Prenatal Period to 1 year Chapter 6
Dec 26, 2015
What are the two main factors that influence growth and
development?A. Stress and FamilyB. Environment and StressC. Environment and HeredityD. Heredity and Gender
Heredity: Zygote formation
• Sperm & ovum – 23 chromosomes – Zygote
• Gender– X & Y Chromosomes
• Ovum – Always X
• Sperm – X or Y
Dominant & Recessive Genes
Dominant• Capable of expressing traits
over other genes
Recessive• Traits only appear if they
exist in pairs
Recessive disorders
• >700 recessive gene diseases– Sickle-cell disease– Tay-Sachs disease– Hemophilia
Environment
• “From the moment life begins, the environment begins to exercise its influence on the newly formed entity.”
For you personally, when does life begin?
A. ConceptionB. ImplantationC. When there is a heart beatD. When the fetus is viable if it was bornE. When the baby is born
What is the best form of exercise for a pregnant women?
A. BicyclingB. WalkingC. SwimmingD. JoggingE. Kick-boxing
Teratogens
• Alcohol– *1st trimester– Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS)– Miscarriages– Growth restriction– CNS damage
Ova to Fetus
• Ovaries– Ova (pl)– Ovum (sing)
• Ovulation• Sperm• Conception/ Fertilization• Zygote • Implantation• Embryo• Fetus
What is the estimated length of human pregnancy?
A. 28 weeksB. 38 weeksC. 40 weeksD. 42 weeksE. 48 weeks
Stages of Labor & Delivery
• Stage 1– Dilation
• Dilation• Effacement
• Stage 2– Expulsion
• After-brith– placenta
APGAR
• Activity• Pulse• Grimace• Appearance• Respiration
• activity and muscle tone• pulse• grimace response /
reflex irritability")• Appearance / skin
coloration• respiration
Head & Skull
• Head ¼ of total body length
• Ave circumference – 13-14 inch– 33-35.5 cm– 1 inch > chest
Skull
• 6 bones– 1 occipital– 1 frontal– 2 parietal– 2 temporal
• Separated by cartilage– Sutures
• Fontanels – Anterior– Posterior
When does the posterior fontanel “close” by?
A. 2 monthsB. 4 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 8 monthsE. 12 months or more
When does the anterior fontanel usually “close” by?
A. 6 monthsB. 12 monthsC. 18 monthsD. 2 yearsE. 3 years
What is the normal lengths of a full-term neonate?
A. 12 inchesB. 18 inchesC. 20 inchesD. 24 inchesE. 36 inches
How much does a normal infant grow in the first year?
A. ½ inch a monthB. 1 inch a month C. 1 ½ inch a monthD. 2 inch a monthE. 2 ½ inch a month
Normal Physiological Weigh Loss. How much weight on average does a
neonate loss in the first few days of life?
A. 5-10 % of birth weightB. 15-20% of birth weightC. 25 – 30% of birth weightD. There is no such thing as normal physiological
weight loss in a neonate
What is the medical term for undescended testicles?
• No – this is not multiple choice! Turn to your neighbor and tell them the answer.
Cryptorchidism
• The testes develop in the abdominal cavity in early fetal life. By 14 to 17 weeks of intrauterine life they migrate to an opening in the body wall known as the inguinal canal. After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and by 35 to 40 weeks reach the scrotum.
• Undescended testicles are fairly common in premature infants. They occur in about 3 - 4% of full-term infants. In most cases the testicles descend by the time the child is 9 months old.
When do baby teeth start to come in?
A. 2 monthsB. 4 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 8 monthsE. 12 months
Deciduous teeth
Which teeth normally erupt first?
A. Two lower central incisors
B. Two upper central incisors
C. Two lower lateral incisors
D. Two upper lateral incisors
Bowel movementStoolFeces
• Meconium– Duration
• 1-2 days
– Characteristics• Green-black• Tarry• Odorless
Bowel movement, Stool or Feces
Formula Fed• Pasty yellow or tan• Odor
Breastfed• Mustard seed color• Sweet odor
Moro / Startle Reflex
• Sudden movement Extension & Adduction of extremities
• Disappears – 3-4 months
Babinski
• When sole is stroked hyper-extened & fan out toes & big toe turns up
• Disappears– 3 months
Vision
• Newborn– Primative– Nystagmus
• 4 months– Binocular vision
• 6 months– 20/100– Depth perception
Vital Signs - Newborn
• Temp– Initially low– Stabilized
• 97.7 -99.5• Axillary
• Pulse– 120 – 160 / min– Apical
• BP– 64 / 40
• Resp– 30 – 60 / min– Irregular– apnea
Gross motor skills
• 2 months– Control head
• 4 months– Sit with support– Roll belly to back
• 6 months – Roll both ways
• 8 months– Sits alone
• 10 months– Laying to sitting– Creep
• 11 months– Pulls self up
• 12 months– walks
Fine motor skills
• Neonate– Grasp reflex
• 5 months– Purposeful reaching
• 6 months– Hold bottle
• 7 months– Hand preference– Pincer grasp
• 9– Cup– Spoon
• 12 months– Scribble– Tower – two blocks
Psychosocial Development: What theorist are we going to discuss?
A. FreudB. EriksonC. PaigetD. KohlbergE. Maslow
What stage of psychosocial development is a neonate?
A. AutonomyB. TrustC. InitiativeD. IndustryE. Identity
Cognitive development: Who’s theory are we going to be applying?
A. FreudB. EriksonC. PaigetD. KohlbergE. Maslow
What stage of cognitive development is an infant?
A. PreoperationalB. Concrete operationalC. SensorimotorD. Formal operational
Communication
• Birth– Crying
• 2 months– Smile– Coo
• 4-6 months– Babbling
• 8 months– Dada
• 10 months– Mama
• 12 months– 4-6 words
Falls
• Mattress lowest position– firm
• Infant seat with restraint
• Infant seat on the ground
• Safe gaits– Slide – Not accordion