Contents Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the First Edition Abbreviations List of color figures v vii ix xxx PART 1:PLANT TISSUE CUL TURE 1. INTRODUCTION New technologies Origin of biotechnology History 2. LABORATORYORGANIZATION Washing facility Generallaboratory and media preparation area Transfer area Culturing facilities Light units Green houses Laboratory and personal safety 3. NUTRITION MEDIUM Units for solution preparation Media composition Inorganic nutrients Carbon and energy source Vitamins Growth regulators Organic supplements Gelling agent PH Protocol: General methodology for medium preparation 4. STERILlZATION TECHNIQUES Preparation of sterile media, containers and small instruments Steam sterilization Units of energy and pressure 3 14 18 28
19
Embed
Contentsodin.ces.edu.co/Contenidos_Web/42013672.pdf · Contents Preface to the Third ... Axillary bud proliferation approach ... Meristem and node culture of potato (So/anum tuberosum)
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Abbreviations
List of color figures
v
vii
ix
xxx
PART 1:PLANT TISSUE CUL TURE
1. INTRODUCTION
New technologiesOrigin of biotechnologyHistory
2. LABORATORYORGANIZATION
Washing facilityGenerallaboratory and media preparation areaTransfer areaCulturing facilities
Light unitsGreen housesLaboratory and personal safety
3. NUTRITIONMEDIUM
Units for solution preparationMedia composition
Inorganic nutrientsCarbon and energy sourceVitaminsGrowth regulatorsOrganic supplementsGelling agentPHProtocol: General methodology for medium preparation
4. STERILlZATIONTECHNIQUES
Preparation of sterile media, containers and small instrumentsSteam sterilization
Maintenance of aseptic conditionsAlcohol sterilizationFlame sterilization
Sterilization of explantChemical sterilization
ProtocolsSterilization of seedsSterilization of buds, leaf, stem, roots, tubers, scales, etc.Sterilization of tissue for immature embryos, ovulesand flower buds for anther culture
5. TYPES OF CULTURE 33
CytodifferentiationVascular Differentiation
OrganogenicdifferentiationTypes of culture
Seed cultureEmbryo culture
Mature embryo cultureImmature embryo culture/embryo rescueApplications of embryo culture
Root cultureCallus cultureOrgan culture
Nucellus cultureApplication
Endosperm cultureApplication
Cell cultureProtoplast culture
ProtocolsProtocol for seed germination (Nicotiana)Protocol for embryo culture (Cereals-wheat, maize, barley rice, etc.)Protocol for embryo culture (Legumes-green gram, black gram,french bean, soybean, etc.)Protocol for callus induction (Nicotiana tabacum)Protocol for callus induction (Cereals-wheat, rice, maize, barley, etc.)
6. MICROPROPAGATION 49
Axillary bud proliferation approachMeristem and shoot tip cultureSud culture
Single node cultureAxillary bud method
Contents xiii
OrganogenesisOrganogenesis via callus formationDirect adventitious organ formation
EmbryogenesisAdvantages of micropropagationProblems associated with micropropagationProtocols
Meristem and node culture of potato (So/anum tuberosum)Proliferation ofaxillary buds (strawberry-Fragaria chiloensis)Organogenesis-adventitious shoot formationOrganogenesis vía callus formation (Nicotiana)Organogenesis via callus formation (Cereals-wheat, barley,maize, rice, etc.)Embryogenesis (carrot)
7. CELL SUSPENSION AND SECONDARY METABOLlTES 70
Types of suspension culturesBatch cultureContinuous culture
Open continuous cultureClosed continuous culture
Semi continuous cultureGrowth measurementsSynchronization of suspension culture cellsTechnique for single cell culture-Bergmann cell plating technique
ApplicationProduction of secondary metabolites
Morphological and chemical differentiationMedium composition for secondary product formationGrowth production patternsEnvironmental factorsSelection of celllines producing high amounts of a useful metaboliteProduct analysis
ApplicationProblems associated with secondary metabolite productionImmobilized cell systems
Polymers for immobilizationProduct release
BiotransformationSecondary metabolite production using genetically engineered plant cell culturesProtocols
Protocol for cell suspension culture (Nicotiana tabacum)Protocol for cell suspension culture (Cereals-wheat, rice,maize, barley, etc.)
xiv Introduction to Plant Biotechnology
8. IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF HAPLOIDS
Androgenic methodsAnther cultureMicrospore cultureThe various factors governing the success of androgenesis
GenotypePhysiological status of the donor plantsStage of polienPretreatment of anthersCulture media
Process of androgenesisThe ploidy level and chromosome doublingDiploidization
Significance and uses of haploidsProblemsGynogenic haploidsChromosome elimination technique for production of haploidsin cereals (Barley and wheat)Protocol
Protocol for anther culture of cereals (Rice, barley, wheat, etc.)9. PROTOPLAST ISOLATION AND FUSION
20. TRANSPOSON GENETIC ELEMENTS ANO GENE TAGGING 316
Transposable elements in bacteriaIS elementsComposite transposonsComplex transposons
Transposable elements in eukaryotesClassification
Class I elementsRetrovirusesLong terminal repeat retrotransposonsNon-LTR retrotransposons
Class 11elementsAc-Ds elementsEn/Spm transposable element family
Transposon gene taggingIsolation of transposable elementGene tagging: a) Non-targeted; b)TargetedCharacterization of transposon insertion mutation
Isolation of mutant geneIsolation of intact geneTransposon tagging in heterologous speciesSignificance (mutations, gene expression, vector development)
21. GENE ISOLATION 337
Chromosome mapsGenetic mapPhysical map
General strategies for cloning genes from plantsIsolation of genes coding for specific proteinsIsolation of genes which are tissue specific in functionCloning methods based on ONA insertionsSubtractive cloning
Contents xxi
Map based cloningIdentification of ONA markers linked to target gene andconstruction of genetic mapsConstruction of high resolution physical mapChromosomewalkingGene identification and testing by transformation
Other possible methods for introduction of DNA into plastidsPEG-mediated transformationGalistan expansion femtosyringe
xxiv Introductlon to Plant Blotechnology
DNA uptake by chloroplasts in vivoMicroinjection ot DNA into chloroplast in vivoDNA uptake by chloroplasts in vitro
Homoplastomic lines developmentAdvantagesApplicationsLimitations ot Chloroplast TranstormationMitochondrion transtormationTargetting ot Transgene Product into Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
25. TRANSGENICS IN CROP IMPROVEMENTResistance to biotic stresses
Virus resistanceCoat protein mediated cross protectionNon-structural protein mediated resistanceAntisense and sense mediated resistanceSatellite RNA protectionDetective interfering RNAsPathogen targeted resistance
Disease resistancePathogenesis related proteinsAnti-microbial proteinsEngineering toxin insensitivityPhytoalexinsManipulation ot disease resistance genes
Resistance to abiotic stressesHerbicide resistanceTransgenics tor quality
Transgenics tor improved storageLonger lite transgenic tlowersTransgenic tor tlower color and shapeTransgenics tor male sterilityTransgenics tor terminator seed
Mechanism in pure line seed productionTerminator technology tor use in hybrid seed production
459
Contents xxv
Transgenic plants as bioreactorsCarbohydratesLipidsProtein qualityEnzymesVitamin and mineralBiodegradableplasticProteins, peptides and vaccinesProduction of edible vaccine antigensAntibody Production in Plants (Plantibody)Production of Pharmaceutically Important Proteins in Plants
26. IMPACTOF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
AgricultureStatus of transgenic cropsBenefits of transgenic cropsBiotech crops in IndiaInsect resistant plants through transgenic approach
AdvantagesLimitations/ApprehensionsStrategies for resistance management
Herbicidetolerant plants through transgenic approachArguments in favor of herbicide tolerance in crop plantsArguments against herbicide tolerant transgenics in crop plants
Plant based pharmaceuticalsProduction of biofuelsTransgenic crops in futureBiotechnology in Process IndustryBioremediationHealthcareapplicationsFuture
27. BIOSAFETYCONCERNS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Risk analysisRisk assessmentRisk managementRisk monitoringRisk communication
Biosafety levelsGood laboratory practicesGood laboratory practicesRisk Management in Field Trials
Physical strategies for confinementBiological strategies for confinementOther proceduresGeneral precautions
497
520
xxvi Introduction to Plant Biotechnology
National Biosafety Regulatory framework in IndiaRecombinant DNA Advisory CommitteeInstitutional Biosafety CommitteeReview Committee on Genetic ManipulationGenetic EngineeringApproval CommitteeState Biotechnology Coordination CommitteeDistrict Level Committee
Recombinant DNA safety GuidelinesRevised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic PlantsCross border movement of transgenic germplasm for research purposesBiosafety concerns
Risk to human healthRisk of toxicityRisk of allergiesAntibiotic resistanceEating foreign DNAUse of promoters of virus originChanges in nutritionallevel
Risk to environmentGene flow 01'dispersal from transgenics
Strategies to Prevent Gene Flow of Transgene EscapeResistance/tolerance of target organismsGeneration of new live viruses/super viruses
RecombinationTranscapsidation
Ecological issuesIncl'easedweedinessCreation of super-weedsLoss of biodiversity/reduction of cultivarsNon-target effectsPersistence of the transgene 01'transgene productGM crops affect the purity of other cropsIncreased use of chemicalsEffect on Rhizosphere and microfloraUnpredictable gene expression 01'transgene instability
Socio-economic and ethical considerationsInternational protocols and conventions on biosafety
Cartagena Protocol on BiosafetyWTO and other International Agreements
Regulatory frameworks in different countriesUSAEuropeanUnionCanadaAustraliaArgentinaAsian Region
Contents xxvii
28. GENOMICS
IntroductionMapping of prokaryotic genomes
E. coli genomeMapping of eukaryotic genomes
Construction of linkage maps with molecular markersGene librariesScreening of libraries and constructing contigs
;:Se€juencing1New vectors BACs and PACs and the shot gun approach
Gene location in DNA sequencesSequence inspectionExperimental techniques
Hybridization testscDNA sequencing
Yeast (S. cerevisiae) genomeHumangenomeArabidopsisgenomeRicegenomeFunctionalgenomics
Computer analysisExperimental analysis
Gene inactivationGene overexpression
Phage displayYeast two hybrid system
Patterns of gene expressionGene expression assays by measuring levels of RNA transcriptsSAGEDNA chip technology
Oligonucleotide based chipscDNA based chipsHybridization and detection methodsDouble stranded DNA chipsCharacteristic features of DNA chips/microarraysApplications of DNA chips
Analytical TechniquesMetabolomics is an important tool for functional genomics
Phenomics
557
xxviii Introduction to Plant Biotechnology
29. BIOINFORMATICS
Development of BioinformaticsRole of Internet in BioinformaticsOnlineBrowsingworking and downloadingSequences and NomenclatureFile FormatsFiles of Structural dataSubmission of SequencesDatabases
Molecular Biology DatabasesBioinformatics Databases and analysis Services
GenBankEMBLdbESTMitoNCBI's Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB)The conserved Domain DatabasePDB: The Protein Data BankSWISS-PROT and TrEMBLBLASTRPS-BLASTVASTVAST Search
Protection of intellectual propertyWorld organizationsForms of protection
CopyrightTrademarkPatent
Patent applicationInternational patenting and patent cooperation treatyUses of technical information in patent documentsRevocation of patentPatenting of biological material