Prepared by: Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samahpsm.upm.edu.my/3100/Bahan Pembelajaran/E3100 P3 Introduction to... · stored in memory unit ... Dot Matrix InkJet 4-in-One Laser Laser

bas design …

Prepared by:

Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samah Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education

Faculty of Educational Studies

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Serdang

Contents: Computer definition

Computer literacy

Computer components

Computer categories

Computer usage

Tablet PC

Computer? Computer is an electronic machine:

► function based on instructions

stored in memory unit

► can receive and manipulate data

► produce output and can store the

output for future use

► comprises hardware and software

► Knowledge and understanding on computer

and its usages

► Why computer literacy?

• Computer technology changes at high rate

• Computer usage in all aspects of everyday

life

Computer Literacy

SECONDARY STORAGE

OUTPUT DEVICE

INPUT DEVICE

COMM. DEVICE

CONTROL A/L

UNIT UNIT

MEMORY

Computer Components

C P U

PORTS

SYSTEM

UNIT

System Unit

► System unit is also called chasis which protect the

various electronic components

► Motherboard is the main component in the system

unit

► All computer components are connected to the

motherboard

► Major components connected to motherboard

include:

− Microprocessor (CPU)

− Memory

− Ports

CPU

RAM

Ethernet card Video card

Modem

Sound card

Components in Unit System

… samb.

► Motherboard is the main circuit board in unit

system

► Motherboard is made up of various type of chips

including CPU

Motherboard

… samb.

► Also called microprocessor which interpret and

execute all commands

► CPU influences the computer speed and

manages the computer operations

► Manufacturers of CPU

– Intel

– Advanced Micro Device (AMD)

– Cyrix

– IBM

Pentium II

Pentium IV

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Special Microprocessors

1. Xeon

− Designed specially for servers

− Introduced in 2001 with the speed of 1.4

GHz

− Comprises 140 million

transistors

2. Centrino

− Designed for notebook

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Early Microprocessors

CPU Year Clock Speed

4004 1971 MHz

8008 1972 MHz

8088 1978 MHz

1 hertz = 1 cycle per second.

… samb.

286 Microprocessor

• Also known as 80286

• Within 6 years, a total of 15 millions PCs

were installed with this 286 microprocessor

• Clock Speed

6, 10 and 12 MHz

1982

… samb.

386 Microprocessor

• Contains 275 thousands transistors

• A 32-bit microprocessor with “multi tasking”

capabilities

• Clock Speed

16, 20, 25 and 33 MHz

1985

486 Microprocessor

• Support for point-and-click computing

• First to incorporate a built-in math

coprocessor

• Clock Speed

25, 33 and 50 MHz

1989

Pentium

1993

… samb.

• Better supports for speech, sound

handwriting and photographic images

• Clock speed

1993 60 and 66 MHz

1994 75, 90 100 MHz

1995 120 and 133 MHz

1996 150, 166 and 200 MHz

Pentium II

• 7.5 million-transistors processor

• Designed in Single Edge Contact Cartridge

• Clock speed

1997 233 − 300 MHz

1998 333 − 450 MHz

1997

… samb.

Celeron

• Designed for PC market users

• Clock speed

1998 266 − 333 MHz

1999 366 − 500 MHz

2000 533 − 766 MHz

2001 800 MHz − 1.20 GHz

2002 1.30 − 2,20 GHz

2003 2.30 − 2.80 GHz

2004 2.40 − 2.80 GHz

1998

… samb.

Celeron

2.9GHz

Pentium III

1999

… samb.

• Incorporates 9.5 millions transistors

• Using 0.25-micron technology

• Clock speed

1999 450 − 600 MHz

2000 850, 866, 933 MHz

1 GHz

Pentium 4

2000

Pentium 4 4.3

GHz

… samb.

• Supports for quality movies, render 3D

graphics in real time

• Consisted 42 million transistors with

0.18-micron technology

• Clock speed

2000 1.40, 1.50 GHz

2001 1.70, 1.80, 1.90, 2.0 GHz

2002 2.20 – 3.06 GHz

2003 3.00 − 3.20 GHz

2004 3.00 − 3.40 GHz

2001

Itanium

• 64-bit high-end processor

• Design for enterprise-class

servers and workstations

• New architecture Intel

Explicitly Parallel

Instruction Computing

(EPIC)

• Clock Speed 1 GHz

Centrino

2003

… samb.

• Designed specially for notebook

• Clock speed:

2003 1.3 – 1.7 GHz

2004 1.5 – 2.0 GHz

2006

Core 2 Duo

-- processors are up to 40 percent

faster with improved energy-

efficiency

-- Clock Speed 1.66 - 3 GHz

2008

Core i-7

• The third generation Intel Core

processor

• Clock Speed 2.66 GHz

Memory ► During computation, data and instructions will be

stored in memory

► Also known as primary storage

► Memory stores:

− operating system

− application software

− data

► 2 types of memory:

1. Volatile memory

− Content will be lost upon computer shutdown

2. Nonvolatile memory

− Content will be retained even computer is

closed

DDR SDRAM

SDRAM

Random Access Memory (RAM) ► RAM is a volatile memory

► Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is the most commonly

used RAM

► Variation of DRAM:

− Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)

− Double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)

− Direct Rambus DRAM (Direct RDRAM)

► Memory chip is placed in the memory module.

Three types of memory modules:

1. Single inline memory module (SIMM)

2. Dual inline memory module (DIMM)

3. Rambus inline memory module (RIMM)

… samb.

Read Only Memory (ROM) ► ROM is a nonvolatile memory

► Data stored in ROM is read only; cannot be

changed

► Data will not be lost when computer is shutdown

► ROM chip contains data and instructions that

are permanently kept as in BIOS

… samb.

Tetiku

s USB

Printer

(parallel

) Speake

r Microph

one

Tel line

out

Cable TV

Keyboa

rd USB

Serial

port

Monitor

Game

port Network Tel line

in Video

► External devices such as keyboard, monitor and

printers are connected to unit system through cable

► Port acts as interface to unit system

► Port comprises male and

female connector

Ports

► Example of ports

Tetikus

USB

Printer

(parallel)

Speaker

Microphone

Tel line out

FM reception

Cable TV

Keyboard

USB

Serial port

Monitor

Game port

Network

Tel line in

Video out

► Serial

− Data is sent one byte at a time

− Appropriate for device that does not require

fast data. Example mouse and keyboard

Types of Ports

… samb.

► Parallel

− Data are transferred more than one

bytes at one time

− Applied for printers

► Universal Serial Bus (USB)

− USB is used by most devices

Input Device ► Used to enter data and instructions to computer

► Examples

Output Device ► Used to display and produce output

► Examples

CRT (cathode ray tube) LCD (liquid crystal display)

Types of Printers

Dot Matrix InkJet 4-in-One

Laser Laser Color

… samb.

Secondary Storage ► Used to store data and instructions

permanently for future use

► Storage medium represents the physical

material to keep data and instructions

► Storage device is the unit that access to and

from the storage medium

► Example

Storage medium Storage device

– Floppy disk – Floppy drive

– Hard disk – hard drive

– CD R, CD RW – CD drive

– Removal disk

Flash

drive

16MB –

4GB

CD drive

Hard drive

Communication Device ► Enabled computer users to communicate and

exchange data

► Examples:

External

Modem

Internal

Modem

Ethernet

Card

Router Access Point

Hub

USB Network

Adapter

Computers are categorized based on size, speed

microprocessor capabilities and price

Main Categories:

Personal computers (PC)

Palmtop/Handheld computers

Mid-range server

Main-frames

Supercomputers

Computer Categories

Personal Computer (PC) ► A PC is a stand alone computer that can perform

by itself all the input, processing output and

storage functions

► Two types of popular personal computers:

– PC

– Apple Macintosh

► Two categories of computers:

– Desktop

.. Workstation

.. Server

– Notebook

PC

Power

Mac

Palmtop Computer ► Palmtop/handheld/Pocket PC computers are

small size computers that can be placed on

palmtop

► Can be connected to PC

► Usually include an input device called stylus

► Examples:

- Personal digital assistance (PDA)

- Pocket PC

Mid-Range Servers ► A mid-range server is bigger and more

powerful than a PC

► It can be connected to more than

4,000 computer at a time

HP 9000 rp8420-32

Server

Mainframes ► Mainframe is much bigger and more expensive

and powerful

► It can be connected to

hundred of thousands users

at one time

► It can process millions

instructions per second

► Can store large amount of

data, instructions and

information

IBM Mainframe zSeries

Supercomputers ► Supercomputer is the most fastest and powerful

computer

► It can process > 12 trillion instructions per second

► Manufacturers of supercomputers

– Cray Inc.

– IBM

Cray X1E Supercomputer IBM Supercomputer

Home

Education

e-Commerce

Finance

Telecommuting

Computer Usage

Home Computer is an essential tool for home usage

such as:

► Internet access

− search for information

− banking services

− online shopping

► Personal financial

management

► Communication

► Entertainment

Education Advancement in computer has transformed the

way people learn through:

► Computer-based training (CBT) or

Computer-aided instruction (CAI)

► Web-based training (WBT)

► Distance learning (DL)

► Edutainment

e-Commerce

► e-Commerce involve business transactions

through internet

► Can be done through computer or cellular

phones

► e-Commerce:

− overcomes barriers of time and distance

− facilitates global business

► Utilizes to purchase:

− computers

− books

− air tickets

Finance

Computer can facilitates financial transactions

such as:

► personal financial management using Quicken

► online banking

► online bill payments

Telecommuting

► Telecommuting refers to work arrangement in which

employees works outside of normal working places

► Number of employees involve in telecommuting has

increased from 4 millions (1990) to more than 20

millions (2004)

► Reasons for telecommuting:

− reduce time and transportation

cost

− enable flexible working

schedule

− provide conducive working

environment