1 II PREGNANCY TESTING IN CATTLE WITH RECTAL PALPATION METHOD FOR PASTORAL BREEDING AT HEYTESBURRY CATTLE COMPANY VICTORIA RIVER DOWNS STATION Ihsan Salahuddin Rabbani 200110120205 Abstrak Praktek Kerja Lapangan (PKL) dilaksanakan pada tanggal 21 Mei 2014 sampai dengan 22 Juni 2014 di Victoria River Downs Station, Heytesbury Cattle Company, Northern Teritorry-Australia. Pendalaman materi yang diambil adalah mengenai manajemen reproduksi yaitu deteksi kebuntingan dengan metoda palpasi pada pemeliharaan pastura. Dengan luas lahan 2824 km² dan populasi 24.000 ekor sapi guna meningkatkan efisiensi perusahaan diperlukan manajemen kemampuan reproduksi kawanan ternak yang lebih baik, yang akan bermanfaat untuk pemasaran, manajemen nutrisi, dan kontrol penyakit. Control pada musim kawin ternak dan deteksi kebuntingan adalah dua komponen utama dalam manajemen reproduksi. Deteksi kebuntingan pada induk berkontribusi terhadap manajemen reproduksi dengan dua metode kunci: 1). memudahkan mengidentifikasi ternak produktif, dan 2). membantu mengidentifikasi ternak non-produktif untuk diafkir. Kata kunci : Deteksi kebuntingan, palpasi, reproduksi, produktif, non-produktif. Abstact The fieldwork practice (PKL) was held on May 21, 2014 until June 22, 2014 in Victoria River Downs Station, Heytesbury Cattle Company, Northern Territory-Australia. The comprehensive focus on materials given was reproduction management, which is pregnancy detection by palpation method for pastoral maintenance. With a land area of 2824 km² and a population of 24,000 cattle, in order to improve efficiency, the company needed better management of herd reproductive capabilities, which will be useful for marketing purpose, nutrient management, and disease control. Seasonal mating control and pregnancy detection are two major components in reproduction management. Detection of pregnancy in mother cows contributes to reproduction management in two key points: 1). facilitate identification of productive livestock, and 2). help identify non- productive livestock for culling. Keywords: pregnancy detection, palpation, reproductive, productive, non-productive.
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1
II
PREGNANCY TESTING IN CATTLE WITH RECTAL PALPATION
METHOD FOR PASTORAL BREEDING AT HEYTESBURRY CATTLE
COMPANY VICTORIA RIVER DOWNS STATION
Ihsan Salahuddin Rabbani
200110120205
Abstrak
Praktek Kerja Lapangan (PKL) dilaksanakan pada tanggal 21 Mei 2014 sampai dengan 22 Juni 2014 di Victoria River Downs Station, Heytesbury Cattle Company, Northern Teritorry-Australia. Pendalaman materi yang diambil adalah mengenai manajemen reproduksi yaitu deteksi kebuntingan dengan metoda palpasi pada pemeliharaan pastura. Dengan luas lahan 2824 km² dan populasi 24.000 ekor sapi guna meningkatkan efisiensi perusahaan diperlukan manajemen kemampuan reproduksi kawanan ternak yang lebih baik, yang akan bermanfaat untuk pemasaran, manajemen nutrisi, dan kontrol penyakit. Control pada musim kawin ternak dan deteksi kebuntingan adalah dua komponen utama dalam manajemen reproduksi. Deteksi kebuntingan pada induk berkontribusi terhadap manajemen reproduksi dengan dua metode kunci: 1). memudahkan mengidentifikasi ternak produktif, dan 2). membantu mengidentifikasi ternak non-produktif untuk diafkir. Kata kunci : Deteksi kebuntingan, palpasi, reproduksi, produktif, non-produktif. Abstact
The fieldwork practice (PKL) was held on May 21, 2014 until June 22, 2014 in Victoria River Downs Station, Heytesbury Cattle Company, Northern Territory-Australia. The comprehensive focus on materials given was reproduction management, which is pregnancy detection by palpation method for pastoral maintenance. With a land area of 2824 km² and a population of 24,000 cattle, in order to improve efficiency, the company needed better management of herd reproductive capabilities, which will be useful for marketing purpose, nutrient management, and disease control. Seasonal mating control and pregnancy detection are two major components in reproduction management. Detection of pregnancy in mother cows contributes to reproduction management in two key points: 1). facilitate identification of productive livestock, and 2). help identify non-productive livestock for culling.
6 Fetal position of the fetus is parallel to pelvis, fetal ossification can be clearly
palpated, palpable middle uterine artery fremitus. The cervix is located at the
front edge of cranial symphysis and almost perpendicular to the bottom
7 Fetus is clearly palpable, middle uterine artery clearly palpable
9 Ends of fetal front legs and muzzle are very close to pelvic cavity, at the end
of pregnancy the muscles surrounding the pelvic bones visibly slacking, vulva
swells and mucus flows out. Fetus increase in size and middle uterine artery
fremitus becomes more prominent
Sumber: Toelihere, (1985)
1
Meanwhile, according to Manan
(Manan, 2000) in his thesis Ilmu
Kebidanan Ternak (Obstetrics for
Livestock), indications of cattle
pregnancy are as follows:
1. Rectal palpation of cornua uteri,
uterine cornua enlarged and
filled with placental fluid
(amnion and allantois).
2. Rectal palpation of the cornua
uteri, amniotic bag.
3. Fetal membranes, alanto-corion
in the narrowing of uterus, felt
between thumb and index finger.
4. Palpated and reflected fetus
inside enlarged uterus
containing fetal membranes and
placental fluid.
5. Palpable placenta.
6. Palpable enlarged middle
uterine artery, thin vessel walls
with fremitus.
On the other hand, Balai Besar
Pelatihan Peternakan Batu stated that
certain indications of pregnancy in cows
through rectal palpation examination
are:
1. Careful palpation of amniotic
sac in early pregnancy, 35 to 50
days.
2. Palpation of enlarged uterine
cornua filled with placental fluid
in day 30 to 90 of pregnancy.
3. Fetal membrane, allantochorion,
felt during uterine pinching
between thumb and index finger
in early pregnancy, day 40 to 90.
4. Palpated and reflected fetus
inside enlarged uterus
containing fetal membranes and
placental fluid.
5. Palpable placenta.
6. Palpable enlarged middle
uterine artery, thin vessel walls
with fremitu.
In some situations, not all empty
cows are being directly sold to abattoirs
or exported to Asian countries.
2
According to Victoria River Downs
manager, Russel Richter, there is an
advantage of delaying to sell non-
pregnant cows. When feed is aplenty
and beef price is decreased, the best
strategy is to return the cows to a
specialized paddock for fattening to be
sold in the future. Other profitable
decision is to sell the cows after the
calves are weaned. Bang-tailing is a
common practice to facilitate
identification of cows that will be culled
until 6 months in the future.
Other option is to re-mate the
non-pregnant cows, especially heifers,
for the next mating season. This strategy
can be applied to properties with more
than one calving period per year. In
properties with only one calving period,
a small group of late calving cows may
result in management difficulties.
If a non-pregnant cow is being
re-mated, a good recording is needed to
ensure barren cows are not being kept
and removed between herds with
differing calving period.
Pregnancy testing has an
implication in sales. Cows sold by live
weight will fetch higher price if a non-
pregnant certification from veterinarian
is provided.
2.5. Conclusions and Suggestions
2.5.1. Conclusions
In pastoral care for livestock,
pregnancy testing is one of the keys on
reproductive management to improve
business efficiency. This affects the
increase in profits, nutrition
management, and disease control for the
enterprise. By detecting pregnancy, the
company can determine whether a cow
is considered productive or non-
productive. Two major considerations in
deciding whether non-pregnant heifers
would be given a second chance to mate
are breeding value and the cost to
maintain the heifers.
3
Pregnancy testing by rectal
palpation is considered to be the most
effective method as it cost less and does
not require lots of manpower. The
optimal time to conduct pregnancy
testing is during weaning, which is from
early April to early June.
2.5.2. Suggestions
On the field, pregnancy testing
during weaning often cause stress for the
cows, due to rough handling by
livestock stockman towards pregnant or
non-pregnant cows. This not only affects
the reproductive capacity of livestock,
but also endangers the stockman, as
stressed cows tend to be difficult to
control. Thus, patience and knowledge is
needed to handle cows, especially cows
that are pregnant.
Experienced professionals with
a certificate should perform pregnancy
detection in order to avoid inaccurate
pregnancy prediction, given the
importance of the results of a pregnancy
test for future breeding plans.
This method of rectal palpation
is not commonly used in Indonesia,
especially for beef cattle. However, on
farms such as in Sumba area, which still
maintain cattle pastures, knowledge on
seasonal mating and pregnancy testing
can be applied.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Asmoro, Dwi. Palpasi Rektal dan
Pemeriksaan Kebuntingan (PKB). Dinas Kelautan Perikanan dan Peternakan Kabupaten Mesuji. [Online]. Tersedia: http://dkpp.mesujikab.go.id/artikel/33-palpasi-rektal-dan-pemeriksaan-kebuntingan-pkb (3 April 2015).
Australian Brahman Breeders
Association Limited. Pregnancy Testing of Cattle. [Online].Tersedia:http://www.brahman.com.au/technical_information/reproduction/pregnancyTestingCattle.html (3 April 2015)
Boorman, J. (1991). Bonechewing
Country: Cattle Management for Northern Australia. 56 pp. Queensland. The Department of Primary Industries.
4
Hedlefs, R. 1994. Cattle Pregnancy Diagnosis Scheme. Queensland. The Department of Primary Industries.
Kaus R, Lapworth J, Carroll P. 1997.
The Stockman’s Handbook 6th Edition. Queensland. The Department of Primary Industries. 36-37.
Kroker G, Bendigo, Clarke L, Hamilton.
2000. Pregnancy testing of beef cattle. Department of Environment and Primary Industries. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/agriculture-and food/livestock/beef/breeding/pregnancy-testing-of-beef-cattle (27 Maret 2015).
Manan, D. 2000. Ilmu Kebidanan Pada Ternak. Nangroe Aceh Darussalaam. Universitas Syahkuala. Toelihere MR. 1985. Ilmu Kebidanan
Pada Ternak sapi dan Kerbau. Salemba. Jakarta Universitas Indonesia.
1
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix 1. Victoria River Downs Station Area Map
Appendix 2. Overview of Livestock Classification
During Harvest
If 300kg < weight < 350kg
MUSTERING
(From a paddock to yard)
DRAFTING
(Drafted cattle in the yard)
CALF
(Baby cattle)
WEANER
(Weight calf > 100kg)
FAT CATTLE
COW
1. Branding
2. Ear mark
3. Castration
(only steer)
4. Dehorn
BUSH CATTLE
1. Branding
2. Ear mark
3. Castration
(only steer)
4. Dehorn
5. Vaccine
botulism
(only heifer)
6. NLIS tag
WEANER’S
PADDOCK
FOR 10 -11
MONTH
BULL
GOOD BULL
CULL BULL
CULL COW
GOOD COW
PREG TEST AND SPAY
EMPTY OR SPAYED COW
PREGNANT OR LACTATING
COW COW
SELL
If weight > 300kg
SELL TO
INDONESIA Steer and spayed heifer
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Appendix 3. Procedure of Livestock Rectal Palpation and Sterilization
Appendix 4. Events and Activities.
Pre-Programs
Before leaving for Australia, Indonesia-Australia Pastoral Industry Student
Program 2014 participants firstly received a three -day training at PT. Citra Buana
Agro Universe, Malangbong, Garut, West Java. Participants received various
training, including ways of identifying and handling Brahman Cross in a colony,
Figure 11. Briefing during rectal palpation.
Figure 12. The collection of the ovary using Willis spay technique.
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which aims to make the participants familiar with the behavior and the behavior of
Brahman Cross cattle which are imported from Northern Australia. In addition,
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participants were also given an overview of the symptoms of the disease
that usually arises in feedlot industry.
Events and Activities
Arriving at Darwin, participants were welcomed by the Chief Executive of
the Northern Territory Cattlemen Association, Luke Bowen. During the two days
in Darwin, the participants were welcomed by the Indonesian Consulate On this
occasion, Mr. Ade Padmo Sarwono as Consulate of Indonesia provide advice and
messages about everyday culture of the people of Northern Australia.
Figure 13. Participants in PT. Citra Buana Agro Universe, Malangbong, Garut, West Java.
Figure 14. A placard for the Executive
Director of the NTCA, Luke Bowen.
Figure 15. With the Indonesian
consulate in Darwin, NT.
35
Participants received training at Charles Darwin University, Katherine
Rural Campus and Charles Darwin University-owned Mataranka station for two
weeks before being placed on a cattle station. Trainings provided include: safety
procedures standard operation procedure, working at height, welding, horseback
riding, the production of grass, grazing, rangelands, behavior and characteristics
of cattle, animal welfare, handling cattle, operating motorcycles, cars, tractors,
and Quadrant bikes, as well as first aid.
Figure 16. Working at Height.
Figure18. Welding.
Figure 17. Approacing a horses.
Figure 19. Riding motorbike dan
quadbike.
36
Activities at Victoria River Downs Station
Figure 20. Learning experience in
class, Mataranka station. Figure 21. Material presentation on
rangelands.
Figure 22. Participants at Mataranka
station.
Figure 23. Learning about first aid procedure.
Figure 24. Preparation for mustering using motorbike and helicopter.
37
After training for two weeks at Charles Darwin University, Katherine
Rural College and Mataranka station, the participants were divided two-by-two to
be placed at a cattle station. The cattle stations were some family-owned and some
owned by private companies. The participants worked at the cattle station for six
weeks.
Figure 25. Fencing Figure 26. Castration on cattle using
scalpel.
Figure 27. Drafting weaner. Figure 28. Walking cattle across
Victoria River.
38
Post-Programs
Having spent six weeks at cattle stations, the participants reconvened at
Charles Darwin University, Katherine Rural College, and then prepare some
presentations about activities of participants while working at the cattle stations.
The presentation is done in two places, namely campus of Charles Darwin
University and the Consulate of the Republic of Indonesia in Darwin. The
presentations were attended by managers and state officials.
Figure 29. The stockman crews dan
manager Russel Richter (middle). Figure 30. Stockcamp for 5 days.
Figure 31. Presentation about the
activities at Charles Darwin University.
Figure 32. Presentation about the activities
at Indonesian Consulate.
39
Appendix 5. Articles on the Programs
1. Mahasiswa Indonesia Lulus Magang di Peternakan Australia
Sebanyak 10 mahasiswa Indonesia kini mudik berbekal pengalaman dan
pengetahuan tentang industri peternakan setelah sebulan magang di peternakan
Wilayah Utara Australia.
Kesepuluh mahasiswa itu lulus setelah mengikuti program pertukaran
mahasiswa tahunan Asosiasi Peternak Wilayah Utara (Northern Territory - NT)
Australia. Prakarsa yang kini masuk tahun ketiga itu, bertujuan mempererat
hubungan antara berbagai sektor di bidang industri ternak sapi Australia dan
Indonesia.
Febrina Prameswari, yang magang selama sebulan di Peternakan Pigeon
Hole di Daerah Victoria River, dekat perbatasan Australia Barat, mengatakan
sungguh luar biasa melihat jumlah pasokan ternak sapi ke Indonesia. "NT
mengekspor demikian banyak sapi ke Indonesia untuk memasok protein karena
populasi Indonesia sangat besar," kata Febrina.
Figure 33. Presentation about the activities
at Faculty of Animal Husbandry,
Universitas Padjadjaran.
Figure 34. Presentation about the activities at
Dean Office, Faculty of Animal Husbandry,
Universitas Padjadjaran.
40
Dikatakannya, perbedaan besar antara peternakan Indonesia dan Australia
adalah luasnya, dan Febrina menekankan bahwa ini sebagai tantangan bagi visi
swasembada daging sapi di Indonesia. "Di Indonesia segalanya serba kecil, baik
ternak, petani mau pun desanya," ujar Febrina Prameswari. "Di kota-kota besar,
tidak banyak tanah yang bisa dijadikan peternakan sapi." Febrina mengatakan,
pengetahuan barunya mengenai kesejahteraan dan gizi hewan dapat digunakan
untuk membantu meningkatkan ternak di Indonesia.
Industri-industri ternak di kedua sisi Laut Timor berharap para alumni
seperti Febrina Prmeswari akan menjadi pemimpin-pemimpin masa depan di
bidang pertanian Indonesia.
Konsul Ade Padmo Sarwono, diplomat Indonesia di Wilayah Utara (NT)
Australia, mengatakan program pertukaran itu juga merupakan kesempatan
penting bagi para produsen Australia untuk mengerti lebih baik tentang Indonesia.
Konsul Sarwono mengumumkan bahwa ia akan meninggalkan NT untuk
memangku jabatan sama sebagai konsul di Australia Barat.