Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students Motherboard Lecture # 1.

Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students

MotherboardLecture # 1


Introduction

A motherboard is the central printed board (PCB) in many modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on apple computer, the logic board. It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo



Introduction


Form FactorThe different basic shapes and sizes of motherboards are categorized as form factors. There are several standard form factors available, but some of the more common ones found in desktop computer include ATX 12” x 9.6” (305mm x 244mm)

Micro ATX 9.6” x 9.6” (244mm x 244mm)

FlexATX 6.7” x 6.7” (170mm x 170mm)

Mini ITX 6.7” x 6.7” (170mm x 170mm)



Standards The socket for the microprocessor determines

what kind of Central Processing Unit (CPU) the motherboard uses

The chipset is part of the motherboard’s logic system and usually made of two parts – the Northbridge and the Southbridge. These two “bridges” connect the CPU to other parts of the computer.

The Basic Input/Output System(BIOS) chip controls the most basic functions of the computer and performs a self-test every time you turn it on.

The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintain basic setting and the system time



Standards


Slots and Ports Peripheral Components

Interconnect (PCI) – connects for video, sound and video capture cards, as well as network card

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) dedicated port for video card

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interfaces for hard drives

Universal Serial Bus or FireWire external peripherals

Memory slots Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca

Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students


Socket and CPU

A pin grid array (PGA) refers to the arrangement of pins of the integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA,

the pins are arranged

in a square array that

may or may not cover

the bottom of the

package.



Socket and CPUCurrent socket arrangement are often named for the

number of pins in the PGA. Commonly used sockets are Socket 478 for older Pentium and Celeron processors (Intel

Pentium 4, Intel Celeron)

Socket 754 for AMD Sempron and some AMD Athlon processors (AMD Athlon 64, AMD Sempron, AMD Turion 64)

Socket 939 for newer and faster AMD Athlon processors (AMD Athlon 64, AMD Athlon 64 FX, AMD Athlon 64 X2, AMD Opteron)

Socket AM2 for the newest AMD Athlon processors ( AMD Athlon 64, AMD Athlon 64 X2)

Socket A for older AMD Athlon processors (AMD Athlon, AMD Duron, AMD Athlon XP, AMD Ahtlon XP-M, AMD Athlon MP, AMD Sempron)



Socket and CPU The Land Grid Array (LGA) is a type of

surface-mount packaging for ICs that is notable for having the pins on the socket rather than the IC. An LGA can be electrically connected to a PCB either by the use of a socket or by soldering directly to the PCB


Sockets and CPU Commonly LGA Sockets

LGA 775 for Intel Pentium 4, Intel Pentium D, Intel Celeron, Intel Celeron D, Intel Pentium XE, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Xeon

LGA 771 for Intel Xeon

Socket F for AMD Athlon 64 FX, AMD Opteron

LGA 1366 for Intel Core i7

LGA 1156 for Inter Core i7, Intel Core i5, Intel core i3



ChipsetsThe chipsets is the “glue” that

connects the microprocessor to the rest of the motherboard and therefore to the rest of the computer.



Chipsets

The Northbridge connects directly to the processor via the front side bus (FSB). A memory controller is located on the Northbridge, which gives the CPU fast access to the memory, the Northbridge also connects to the AGP or PCI Express bus and to the memory itself



Chipsets

The Southbridge is slower than the Northbridge, and information from the CPU has to go through the Northbridge before reaching the Southbridge. Other busses connect the Southbridge to the PCI bus, the USB ports and the IDE or SATA harddisk connections



ChipsetsThe Chipset is an integrated part of the motherboard, so it cannot be removed or upgraded. This means that not only must the motherboard’s socket fit the CPU, the motherboard’s chipset must work optimally with the CPU Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca



Bus SpeedA bus is simply a circuit that connects one part of the motherboard to another. The more data a bus can handle at one time, the faster it allows information to travel


Bus Speed The front side bus(FSB), which connects the CPU to the

Northbridge. FSB speeds can range from 66 MHz to over 800 MHz.

The back side bus connects the CPU with the level 2 (L2) cache, also known as secondary or external cache.

The memory bus connects the Northbridge to the memory

The IDE or ATA bus connects the Southbridge to the disk drives

The AGP bus connects the video card to the memory and the CPU. The speed of the AGP bus is usually 66 MHz

The PCI bus connects PCI slots to the Southbridge. On the most systems, the speed of the PCI bus is 33 MHz.



The input-output Connectors The motherboard has a certain number of

input/output sockets found on the rear panel

• A serial port for connecting old peripherals• A parallel port mainly for

connecting old printers• USB port for connecting

more recent peripherals• RJ45 connector used for

connecting the computer to a network. It corresponds to a

network card integrated into the motherboard• VGA connector for

connecting a monitor. This connector interfaces with built-in graphics card• Audio plugs for connecting

sounds speakers


Classification on the Basis of Type of Processor

Socket A MotherboardsThese motherboards are meant for the AMD and Durons processors. The Socket A motherboard is also known as Socket 464 motherboard. The CPU socket in the motherboard has 462 pins and it comes in a PGA (Pin Grid Array) packaging. The bus speed of this type of motherboard is 100 to 200 MHz.

Socket 370 MotherboardsMeant for Intel Pentium III and Celeron processor, this motherboard comes for CPUs with 370 pins. It can also support VIA Cyrix III and VIA C3 processors. The bus speed for this type of motherboard is 66 to 133 MHz and it also comes in a PGA package.

Socket 378 MotherboardsThis type of motherboard is meant for the Pentium 4 processors. It also comes in a PGA package and has 478 pins. The bus speed is 100 to 200 MHz. This motherboard can also support Intel Pentium 4EE and Intel Pentium M processor. This type of motherboard is also known as Socket N motherboard.



Classification on the Basis of Type of Processor

Socket T MotherboardsAlso known as LGA 775, this type of motherboard is meant for Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad and Inel Xeon processor. Of course, this motherboard can also support other Intel processors such as the Celeron, Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D and Pentium XE processor. Its specifications include 775 pins and a very high bus speed of 1600 MHz. It also comes in a PGA package.

Socket 939 MotherboardsThe Socket 939 is meant mainly for the AMD family. It can support AMD processors like the Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2 and Opetron. It has 939 pins and can have a bus speed from 200 to 1000 MHz. Just like the other computer motherboard types described above, it also comes in a PGA package.

Socket AM3 MotherboardsSocket AM3 is among the most recently developed motherboards. Introduced in 2009, this motherboard is meant for the AMD Phenom II and AMD Athlon II processors. It has 941 pins and a bus speed range of 200 to 3200 MHz. The packaging for Socket AM3 motherboard is PGA.

Socket H MotherboardsThe Socket H or LGA 1156 is another recent motherboard that has been introduced in the year 2009 and is meant for the Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5 and Intel Core i7processors. It has 1156 pins and comes in LGA (Large Grid Array) packaging.



Motherboard Type Based onDimensions

ATX MotherboardsThe ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) motherboard has a length of 12 inches and a width of 7.5 inches. The I/O ports and USB ports meant for the motherboard are integrated directly into it. The bus speed in ATX motherboard is 100 MHz. This board is mainly meant for the Intel processors.

Full AT MotherboardsThis was the first type of motherboard, which was 12 inches wide and 11 inches long. This motherboard suffered from a lot of problems like access to components was cumbersome and most importantly, the heating problem.

Baby AT MotherboardsWith a dimension of 10 by 8.5 inches, this motherboard is meant for the classic Pentium processors. The DIN keyboard connector at the top right corner of this motherboard makes recognizing this motherboard a relatively simple task.



Upgrading a Motherboard without ReinstallingStep 1: Removing the old motherboard

First let's look at how to remove the old motherboard and install the new one. This is a strictly physical operation, no software skills required. Get a Phillips-head screwdriver (preferably magnetized), a small flat-head screwdriver and some free desk space.

Power off the system and remove the side panel so that you can look into the body of the case and see your motherboard. Unplug all wires from the back of the computer except for the power cord. By leaving it in, with the power supply turned off, it acts as a ground.

Place the case on its side on the desk. Touch the side of the power supply before continuing, to ground any static charge you may have. Static electricity can seriously hurt computer components, and it does not take a lot.

Unplug all the internal wires connecting the case and drives to the motherboard. Start with the 20-pin ATX power cable pictured below.

Once all wires and other obstructions have been unplugged and moved out of the way, Remove any PCI and AGP expansion cards which are installed. This is done by unscrewing the brackets, and then carefully pulling the card vertically out of the socket.


http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=1755


Upgrading a Motherboard without Reinstalling

2. Pulling out the Old Hardware

AGP videocards may use an 'AGP lock' at the back of the socket to hold the card in place, so check to make sure it is unlocked before facing anything. Both the AGP, PCI, and other card should pull out without too much effort. Next, remove all the screws which attach the motherboard to the case - there should be about 5 or 6, but there may be more.

Leave the processor and memory in place, it is easier to remove these items when the motherboard is out of the case altogether.

With the motherboard unscrewed from the chassis, gently remove it from the case and place it on a hard surface. Remove the heatsink, processor and memory from the board if its need them for the new motherboard. Removing the memory simply involves opening the pair of clips that holds each memory module in place.

The method for removing the heatsink and processor varies depending on their make, and model.

Intel Pentium 4 processor heatsinks use a pair of latches which can be released to enable the device to be removed from the retention frame. If you have an AMD SocketA processor, you may need to use a small flat-head screwdriver to remove the heatsink. In this case, slot the screwdriver into the flange on the heatsink's clip, and press firmly down and away from the processor slot until the clip comes free.



Installing the New Motherboard

Prepare the case. Remove any wires that may be obstructing the area where the board will be attached.

It's time to test how the new board will fit. Lower the board gently into the bottom of the case. First check to see if the risers (metal screw attachments that give the motherboard separation from the body of the case) are in the right configuration for the screw holes on the new motherboard. It's not essential that every screw hole on the board should be matched to a riser in the case, but it's a good idea.

The motherboard is fitted in, screw the motherboard to the chassis to secure it in place.

Now plug in the video card (if necessary) and other expansion cards. Reconnect all cables, and take some time to ensure that everything is installed correctly.



Quick Checklist

1. ATX power cable from power supply plugged in.

2. Heatsink fan power cord plugged in.

3. No cables obstructing heatsink fan.

4. IDE cables for drives plugged into the correct ports.

5. Case connectors for power switch, reset, LEDs, etc. plugged in properly. Consult your motherboard manual for the correct configuration.

6. Video card seated properly in AGP slot.

7. Audio cable for CD drive plugged into soundcard or board (if necessary).

8. Mouse, keyboard, video and network cables connected at the back.



SummaryIntroduction

Form Factor

Other Standard

Slots and Ports

Sockets and CPUs

Chipset

Bus Speed

Rear Panel

Installing Motherboard


END OF LECTURE 1

BE READY FOR YOUR QUIZ …..

All good is hard. All evil is easy.

Dying, Losing, cheating, and mediocrity is easy.

Stay away from easy.

Good Luck!!!!! Saranghaeyo! Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca


Prepared By: Engr. Rosemarie B. Sibbaluca Prepared For: Bulacan Polytechnic College Students Motherboard Lecture # 1.

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