey study also helps use to confirm the clinical efficacy and safety of SPP.


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19. Vagbhatacharya, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, edited by Indradeva Tripathi, Second Edition-2007, Chaukhambha Publications, Varansi, Adhyaya, Chapter 5/139, 5/1, 5/10-21

20. Acharya Sadanada Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, Translated by Shri Kashinatha Shastri, 11th Edition, Reprint 2009, Motilala Banarsidas, New Delhi, Chapter 15/70, 15/11-116

Prepared With Suvarna Patra (Spp) – A Safety Profilejournalofayurveda.in/uploads/article/JOA-2hwWiL7xQdRzqD7N.pdf · Keywords : Suvarna Prashana, Suvarna Patra, Gold leaf, Heavy

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