Preface to Dr. White-Oylers Presentation on South Africa and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission While classroom teachers are allowed to use the copyrighted.

Preface to Dr. White-Oyler’s Presentation on

South Africa and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

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RISE OF A DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA

Dr. Dianne White-Oyler

Fayetteville State University

THE BACK STORY

GEOGRAPHY & ENVIRONMENT

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

EUROPEAN MIGRATION

SOUTHERN AFRICA http://www.rocksport.co.za:81/Maps/salargepan.htm

RAIN PATTERNS

NAMIBDESERT

http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/005/AC991E/AC991E07.htm

THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

SAN TODAY

KHOISAN

ROCK ART THE KHOIKHOI

http://khoisan.org/do.htmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/1256210.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/1256210.stmRock Art http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Sites_and_Scenery.html

BANTU MIGRATION

BANTU SPEAKERS IN SOUTH AFRICA BY 500 AD

http://encarta.msn.com/media_701611637/Bantu_Migration.html

http://www.capetown.at/heritage/peoples/

(Not functioning on 9-07-06)

THE XHOSA

http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/september/xhosa.htmlhttp://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/september/xhosa.htmlhttp://www.satravelco.com/more_to_do_world_of_choice.php

THE ZULU

c. 1970 Warrior

http://cooltang.com/sa/detail/racial/zulu/

(Not an appropriate site for students, use image #15)

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023966.html

(additional searching required)

Indigenous Hair Style

SOTHO

http://africanlanguages.com/northern_sotho/http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/afrlang/page6.htm (woman with gourd on her head)

http://www.nguni.com/culture/virtualafrica/sotho/

COASTAL FEATURES CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

FIRST CONTACT TABLE BAY FROM TABLE MOUNTAIN

TABLE BAY

• http://www.capetown.at/heritage/history/1910.htm (not functioning on 9-07-06)

AREIAL VIEWTABLE MOUNTAIN & BAY

• http://www.tropicalisland.de/travel_south_africa_cape_town.html

TIMELINE: EUROPEANS• PORTUGUESE• BARTOLOMIEU DIAZ 1488

• DUTCH• JAN VAN RIEBEEK 1652• IMMIGRATION OF FRENCH HUGUENOTS (1689) & GERMANS• BRITISH • 1795-1803 (Napoleonic Wars) RETURNED TO DUTCH• CONQUEST OF CAPE COLONY 1806; ANNEX NATAL 1843

• DUTCH THE GREAT TREK 1835-1840• ORANGE FREE STATE—1856 AFRICKANER REPEPUBIC• TRANSVAAL—1854 AFRIKANER REPUBLIC• MINERAL REVOLUTION 1978

• BRITISH ANNEX AFRIKANER REPUBLICS 1877

• SOUTH AFRICAN WAR—BOER WAR 1899-1902• UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 1910

DUTCH EXPANSION INTO THE INTERIOR

TREKBOER OR VOORTREKKER

• No link provided; search for images of Map of European expansion across present day South Africa and for an image of a Voortrekker

THE MINERAL REVOLUTION1867

• 1. DUTCH • a. DIAMONDS AT KIMBERLY• b. GOLD AT WITSWATERSRAND• c. BOERS CONTRACT AFRICAN LABOR• 2. BRITISH WANT TO CONTROL THE

WEALTH• 3. CONFLICT: THE SOUTH AFRICAN

WAR 1899-1902

KIMBERLEY

• 3 images of Kimberly diamond mines

• http://www.palagems.com/kunz_reminiscences2.htm

CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)

• http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/bior2/rhod1.html

FROM CAPE TO CAIRO

POLITICAL CARTOON

THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR

http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/specialprojects/anglo-boer-wars/anglo-boer-war2i.htm(not functioning on 9-07-06)

SOUTH AFRICA WAR1899-1902

BOERS 1ST QUEENSLAND MOUNTED

(AUSTRALIA)

• http://www.tokencoins.com/oompaul.htm

RISE OF THE APARTHEID STATE

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

NATIONALIST PARTY 1948

THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

• 1909 SOUTH AFRICA ACT CREATES A WHITE MINORITY GOVERNMENT—FEDERATION OF

• 1. TRANSVAAL• 2. ORANGE FREE STATE• 3. CAPE (COLONY)• 4. NATAL• INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF RACIAL

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE BLACK MAJORITY

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM1900-1948

• LANGUAGE AFRIKAANS IN THE WESTERN CAPE

• Unique language origins—Dutch modified by indigenous & outside languages

• Indigenous development

• PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES• SOUTH AFRICA FLAG (1928-1994)

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM• CULTURE• LANGUAGE• EDUCATION• DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM

HEROIC HISTORIC PAST• 1. Van Riebeek at the Cape http://del-afrika.com/

• 2. Boers, Voortrekkers, http://www.pbase.com/bmcmorrow/image/38656027

• South African War http://www.boerwarsociety.org/

Van Riebeek the Cape Trekers Leave the Cape

Soldier Anglo-Boer war

APARTHEID

• AFRIKAANS WORD• DEFINITION: APARTNESS OR

SEPARATENESS• 1ST USE OF THE TERM WAS IN 1917 BY JAN

SMUTS WHO BECAME PRIME MINISTER IN 1919

• SYSTEM OF SEGREGATION AND INSTITUTIONAL RACISM IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948-1990s

APARTHEID

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA & APARTHEID

• 1911 & 1926 MINES & WORKS ACT• Color Ban on certain jobs; Salaries for whites higher at all times• 1913 & 1936 NATIVES LAND ACTS• Land Raid—Allocated 13% of total land to the black majority

and 87% to the white minority• 1923 NATIVES ACT (URBAN AREAS)• Segregation in residential areas of cities—BLACKS HAD TO

CARRY SPECIAL PAPERS TO STAY IN THE CITIES• 1937 NATIVES LAWS AMENDMENT ACT• Pass laws required Blacks to carry identification and

authorization to enter white areas.

PASSBOOK

http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htm3rd image

CREATION OF THE APARTHEID STATE

APARTHEID LEADER

James Barry Munnik Hertzog1866 – 1942

Founder of the National Party

http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barry_Munnik_Hertzog

APARTHEID LEGISLATION MANDATED:

• 1950 POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT

• Registration by Color Forced all South Africans to register as : White, Bantu (Black), Asian (Indian & Pakistani) or Colored (people of mixed race)

• 1950 GROUP AREAS ACT

• Geographic Separation in business and residence

• 1953 RESERVATION OF SEPARATE AMENITIES ACT

• Segregation of public areas and transport Buses, Parks, and other Public Places

• 1953 Bantu Education Act

• Separate but Not Equal: Enforced Racial Discrimination of schools

• 1959 PROMOTION OF BANTU SELF-GOVERMENT ACT

• Black Homelands—THE BANTUSTANS

BANTUSTANS

JOURNEY TO JO’BURG

• ACTIVITY

• NOVEL: Naidoo, Beverley, Journey to Jo’Burg: A South African Story, Harper Trophy book, 1986. (ages 9-12)

APARTHEID: THE CONTRAST

http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE

• One Man’s Freedom Fighter is Another Man’s Terrorist

• 1912 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIVE NATIONAL CONGRESS BECOMES THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS—THE ANC

• STRIKES, BOYCOTTS AND SYMBOLIC ACTS OF DEFINACE

• 1950s DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN MASS RESISTANCE—PUBLIC DISOBEDIENCE

• 1955 FREEDOM CHARTER• John L. Dube (1871-) 1st President

FREEDOM CHARTER 1955• We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country

and the world to know:• that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and

white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people;

www.sahistory.org.za/

1950s ANC DEFINACE CAMPAIGN

1952 1955

http://www.nelsonmandelamuseum.org.za/web%20-%20xhosa/timeline/timeline_1950s.htm

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE

• 1959 PAN AFRICANIST CONGRESS (of Azania)

• PAC split from the ANC because it objected to the ANC's non-racial policies & took a bolder approach based more on mass action.

• Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe (1924-1977) 1st President

• Image of Pan Africanist Congress of Azania overtop the continent of Africa

ACTIVITY

COMPARE

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT THE US

WITH

BLACK RIGHTS MOVEMENT

SOUTH AFRICA

COMPARATIVE RACISM U.S. HISTORY SA• CIVIL RIGHTS

• 1619 1st Blacks to US• 1774-1776 US Rev.• 1861-1865 Civil War

Ends Slavery• 1890-1920 Jim Crow

Laws• 1954-1964 Civil

Rights Movement

• APARTHEID

• 500AD Bantu migration—black Africans

• 1657 1st imported 1st slaves

• 1899-1902 Boer War• 1948-1994 Legal

Apartheid• 1960-1994 Militaristic

Black Rights

COMPARATIVE RACISMU.S. STRUCTURE SA

• CIVIL RIGHTS• Slavery• Puritan values• Heroes of the Revolution• MLK• Malcolm X

• Desegregation, Affirmative Action

• APARTHEID• Slavery & Annihilation• Colonialism—Racial

Capitalism• Heroes of the Revolution• Nelson Mandela• Steve Biko• Walter Sisulu• Oliver Tambo• TRC and Restitution

THE COUNTDOWN TO DEMOCRACY

1960s

1970s

1980s

SOUTH AFRICA THE APARTHEID STATE

• 1961 HF VERWOERD PM REPSONSIBLE FOR MUCH APARTHEID LEGISLATION

• 1966 BJ VORTER PM SEGREGATION

SEVERELY ENFORCED

John Vorster

VERWOERD

APARTHEID

OVERT AND COVERT RESISTANCE

1. Political Activism

2. Cultural Activism

MASSACRE AT SHARPEVILLE 1960

• http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/index.html

SHARPVILLE MASSACRE

• http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_March_21.php

STATE TERRORISM

• TERROR IS OFTEN AT ITS BLOODIEST WHEN USED BY DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENTS AGAINST THEIR OWN CITIZENS.

REACTIONS TO THE TERRORIST STATE

• 1961 SOUTH AFRICA IS EXPELLED FROM THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS

• MANDELA—”SPEAR OF THE NATION”— 200 ACTS OF SABOTAGE AGAINST PASS OFFICES, GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, AND POWER SUPPLIES

• 1962 MANDELA ILLEGALLY LEAVES • 1. SUPPORT FOR THE ANC • 2. TO MILITARY TRAINING.• 1962 MANDELA IMPRISONED FOR 3 YEARS• 1963 RIVONIA TREASON TRIAL

RIVONIA TRIAL 1964

• http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-south-africa-in-the-apartheid-era

• http://www.rusty-bernstein.com/images/fighting-talk.jpg

Nelson Mandela 1922-

ROBBEN ISLANDhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/photogalleries/south_africa_tourism/photo2.html

http://www.phillipmartin.info/webpage/TRAVEL/AFRICA/text_southafrica_robben.htm

ROBBEN ISLAND

• 12 km FROM CAPE TOWN

• A PRISON FOR

400 YEARS

TO ISOLATE

OPPONENTS OF

APARTHEID

NELSON MANDELA IN PRISON

• http://africawithin.com/mandela/mandela_gallery1.htm

• (third row of photos, 4th to the left of NM behind bars)

HARD LABORROBBEN ISLAND

• http://www.nelson-mandela-schule.de/nels16.jpg

SOUTH AFRICA THE APARTHEID STATE

• 1970s INCREASED GOVERNMENT REPRESSION

• COLOR BAN ON FREEDOM OF TRAVEL AND WORK—BLACK AFRICANS BECOME MORE IMPOVERISHED

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT

• MID-1960s ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT THAT FILLED THE POLTICAL VOID AFTER

• 1. THE BANNING OF THE ANC & PAC • 2. SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE• STEVE BIKO (1946-1977) • STUDENT LEADER• COMMUNITY LEADER

• http://zar.co.za/biko.htm

ACTIVITYPRIMARY SOURCES

• STEVE BIKO• COLUMN “I WRITE WHAT I LIKE”

by FRANK TALK

• “Black Souls in White Skins”• “We Blacks”• “Fragmentation of the Black Resistance”http://www.lib.uwo.ca/weldon/news/hottopics/archive2005/nov05.shtml

(at the bottom)

SOWETO TOWNSHIP

• http://www.monolith.com.au/soweto/

(at the bottom)

• SOWETO 20 km FROM JOHANNESBURG• LARGEST BLACK URBAN COMMUNITY

COMPRISING THE BLACK COMMUNITIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN TOWNSHIPS

SOWETO TOWNWHIP

http://www.src.wits.ac.za/groups/outreach/2002/Mobile-lab-news-9.html

SOWETO STUDENT MASSACRE 1976

• STUDENT RIOT AGAINST GOVERNMENT MANDATE TO TEACH AFRIKAANS LANGUAGE

• 1,000 DEAD

• http://www.mltranslations.org• (scroll down to South Africa on the sidebar to your left)

THE RESISTANCE

• BLACK COLLABORATORS TARGETED• NEW FORMS OF LOCAL DEMOCRACY FILL THE

VOID• BLACK POLICEMEN SHOT, STABBED, & HOMES

FIREBOMBED• BLACK ON BLACK VIOLENCE—A POLITICAL ACT

• CHIEF BUTHULEZI, ZULU LEADER MAJOR COLLABORATIONIST

THE ARTS• ALPHA BLONDY “APARTHEID IS NAZISM” LYRICS INCLUDE

• America, America, AmericaBreak the neck of this apartheid

• This apartheid system is nazism, nazism, naziThis apartheid system is nazism, nazi, them a nazi

• 1939-1945Nazi war in EuropeToday 1985Declare our own rights in South Africa

• America, America, AmericaI say break the neck of this apartheid

NEO-APARTHEID

1980s

PW BOTHA

• 1978 BECAME PM• 1. TRICAMERAL PARLIAMENT • 2. REMOVED POST OF PM• 3. PROVIDED FOR EXECTIVE STATE PRESIDENT

• 1984 TRICAMERAL ELECTION DERAILED BY COALITION OF ANTI-APARTHEID GROUPS

• http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10562528/site/newsweek/

SOUTH AFRICA IN A STATE OF EMERGENCY

• RESISTANCE MET WITH BRUTALITY• INCREASED DEMANDS FOR • 1. CIVIL RIGHTS • 2. IMPROVED EDUCATION • 3. UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE• 4. ELIMINATION OF JOB

DISCRIMINATION AND PASS LAWS

• MOUNTING INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS

A NEW DAY

1990’s

FW DE CLERK• 1989 FW DE KLERK REPLACES

BOTHA• 1. DISMANTLES APARTHEID• 2. 1990 LIFTS BAN ON ANC• 3. FREES MANDELA• 1990 CHURCHES JOIN IN

A COMMON CONFESSION OF SIN• 1992 WHITE SOUTH AFRICA VOTES TO END

APARTHEID• http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/klerk-bio.html

DENNIS BRUTUS

• POEM “FEBRUARY, 1990”

• http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/barbrutus.htm (poem is at the bottom)

• http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931859221 (his picture on book of poetry)

1ST MULTI-RACIAL GENERAL ELECTION 1994

• ONE-MAN-ONE-VOTE

• http://www.folkart.com/henderson/ballot-detail.htm (image of 1994 ballot)

• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/africa/04/photo_journal/94election/html/1.stm (numerous images of 1994 election)

SOWETO VOTERS IN LINE ELECTION BALLOT

NELSON MANDELA

• PRESIDENT1994-1999• http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0304/

ijde/hart.htm (Nelson Mandela with Deputy Presidents Thabo Mbeki – now the

current president and FW de Klerk – former president)

NEW CONSTITUTION

• POSTAMBLE• The adoption of this Constitution lays the secure

foundation for the people of South Africa to transcend the divisions and strife of the past, . . . . . .a need for understanding but not for vengeance, a need for reparation but not for retaliation, a need for ubuntu (the African philosophy of humanism) but not for victimization.

• In order to advance such reconciliation and reconstruction, amnesty shall be granted . . . . . . .

TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE• THE WAY SOCIETY HEALS AND SEEKS JUSTICE AFTER

PERIOD OF WAR OR TYRANNY• NEUREMBURG TRIALS—RETRIBUTION • WORLD TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS • 1. MET BEHIND CLOSED DOORS • 2. GRANTED BLANKET AMNESTY (Chile & Argentina)• 3. GRANTED REPARATIONS (Chile, Sri Lanka)• TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION—SOUTH AFRICA, THE NEW

MODEL• 1. MEETINGS OPEN & TELEVISED & RECORDED• 2. AMNESTY CASE BY CASE BASIS

SOUTH AFRICAN FLAG (2000)

• http://www.theodora.com/wfb/south_africa/south_africa_flags.html

Red for bloodshed Blue of open blue skies Green for the land Black for the black people White for the European people Yellow for the natural resources i.e. Gold The Y symbolizes the merging nationalities - i.e unity

TRUTH & RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC)

• AFRICAN PROVERB: “TRUTH IS GOOD, BUT NOT ALL TRUTH IS GOOD TO SAY.”

• THE MORAL QUESTION: IS ALL FAIR IN A JUST WAR

• THE COMMISSION ANSWERS: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS REMAIN ABUSES EVEN WHEN THE CAUSE IS JUST

• THE COMMISSION’S TASK—ASSESS CRIMES OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE FREEDOM FIGHTERS

TRC“HEALING OUR PAST”

• TRC A POLITICAL AGREEMENT

• 1ST INDEPENDENT BODY OF POST-APATHEID ERA

• THREE COMMISSIONS

• 1. HUMAN RIGHTS

• 2. AMNESTY

• 3. REPARATIONS

• http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/safrican.elections/stories/truth/

TRC HUMAN RIGHTS COMISSION

• ABSENCE OF LEGAL PROCEDURES—RULES OF EVIDENCE

• QUALITY & QUANTITY OF INFORMATION COMPARABLE OR SUPERIOR TO LEGAL PROCEDURES IN A COURTROOM

• http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18959-2005Apr1.html?nav=rss_world/africa

TRC HEARINGS PEOPLE SEEKING CLOSURE

• http://www.irisfilms.org/longnight/ln_prskt.htm (top right photo)

TRC HEARINGS AMNESTY IN THE DEATH OF

STEVE BIKO? • http://webs.wofford.edu/mandlovenb/

SAfrica/content/eastcape.html (bottom right photo of Biko’s

grave)

TRC

• Demond Tutu

• Pumla Gobdo-Madikizela

• http://www.irisfilms.org/longnight/ln_prskt.htm (2nd row, image on the left)

TRC• ADULT NOVEL• Gobdo-Madikizela, Pulma, A Human Being Died That

Night: A South African Story of Forgiveness• http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/truth_and_reconciliation/143668.stm

• The story of “Prime Evil” Eugene De Kock

• One widow said: “I was overwhelmed by emotion, & I was nodding, as a way of saying yes, I forgive you. I hope that when he sees our tears, he knows that they are not only tears for out husbands but tears for him as well.”

THABO MBEKI

• PRESIDENT 1999-PRESENT

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki (images of him with President GW Bush)

THE AFTERMATHDECOLONIZATION

• POLITICAL• MULTI-RACIAL DEMOCRACY—”RAINBOW

NATION”• BOUNDARIES• CULTURAL• LANGUAGE• EDUCATION• HEALTH• ECONOMIC