Prediction of Performance of University Hockey Players in Relation ...

29

CHAPTER ndash II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A Physical Education teacher or a coach must have the

knowledge of hisher particular game or sport as well as the

knowledge of sports sciences for getting the top position in the

modern competitions In the modern fast pacer competitions

anthropometric physical fitness measurements and sports

performance have gained much importance Anthropometric

physical fitness and sports performance depends upon the

fitness level by improving technique and tactics in different

games

There cannot be two opinions about the need of review of

related literature In the very beginning it helps in a careful and

methodical perusal of the study at hand It not only serves to

solve the problems but enormously helps in broadening

deepening and understanding of the published research work in

the related field Review of the concerned literature helps to

ascertain that the same has not been put to scrutiny before

The review cited in this chapter has definitely helped the

researcher to imbibe his awareness and understanding of

various techniques available for conducting such a study and

formulating ideas that profoundly contributed to the overall

30

rational and interpretation of the data gleaned and compiled

with great effort In the process of conducting the study the

researcher was bound to be zealous and meticulous which in

turn brought about awareness of the peripheral issues that

undoubtedly helped him in framing scientific references

The review enlisted in this chapter was based on various

sources viz-a-viz journals periodicals encyclopedia

newspapers unpublished thesis etc which were available in

various libraries The libraries which the scholar consulted were

Panjab University Chandigarh Punjabi University Patiala N S

NIS Patiala LNIPE Gwalior GNDU Amritsar The

relevant literature pertaining to the present study has been

abstracted in this chapter to provide the background material to

evaluate the significance of this study as well as to interpret its

findings

The literature thus collected has been classified into two

sections

(A) Studies on Anthropometric measurements and performance

(B) Studies on physical fitness components and performance


Singh AB (2012) The purpose of the study was to assess the

selected anthropometric measurements among the boys aged 6

through 9 years For this purpose a coca of 200 boys aged 6 through

9 years were selected randomly (50 boys in each age group)The

anthropometric variables selected were weight height waist

circumference and hip circumference To find out t h e relationship

between BMI (Body Mass Index) and WHR (Waist- Hip Ratio) for each

age group namely- 6 7 8 and 9 year tribal boys and product

moment correlation was calculated at 005 level of significance

There were significant relationship between BMI and WHR in 9 year

31

tribal boys whereas no significant relationship were obtained in 6yr

7yr and 8yr age group tribal boys

KrishnaRYadav Sudheer Rao K Sundar Raj Urs (2012)The

purpose of the study was to compare the Anthropometric

Characteristics Body composition and Somatotype in male

intercollegiate Basketball players and Volleyball players of the

Karnatak University Dharwad st Karnataka Sixty three players

(volleyball N=36 and basketball N=27) of age group 18-25 years were

selected from different colleges affiliated to Karnatak University

Dharwad stKarnataka India All the participants were assessed for

height weight breadths girths and skin fold thickness An

independent samples t-test revealed that basketball players had

significantly higher height (plt001) weight (plt001) and body surface

area (plt001) as compared to volleyball players The basketball

players were also found to have significantly greater biceps (plt001)

and suprailliac (plt001) skin fold thicknesses calf circumference

(plt005) percent body fat (plt001) total body fat(plt001) fat free

mass (plt005) and endomorphic component (plt005) as compared to

volleyball players Volleyball players had significantly greater body

density (plt001) as compared to basketball players It is concluded

that in most of the parameters there were significant differences

between basketball and volleyball players The basketball players

showed better anthropometric Measurements and somatotyping

scores

Tarverdizadeh B Azarbayjani MA (2012) The purpose of

this research was to determine the relationships between selected

anthropometric with physical and motor fitness measures in elite

Iranian soccer players Among the players of national team 60 elite

men were selected voluntary as an overall sample The anthropometric

measures included body mass index (BMI) fat weight lean body

mass height and also chest leg and thigh circumferences and body

composition from total of 60 elite players Also measurements

(sectioned as skin folds girths lengths and breadths) were made for

each player The procedure involved three measures at each site to

32

calculate a mean value and used to relate with fitness variables The

physical and motor fitness tests used were ergo jump vertical jump

agility flexibility speed and reaction time Mean calculated scores for

all players were obtained Regression analyses indicated significant

correlation between certain variables of Fitness tests and variables of

anthropometric estimation statistics Knowing these relationships

provides us with valuable predictive information about player‟s

Capabilities in sport Results showed between have less body mass

index (BMI) less fat greater lean body mass great leg and thigh

circumferences were significantly related to better speed agility ergo

jump and vertical jump Also observed greater height with vertical

jump(p lt 005) and relationships between agility and flexibility to less

fat observed too Regression analysis for all variables demonstrated a

significant relationship between some parameters These findings

suggest that we can predict some variables of anthropometric or

physical and motor fitness by other parameters

DixitKPateSPandeyU(2011) The study was concluded

in order to determine the relationship of selected anthropometric and

biomechanical variables with the performance of players in off spin

bowling Five male cricketers players who represent lakshmibai

National Institute of physical education Gwalior were selected as

subjected for the study The help of digital photography was used to

film the subjects is saggital plane of off spin bowling Joint point

method was used in order to obtain the values of selected angular

kinematics variables from develop stick figures The performance of off

spin bowling of each selected subjects was recorded on the basis of

twenty point scale 5 point awarded in run up 5 point awarded in

placement of foot 10 point awarded in Execution 10 point awarded in

Trajectory and 20 point awarded in line length and spin which was

obtained by using three point scales by the three judge To determine

the degree of relationship of selected anthropometric and


bowling Pearson‟s product Moment Correlation Method was used The

obtained value of coefficient of correlation of selected anthropometric

33

variables at the moment release Only the height and leg length have

significant relationship with the performance of subjects in off spin

bowling In case of biomechanical variables none of the biomechanical

variable has exhibited significant relationship with the performance of

players in off spin bowling It may be because of small size of the

sample It is a known fact that greater rotation creates greater

momentum but angle at elbow joint bowling arm did not exhibit

significant relationship which may be due to other reasons

Gall F CarlingC William Mreilly T(2010) We compared

anthropometric and fitness performance data from graduate male

youth players from an elite soccer academy who on leaving the

institution were either successful or not in progressing to higher

standards of play Altogether 161 players were grouped according to

whether they achieved international or professional status or

remained amateur Measures were taken across three age categories

(under 14 15 and 16 years of age) Players were assessed using

standard measures of anthropometric and fitness characteristics The

skeletal age of players was also measured to determine maturity

status Multivariate analysis (MANCOVA) identified a significant

(p lt 0001) effect for playing status Univariate analysis revealed a

significant difference in maturity status in amateurs and professionals

versus internationals (p lt 005) in body mass in professionals versus

amateurs (d = 056 p lt 005) in height (d = 085 p lt 001) and

maximal anaerobic power (d = 079 p lt 001) in both professionals

and internationals versus amateurs There was also a significant

difference in counter-movement jump (d = 053 p lt 005) and 40-m

sprint time (d = 050 p lt 005) in internationals versus amateurs as

well as a significant main effect for age and playing position

(p lt 0001) Significant differences were reported for maturity status

body mass height peak concentric torque maximal anaerobic power

and sprint and jump performance with results dependant on age

category and playing position These results suggest that

anthropometric and fitness assessments of elite youth soccer players

34

can play a part in determining their chances of proceeding to higher

achievement levels

MannaI KhannaG Chandra DharaP (2010) The aim of

study was to investigate the effect of training on selected

anthropometric physiological and biochemical variables of elite field

hockey players A total of 30 Indian male field hockey players (age

2300-3000 yrs) volunteered for this study The training sessions

were divided into 2 phases (a) Preparatory Phase (PP 8 weeks) and (b)

Competitive Phase (CP 4 weeks) The training programme consist of

aerobic anaerobic and skill development and were completed 4

hrsday 5 daysweek Selected variables were measured at zero level

(baseline data BD) and at the end of PP and CP A significant increase

(Plt005)in LBM back and hand grip strength serum level of urea

uric acid and HDLC and a significant decrease(Plt005) in body fat

sub-maximal exercise heart rate and recovery heart rate

haemoglobin total cholesterol triglyceride and LDLC were noted in PP

and CP of training when compare to BD No significant change was

noted in stature body mass HR max resting heart rate VO2max and

anaerobic power of the players after the training Since the data on

field hockey players are limited in India the present study may

provide useful information to the coaches to develop their training

programme

Carvalho H M (2009) Explosive muscle strength and

muscular balance of the knee joint are important parameters to

succeed in basketball Isokinetic testing has been consistently used

for assessment of concentric and eccentric strength of the knee joint

musculature The literature is more abundant for soccer players

(Sangnier amp Tourny-Chollet J Strength Cond Res 22 2008) than for

other team sports in general and basketball in particular In

addition isokinetic assessment has not been systematically

considered in adolescent basketball players taking into account

growth characteristics The present study examines the isokinetic

parameters of the knee joint musculature in 14-to 15-yearold

basketball players by playing position A total of 51 basketball players

35

(140-159 yrs 2-11 years of training) were categorized as guards

(n=16) forwards (n=21) and centers (n=14) Anthropometry included

those measurements needed for estimation of leg volumes (Jones amp

Pearson J Physiology 204 1969) plus stature and body mass After

a 5-min warm-up at 60 rpm in a cycle-ergo meter (Monark) and

stretching subjects performed five maximum knee extensions (KE)

and flexions (KF) in the isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex system 3

Biodex Corporation Shirley NY USA) programmed at 60 degreess

(modes CON and ECC in both legs Moments were corrected for the

effect of gravity and the highest moment from the five trials for each

contraction mode was retained for analysis Parameters for analysis

were absolute peak torque (PT) relative peak torque (PT per kg of body

mass) ‟functional‟ and ‟conventional‟ hamstrings to quadriceps (HQ)

ratios and bilateral differences (Aagaard et al Am J Sports Med 26

1998) Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test position-related

variation in body size and strength parameters Significance level was

set at pamp8804005 As expected centers were taller (F=12251 p lt

001) and heavier (F=11021 p lt 001) than guards and forwards

whereas forwards had similar stature and body mass as guards in this

age group Results in PT showed differences from centers to both

forwards and guards in mean ECCKF in the dominant leg (F=3979

plt005) Also in the non-dominant leg differences revealed in mean

ECCKF (F=4203 plt005) and ECCKE (F=4392 plt005) No

differences were found in mean CON PT as well as HQ ratios and

bilateral differences The present studies showed a significant

position-related variation of body size and absolute peak torque When

expressing isokinetic strength per unit of body mass the effect of

playing position was not anymore significant Future research

including maturational assessments is needed during pubertal years

It would also be of interest to investigate the effect of playing position

in players accumulating more years of basketball practice The

current ongoing project will report the relationship between isokinetic

outputs and concurrent anaerobic tests

36

Chauhan et al (2009) The purpose of this study is to

develop the regression equation for the prediction of sprinting

ability of secondary school boys The data was collected from the

boys of age range between 16 to 18 years(X=17) by anthrop

meter skin fold calliper venire calliper and steel tape The

Pearson product movement method for correlations Wherry Do

Little method for calculation multiple correlation and

development of regression equation were utilized Linear

measurements ie height leg length fore leg length total arm

length thigh length and foot length girth measurements ie

shoulder chest abdomen hip thigh and calf body diameters

ie biacromial bicirstal and ankle diameters subscapular and

thigh skinfolds fat weight and lean body mass body weight and

age has significant and negative correlations with sprinting

ability The multiple correlation of a selected combination of

variables ie length biacromial diameter and lean body mass

with sprinting ability have been found highly significant The

developed multiple correlations are of sufficient size and the

regression equation can be put in the prediction of sprinting

ability of secondary school boys

Latt E (2009) The present study analyzed the development of

the anthropometrical parameters and body composition in young

swimmers and assessed the effect of these parameters on swimming

performance during biological maturation During the 2-year follow-up

study period the age height body mass fat free mass (FFM) bone

mineral mass (BM) arm span and biological maturation values for all

swimmers body mass index (BMI) and spine BMD for boys and body

fat and total BMD for girls significantly increased during each year

(plt005) Partial correlation analysis revealed that 400-m swimming

performance time was elated (plt005) to body height (rgt-0468) and

arm span (rgt-0397) values VO2 was related to body height (rgt0395)

and arm span (rgt0394) at all three measurements after controlling for

age and pubertal status in boys In addition the Cs of the 400-metre

37

swimming performance was related (plt005) to the body mass

(rgt0411) BMI (rgt0412) and spine BMD (rgt0500) values at all three

measurement points in girls Tracking of the measured physical

characteristics over the two year study period was very high for boys

(rgt0880) and relatively high for girls (rgt0694)

Gil SM et al (2007) Physiological and anthropometric

characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing

position Relevance for the selection process J Strength Cond

Res 21(2)438-445 2007-The aim of this study was to establish

the anthropometric and physiological profiles of young non elite

soccer players according to their playing position and to

determine their relevance for the selection process Two hundred

forty-one male soccer players who were members of the Getxo

Arenas Club (Bizkaia) participated in this study Players age

1731 (plusmn 264) years range 14-21 years were classified into the

following groups forwards (n = 56) midfielders (n = 79)

defenders (n = 77) and goalkeepers (n = 29) Anthropometric

variables of participants (height weight body mass index 6

skinfolds 4 diameters and 3 perimeters) were measured Also

their somatotype and body composition (weights and percentages

of fat bone and muscle) were calculated Participants performed

the Astrand test to estimate their absolute and relative O2max

an endurance test sprint tests (30 meters flat and 30 meters

with 10 cones) and 3 jump tests (squat jump counter movement

jump and drop jump) Forwards were the leanest presenting the

highest percentage of muscle They were the best performers in

all the physiological tests including endurance velocity agility

and power In contrast goalkeepers were found to be the tallest

and the heaviest players They also had the largest fat skinfolds

and the highest fat percentage but their aerobic capacity was

the lowest In the selection process agility and the jump tests

were the most discriminating for forwards In contrast agility

38

height and endurance were the key factors for midfielders The

defenders group was characterized by a lower quantity of fat

Thus we may conclude that anthropometric and physiological

differences exist among soccer players who play in different

positions These differences fit with their different workload in a

game Therefore training programs should include specific

sessions for each positional role

Bayius et al (2006) Conducted a study on

anthropometric body composition and smototype differences of

Greek elite female basketball volleyball and handball players

Their mean scores were compared and it was found that elite

female players varied among sports

Chauhan(2006) The purpose of the study is to determine

the relationship between anthropometric variables and the

middle distance running performance and also to develop

regression equation for the prediction of performance of the

athletes between the age range of 18 and 30 years The data was

collected from 1500 meters middle distance runners as subjects

of the study by using anthropometer skinfold caliper vernier

calliper and steel tape The product movement method for

correlation and wherry do little method for calculating multiple

correlation and development of regression equation were utilized

Linear measurements ie height leg length thigh length total

arm length girth measurements ie biacromial and ankle

diameter thigh(negative) and calf skinfold lean body mass and

age have positive and significant correlations with middle

distance running performance The multiple correlation of

selected combination of variables(ie height thigh girth

biacromial diameter and thigh skinfold) with middle distance

running performance have been found significant but the

multiple correlation is not of sufficient size (so the regression

39

equation developed cannot be put in the prediction of middle

distance running performance)

Chauhan and Chauhan (2005) - The purpose of the study

was to explore the possible ingredients of anthropometric

variables which are essential for the execution of explosive arm

strength for volleyball players Since the game of volleyball

involves explosive strength for the execution of important skills

ie smashing blocking serving and receiving the ball in the

playing situations hence arm strength is essential ingredient

which determines the efficiency of players To achieve the

objectives of this study various body measurements on 40

volleyball players selected as subjects were taken Product

movement method for correlations and developing Regression

Equation were used Linear measurements ie height sitting

height trunk length leg length lower leg length total arm

length upper arm and forearm length foot length body girth

ie shoulder chest abdomen hip thigh body diameters ie

biacromial bitrochantric femur bicodylar and skinfolds ie

biceps triceps subscapular suprailliar mid auxiliary sum of

four skinfolds and body composition variables ie fat

percentage fat weight and lean body mass has positive and

significant correlations which explosive arm strength of

volleyball players Multiple correlation of height biacromial and

elbow diameter lean body mass taken together with explosive

arm strength has been found significant 1 level The size of the

multiple correlation is sufficiently large hence regression

equation developed is useful for the prediction of the explosive

arm strength of volleyball players

Monsma and Malina (2005) conducted a study on

anthropometric and smototype of competitive female figure

skates (11-22 years) by level of competition and discipline The

40

results suggested that figure skating favours lightness high

mesomorphy and lower endomorphy at elite levels

Porcari JP et al (2005) studied the effects of self-

administered neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on

changes in strength endurance selected anthropometric

measures and subjects perceived shape and satisfaction of the

abdominal wall Twenty-four adults (experimental group)

stimulated their abdominals 5 days per week (20-40 minutes per

session) for 8 weeks and refrained from engaging in any

additional exercise during the study A control group (N=16)

refrained from exercising the abdominals or engaging in any

other exercise training during the study Subjects were tested at

the beginning mid-point and end of the study Isometric

strength of the abdominal muscles was tested using a isokinetic

dynamometer endurance was measured using the ACSM curl-up

test abdominal circumference was measured using a steel tape

measure and body shape and satisfaction were assessed via

questionnaire The stimulation group had a 58 increase in

abdominal strength whereas the control group did not change

The stimulation group also had a 100 increase in abdominal

endurance versus a 28 increase in the control group Waist

circumference decreased by of 35 cm in the stimulation group

compared to no significant change in the control group All 24

subjects in the stimulation group felt that their midsections were

more toned and firmed and 1324 (54) felt that their

posture had improved as a result of the stimulation None of the

control group subjects reported changes in these parameters

There were no significant differences in body weight BMI or

skinfold thickness over the course of the study in either group

NMES as used in the current study resulted in significant

improvements in the muscular strength and endurance of the

41

abdominal region as well as subjects perceived shape and

satisfaction of the mid-section

Uth N (2005) the present study compared the

anthropometry of sprinters and people belonging to the normal

population The height and body mass (BM) distribution of

sprinters (42 men and 44 women) were statistically compared to

the distributions of American and Danish normal populations

The main results showed that there was significantly less BM

and height variability (measured as standard deviation) among

male sprinters than among the normal male population (US and

Danish) while female sprinters showed less BM variability than

the US and Danish normal female populations On average the

American normal population was shorter than the sprinters

There was no height difference between the sprinters and the

Danish normal population All female groups had similar height

variability Both male and female sprinters had lower body mass

index (BMI) than the normal populations It is likely that there is

no single optimal height for sprinters but instead there is an

optimum range that differs for males and females This range in

height appears to exclude people who are very tall or very short

in stature Sprinters are generally lighter in BM than normal

populations Also the BM variation among sprinters is less than

the variation among normal populations These anthropometric

characteristics typical of sprinters might be explained in part

by the influence the anthropometric characteristics have on

relative muscle strength and step length

Chauhan (2004) The purpose of the study was to develop

the regression equation for the prediction performance of

University Throwers in relation to their anthropometrics

measurements To achieve the objectives of the study thirty

throwers were selected as subjects from the University Athletic

42

meet of Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra Thirty two body

measurements were taken with the help of anthropometer steel

tape Vernier calliper and skin fold calliper according to the

instruction of Weiner and Lourie (1969) The throwing

performance of the subjects was measured in terms of

performance in putting the shot Product moment method for

inter correlation and wherry do little method for calculating

multiple correlation and development of regression equation for

the prediction of performance were applied The linears


length upper and fore arm length circumference ie shoulders

chest abdomen hip and arm body diameters ie biacromial

bicristal and elbow diameters and skinfold measurements ie

biceps sub ndash scapular supra-illiac and calf skin fold have been

found to possess positive and significant correlation with

throwing performance at 1 and 5 levels respectively Among

body composition variables ie fat percentage fat weight and

lean body mass have positive and significant correlations but

body density has negative and significant correlation with

throwing performance at 5 level The multiple correlation of

body weight height and total arm length with throwing

performance is positive and highly significant (R = 935) The size

of the multiple correlation is quite sufficient and hence the

regression equation developed can be used for the prediction of

throwing performance of the athletes

Elferink-Gemser MT et al (2004) To determine the

relationship between multidimensional performance characteristics

and level of performance in talented youth field hockey players elite

youth players (n = 38 mean age 132 years sd = 13) were compared

with sub-elite youth players (n = 88 mean age 142 years sd = 13) on

anthropometric physiological technical tactical and psychological

characteristics Multivariate analyses with performance level and

43

gender as factors and age as the covariate showed that the elite

youth players scored better than the sub-elite youth players on

technical (dribble performance in a peak and repeated shuttle run)

tactical (general tactics tactics for possession and non-possession of

the ball) and psychological variables (motivation) (p lt 005) The most

discriminating variables were tactics for possession of the ball

motivation and performance in a slalom dribble Age discriminated

between the two groups indicating that the elite youth players were

younger than the sub-elite players In the guidance of young talented

players to the top as well as in the detection of talented players more

attention has to be paid to tactical qualities motivation and specific

technical skills

Singal et al (2002) Studied anthropometrically 697 athletes

and 699 controls to assess their body fat and lean body mass All the

body components increased from 10 to 18 years in both boys and girls

of sports group and controls The body fat is lesser in athletes boys

and girls The lean body mass is large in athlete boys only 14 years of

age While studying sex differences it has been noticed that athletes

as well as control girls have significantly more fat and lesser lean

body mass as compared to male athletes and male controls The

magnitude of increase in fat as well as lean body mass is more in boys

as compared to girls

Singh (2002) conducted a study on anthropometric motor

fitness and motor skill determinants of performance in inter-college

level handball players Total 102 players were selected as subjects

The players securing first three places in inter-college matches of

Punjab University Chandigarh Punjabi University Patiala and Guru

Nanak Dev University Amritsar were considered as the subjects for

the study The playing ability of subjects was measured by the panel

of three expert judges during inter-college competition on 5 point

scale on the basis of there all round performance The averages of

scores given by three judges were considered as final score The

following variables for anthropometric measurements were selected

namely age height weight shoulder width biacromial width arm

44

length upper arm length forearm length leg length calf

circumference sitting height supra-iliac skinfold thigh skinfold sub-

scapular skinfold calf skinfold biceps skinfold triceps skinfold

Motor fitness measurements were done by applying following tests

speed 5030 meters sprint agility- shuttle runzig-zag run arms

power-hand ball throwpull-ups leg power-standing broad

jumpsargent jump cardio-vascular endurance- 12 minute runwalk

grip strength dominant hand grip strengthnon dominant hand grip

strength Motor skill was measured by applying test items namely

Dribbling-AAHPERD control dribble test item Passing-AAHPERD test

item Defence-AAHPERD defensive movement test item Throwing

Accuracy-Service placement test Throwing Ability-Wall Volley test

Handball Throw for distance-handball throw

A study of Asian gold medallist Kabaddi players (N-45) for linear

body measurements circumferences skinfolds was conducted by

Kaur et al (2001a) Kabaddi players are 17526 cm tall with 7667

Kg mean weight They have also developed bones and muscles (Bone

mass was 1187 Kg and muscle mass was 3439 Kg) But with 1714

body fat players are towards higher side Somatotype of their players

was found to be 267-546-194

Paduraru D (2000) Biological development and body

composition was evaluated by measuring physical parameters of the

best male wrestlers (Greek-Roman) from the Romanian Olympic team

This anthropometric study was made to estimate a number of

anthropometric markers of training of 25 male wrestlers of top level

who were studied following ISAK protocols using a formulae and the

result were statistically analysed The participant‟s physica l

characteristics height (Ht) weight (Wt) perimeters skinfolds (SF)

abdominal (ASF) suprailiac (SISF) subscapular (SSK) triceps (TSF)

thigh (TISF) were measured by an accredited anthropometrist Bodyfat

mass was calculated using the formulae put forward by

BROZECKampKEYS (1951)

45

After measuring 25 wrestlers with the age (Ag) range 188-315

years mean 239y sport history (SH) range 5-23 years mean

1217y height (Ht) 1584-1947 cm mean 1729 cm weight (Wt)

range 58-1165 kg mean 826 kg body mass index (BMI) range 2311-

3261 mean 2498 bone development index (BDI) range 4116-4794

mean 4482 body fat mass (BFM kg) range 67-2423 kg mean 1074

body fat mass (BFM ) range 375-2008 mean 1175 fat-free

mass (FFM kg) range 5205-9238 kg mean 6834 kg fat free mass

(FFM ) range 7920-8927 mean 8689 With regard to skinfolds

thickness the triceps skinfold recorded the lowest values followed by

subscapular and tight skinfolds Variance suggests that

anthropometric parameters other than weight (Wt) and height (Ht)

may be useful to estimate the level of training in professional

wrestlers (Greek-Roman)

Papadopoulou SD(2000)The number of studies related to

anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Greek women

players is very limited especially the ones concerning elite volleyball

players For this purpose 92 women volleyball players were examined

from the national team (NT n=29)) and A1 division (AD n=63) The

mean age was 238 plusmn 51 years and training age 110 plusmn52 years The

anthropometrics measurements recorded were height weight segment

lengths diameters and circumferences Also the body fat percentage

was estimated with the skinfold method The mean height was 179

plusmn62 cm and the mean weight 707 plusmn78 kg The NT players had

significant longer upper limb forearm bitrochanteric diameter and

wrist and calf circumferences (plt005) There were no significant

differences in body fat percentage between NT (224 plusmn47) and AD

(213 plusmn55) players as well as fat free mass (561 plusmn57 kg and 546

plusmn47 kg for NT and AD respectively) Some anthropometric

characteristics differ between NT and AD players and these

characteristics could possibly affect the performance In both NT and

AD players the relatively high body fat percentage is a negative factor

in athletes top performance and must be decreased

46

Pavicic L et al(2000) This study analyze differences in

anthropometric status of elite water polo players playing different

team roles defined as goalkeeper guard forward and centreThe

sample of subjects consists of 66 water polo players from the

population of the Croatian national league aged from 19 to 29 years

Their anthropometric status defines 23 measures compromising

lengths girths skinfolds breadths and body weightThe analysis of

variance showed statistically significant differences in the following

measures midstylion-dactilion length foot breadth femur breadth

(ppound 0001) body weight (ppound 0005) calf girth arm girth (relaxed)

stature and biliocristal breadth (ppound 005) The multivariate

discriminative analysis showed that groups significantly differ along

the two discriminative functions Four girth measures and body

weight define the first function and midstylion-dactilion length

biliocristal breadth calf girth arm length body weight and stature

define the second A planar location of the group centroids shows that

groups of centres and goalkeepers lay far apart in respect to the first

function and have almost the same projections on the second

function The goalkeepers compared to centres have notably smaller

girths of chest and arm smaller body weight and greater midstylion-

dactilion length and stature Forwards and guards groups compare

very closely In respect to the first function they are located

approximately in the middle between the other two and their position

in respect to the second function is away from other two groups in the

direction of smaller valuesIt is concluded that centres tend to be

endomezomorph goalkeepers tend to be ektomesorph and forwards

and guards groups tend to a balanced mezomorph somatotype

Dhillon et al (1998) examined the influence of training

break in selected motor abilities and skills of 15 hockey players

age ranged between 13-18 year Eight physical fitness and skill

tests included were push dribble and role shooting hit sit and

reach standing broad jump shuttle run and 60 m sprint All the

tests were conducted before a training break of three weeks

These tests were conducted again at the end of the first and

47

second week after the beginning of the training It was found

that the training break of three weeks leads to a significant

deterioration The deterioration of technical skills was much

higher in push hit and shooting Deterioration was observed

much less in dribble and role skills In the tests of physical

fitness significant deterioration was found in flexibility and

speed leg length ability did not show any type of deterioration

due to the break It was concluded that after three weeks of

training break two weeks of training was enough to achieve the

previous level of performance except flexibility They further

added that the rate of recovery was higher in the first week as

compared to the second

Nindl et al (1998) Conducted a study on comparison of

body composition assessment among lean black and white male

collegiate athletes through various means such as under water

weighing skinfold measurement and simple anthropometric

traits It was found that no significant difference exists between

black and white athletes for age height weight or BMI

The twelve members of USA Olympic womens field Hockey

team those were going to participate in Atlanta Olympics 1996

were studied by Sparling et al (1998) The players studied

were having mean age 27 years height 165cm and weight 596

kg The mean bone mineral density value for members of the

1996 United States Olympic womens field hockey team is 125

kgcm2 which is very high The mean fat free mass per unit

height was quite high and percent fat was low It is found that in

this group of world class sportswomen low percent fat was not

associated with low bone mineral density mean body mass

index of the team is 220+ 13kgcm

48

Sodhi And Rajni (1995) studied the Anthropometry

profiles of elite Indian male swimmers and conclude that elite

class swimmers were older in age and hand smaller skinfold

thickness than the control group of swimmers

Vaz L W (1994) investigated some of the selected

anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness components

as predictors of performance in Judo He found in his study that

anthropometric variables namely height weight calf ndash girth arm

girth and ponderal index were related to judo performance in

various weight categories but leg length arm length thigh girth

and crural ratio were not seen significantly related to Judo

performance Combined contribution of anthropometric and

physical fitness variables to judo performance in various weight

categories were showing significant relations Multiple regression

analysis indicated that predictions regarding Judo performance

on the basis of anthropometric and physical fitness variables

can be made with reasonable degree of accuracy

Sullivan and Knowlton (1994) conducted a study on

anthropometric characteristics and performance related

predictors of success in adolescent are pole vaulters It was

concluded that the somatotype is a selective factor for this event

as early as 13 years of age It was also concluded that

somatotype of skilled young pole vaulters is similar to that of

junior Olympic and adult Olympic vaulters

Ronnie and Looney(1994) conducted a study on

differences in physical characteristics in collegiate baseball

players Physical characteristics including height weight body

composition and somatotype of baseball players were evaluated

to determine if difference exist in physical profile by position at

49

this level of competition It was found that there exist differences

in height weight lean body weight

Bale et al (1994) conducted a study on anthropometric

and somatotype variables related to strength in American

football players 143 football players were classified into five

weight groups and assessed It was found that weight group in

both the high school players and college footballers show

significant differences in percent fat somatotype and strength

measures between lower and higher weight categories

Guladi and Graziani (1993) conducted a study on

anthropometric somatotype of Italian sports participants

Somatotype was estimated from anthropometric procedure alone

according to Heath-Carter method The anthropometric

measurements(height and weight biceps and calf girths

humerous and fumer width tricepssub-scapular supra-iliac

and calf skinfold) were taken using Lange skinfold calliper The

mean for the male and female participants was calculated It was

found that some significant changes with an increase in level of

performance in some sport groups with increase in mesomorphic

components

Diwarka (1991) conducted a study to investigate the

relationship of physical physiological and motor skill variables

to volleyball playing ability and to assess the combined

contribution of physical physiological and motor skill variables

to volleyball playing ability Physical variables include speed

arm length explosive power dynamic balance agility flexibility

age height and weight are taken Physiological variables

including pulse rate systolic blood pressure dialstolic blood

pressure and cardio-vascular endurance were measured Motor

skill variables were volleying serving passing and set-up 100

50

women volleyball players who participated in the inter-college

level tournament were taken as subjects

Hockey players were examined by Sharma et al (1990)

according to their field positions This study revealed a

significant difference in the physique of players The fullbacks

were significantly heavier and taller possessed longer lower and

upper extremities broad shoulders and chest hips

circumferences had greater amount of skin fold thickness There

was also a consistent increase in stature and weight according

to their field positions The half-backs were shortest and lightest

among all the sub- groups whereas forwards possessed greater

lower extremities and smaller biilliocristal breadth

Guennadi(1990) conducted a study on anthropometric

measurements and parameters of physical fitness on male and

female high jumpers between 14-22 years of age The study

explained that the tall high jumpers with less body weight had

the capability of achieving better results It was further

suggested that height must be the essential parameter during

the search of talent

Sharma and Shukla (1990) investigated the

anthropometric and motor fitness variables of 40 players of

hockey and football they took 37 anthropometric measurements

and 5 standardize motor fitness tests It was concluded

1 The football players had significantly broader shoulders

chest circumference humerous and fumer bicondylar

breadth and posses‟ bigger thigh and calf muscles as

compared to hockey players

2 In case of physical fitness tests the football players had

higher values in sit-ups and leg strength

51

3 Hockey players indicated higher mean values in push-ups

back strength and grip strength

Kishore (1986) studied the relationship of anthropometric

measurement to weightlifting performance 30 weight lifters were

selected as subjects Arm length leg length upper arm girth

fore arm girth and skinfold were measured He found that

1 There was significant relationship between thigh girth

trunk girth upper arm and fore arm girth lean body mass

to weightlifting performance

2 There was negative relationship between leg length thigh

length to weightlifting performance

3 There was no significant relationship between arm lengths

fore by lengths calf girth and weightlifting performance

Eiben (1984) studied the anthropometric character of

women athletics during European Athletic Championship The

result showed that

1 The sprinters had small stature mainly due to their short

trunk Their lower extremities especially their thigh were

long as compared to trunk the lower limb especially the

lower legs were strong with well developed muscles

2 The hurdlers were also strong and muscular their stature

was nearly identical with the sprinters however their

trunk was somewhat lower and their lower extremities

relatively shorter

Ramadan (1984) investigated the anthropometric

characteristics of the Kuwaiti World Cup soccer team to

determine the body composition and somatotype Skinfold and

52

somatotype by the Health ndash Carter method estimated body

composition

Analysis by playing position revealed

1 The goalkeepers to have higher percentage of fat and

mesomorphy

2 Mid fielders were the leanest

3 The strikers were significantly older and less fat

A similar study carried out by Malhotra et al (1975) on

24 Indian hockey players described that the mean age height

and weight of the players has to be 238 years 1725 cms and

629 kg respectively He concluded that the full backs were

found to be the tallest followed by half backs forwards and

goalkeepers


Veera NaikM (2012) Physical fitness comprises two related

concepts general fitness a state of health and well-being andspecific

fitness a task-oriented definition based on the ability to perform

specific aspects of sports or occupations Physical fitness is generally

achieved through correct nutrition exercise and enough rest

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are

separated by a net Each team tries to score points by grounding a

ball on the other teams court under organized rules Basketball is a

team sport the objective being to shoot a ball through a basket

horizontally positioned to score points while following a set of rules

Usually two teams of five players play on a marked rectangular court

with a basket at each width end Basketball is one of the worlds most

popular and widely viewed sportsThe aim of the present study was to

study the difference in Physical Fitness among Volley Ball and Basket

Ball Players of Khammam District 15 Male Volley Ball Players and 15

Male Basket Ball Players between the age group of 19 Years to 21

53

Years of Khammam District were taken for the Study The AAPHER

Youth Fitness Test consisting of 6 Items of 50 yard run standing

broad jump pull upssitupsshuttle run and 600 yard were used for

the Study It was found that Basket Ball Players have good Physical

Fitness compare to Volley Ball Players This study shows that the

Basket Ball Players are good in Physical fitness because they do good

Physical Training More compare to Volley Ball Players

Hankey J Lyons M Duncan M (2012) Introduction

Basketball entails repeated episodes of short intense activity

involving rapid changes in direction (Abdelkrim El Fazaa and El Ati

2007) The line drill test (LD) is proposed as a viable and appropriate

field test for anaerobic performance (Seminick 1990) due to its high

reliability and acceptable validity in adolescent basketball players

(Carvalho et al 2010) The analysis of factors that influence per-

formance in the LD has practical implications for coaches and sports

scientists This study sought to determine the components of fitness

associated with performance in the LD in adolescent basketball

players Method Following ethical approval and informed consent 46

elite adolescent male basketball players (M = 1682 plusmn 086 years) took

part in LDs lateral quickness test (LQT) aerobic capacity test

(VO2max estimated via 20m shuttle run) back and leg strength test

(Takei Instruments Ltd) upper body strength test (Concept II Dyno)

vertical jump test with measures of jump height actual peak power

(PPactual) and peak power relative to body mass (PPrel) using a force

platform (Kistler Amherst New York) Pearson product moment

correlations were used to determine the relationship between the

fitness variables and LD Multiple-regression analysis (backward

stepwise p to enter lt005 p to remove gt01) was conducted to

determine which combination of measured characteristics could

predict LD performance Results Significant relationships were evident

between LDs and all fitness variables (all Plt0001) Multiple-

regression analysis indicated that together lateral agility aerobic

capacity and PPrel could account for approximately 739 of the

variance in LDs (p lt 001) according to the following regression

54

formula LD performance = 25291 - 0082 (PPrel) + 0795 (LQT) ndash

0058 (aerobic capacity) Discussion Performance in the LD is

predicted best by a combination of factors which include PPrel LQT

and aerobic capacity rather than by any single component of fitness

As previously mentioned the LD is recommended as an appropriate

field test for measuring anaerobic performance in adolescent

basketball players (Carvalho et al 2010) The results imply that

aerobic capacity has a significant contribution to performance of the

LD disagreeing with previous research which suggests the LD is an

anaerobic test (Seminick 1990) Therefore it can be suggested that

training which results in improvements in any of these factors may

result in improved performance in LD References Abdelkrim NB El

Fazaa S El Ati J (2007) Br J Sports Med 41 Carvalho et al (2011) J

Strength Cond Res e-pub ahead of print Seminick D (1990) Tests and

measurements The line drill test NSCA J 12 47ndash49 69-75

DeeplaKRajender RajT(2011) Physical fitness refers to the

organic capacity of the individual to perform the tasks of the daily

living without undue tiredness and fatigue and still have a reserve of

strength and energy available to meet satisfactorily sudden emergence

placed upon him Physical fitness is necessary for a successful and

enjoyable life because it increases the functional efficiency of human

organism The characteristics of Physical fitness such as strength

speed endurance agility flexibility are essential for physiological

function and good health Physical fitness is composed of general and

specific fitness It can be health and skill related physical fitness

Athletes and Foot ball Players compulsory require physical fitness to

excel Benefits of Physical fitness 1 Helps maintain and increase

muscle strength improving balance overall co-ordination reaction

time and flexibility Some physical activities even improve mental

concentration 2 Controls Weight improves mood boost energy

promotes better sleep 3 It combats health conditions and diseases

4Reduces the incidence of illnesses such as coronary heart disease

hypertension stroke type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis Purpose(s)

The Purpose of the the present study to find out the Physical fitness

55

among Male Athletes and Male Foot Ball Players of Schools in

Hyderabad between the age group of fourteen to sixteen years

Tiwari LM Rai V Siddhartha S(2011) The purpose of

the study was to find ut the ldquorelationship of speed agility

shoulderstrength Explosive Strength and muscular endurance with

the performance of Badminton Playerrdquo 30State Level Badminton

Players from lucknow who were participating in state

Badmintonchampionships were selected as a subject for the study

Their age ranged between 20 to 25 years

For estimating speed agility shoulder strength Explosive

Strength muscular endurance and badminton performance the

following tests were employed- For speed (50 meters dash in

seconds) agility (4 x 10 meters shuttle Run in second) shoulder

strength (pull ups in numbers) explosive strength (standing broad

jump in meters) muscular endurance (sit ups in numbersmin) and

the badminton performance was graded by a panel of experts on the

basis of their skills techniques and match result Statistics - For

analysis Zero order correlation was used to compute correlation

between badminton performance and selected variables ie speed

agility shoulder strength Explosive Strength and muscular

endurance Result - The result showed that all the motor fitness

components (speed agility explosive strength shoulder strength and

muscular endurance) of an individual correlates maximum with

badminton performance The coefficient of correlation of speed (r =-

0667) agility(r =-083) explosive strength(r =055) shoulder

strength(r =069) and muscular endurance(r =075) were found to be

significant with Badminton Players performance at 005 level of

confidence The finding indicates that speed agility explosive

strength shoulder strength and muscular endurance were important

variables for better performance in Badminton

Chandra Saha G MukhopadhyayMP(2011) The purpose

of the study was to find out the effect of resistance training

endurance training and combined training on selected physical fitness

56

variables Sixty male students aged between 17 and 22 years were

selected for the study They were divided into four equal groups each

group consisting of fifteen subjects in which Group I underwent

resistance training group II underwent endurance training group III

underwent combination training three days per week for twelve weeks

and group IV acted as control which did not participate in any

training The subjects were tested on selected criterion variables such

as leg strength back strength and cardio-respiratory endurance at

prior to and immediately after the training period For testing the leg

strength and back strength the dynamometer was used and to test

the cardio-respiratory endurance the Cooper‟s 12 minutes runwalk

test wasadministered The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used

to find out the significant difference if any between the experimental

groups and control group on selected criterion variables separately

Sincethere were four groups involved in the present study the Scheffeacute

S test was used as post-hoc test The selected criterion variables

such as leg strength back strength and cardio-respiratory were

improved significantly for all the training groups when compared with

the control group and the leg and back strength were improved

significantly for combined training group and resistance training

group and in cardio-respiratory endurance the endurance training

group and combined training groups were significantly improved

MacLeod H (2009) Nine games players (mean age 233 years

sfrac1428 height 173 m sfrac14008 body mass 700 kg sfrac14127) completed

14 laps of a measured circuit that incorporated intermittent running

and directional changes representative of the movements made by

field hockey players during match-play The distances and speeds

recorded by a global positioning satellite (GPS) system (Spi EliteTM)

were compared statistically with speed measurements made using

timing gates and distances measured using a calibrated trundle

wheel to establish the criterion validity of the GPS system A

validation of the speed of movement of each participant separately

was also made using data from each timing gate over a range of

speeds The mean distance recorded by the GPS system was 6821 m

57

(sfrac147) and the mean speed was 70 km h71 (sfrac1419) compared with

the actual distance of 6818 m and recorded mean speed of 70 km h71

(sfrac1419) Pearson correlations (r) among timing gate speed and GPS

speed were 099 (P50001) and the mean difference and 95 limits of

agreement were 00+09 km h71 These results suggest that a GPS

system (Spi EliteTM) offers a valid tool for measuring speed and

distance during match-play and can quickly provide the positioning

system for accessing player movementpatterns in field hockey

Gabbett T et al (2007) Relationship between physical fitness

and playing ability in rugby league players J Strength Cond Res

21(4)1126-1133 1997-This study investigated the physiological

anthropometric and skill characteristics of rugby league players and

determined the relationship between physical fitness and playing

ability in these athletes Eighty-six rugby league players (mean plusmn SD

age 225 plusmn 49 years) underwent measurements of standard

anthropometry (height body mass and sum of 4 skinfolds) muscular

power (vertical jump) speed (10- 20- and 40-m sprint) agility (L

run) and estimated maximal aerobic power (multistage fitness test)

In addition 2 expert coaches independently assessed the playing

ability of players using standardized skill criteria First-grade players

had significantly greater (p lt 005) basic passing and ball-carrying

ability and superior skills under fatigue tackling and defensive skills

and evasion skills (ie ability to beat a player and 2 verse 1 skills)

than second-grade and third-grade players While no significant (p gt

005) differences were detected among playing levels for body mass

skinfold thickness height 10- 20- or 40-m speed agility vertical

jump height or estimated maximal aerobic power all the

physiological and anthropometric characteristics were significantly (p

lt 005) associated with at least 1 measure of playing ability The

results of this study demonstrate that selected skill characteristics

but not physiological or anthropometric characteristics discriminate

between successful and less successful rugby league players

However all physiological and anthropometric characteristics were

related to playing ability These findings suggest that while

58

physiological and anthropometric characteristics do not discriminate

between successful and less successful rugby league players a high

level of physical fitness contributes to effective playing ability in these

athletes A game-specific training program that incorporates both

physical conditioning and skills training may facilitate a greater

transfer of physical fitness to competitive performances in rugby

league

Connor D O et al (2007) Effects of six weeks of -hydroxy--

methylbutyrate (HMB) and HMBcreatine supplementation on

strength power and anthropometry of highly trained athletes J

Strength Cond Res 21(2)419-423 2007-This study investigated the

effects of 6 weeks of dietary supplementation of -hydroxy--

methylbutyrate (HMB) and HMB combined with creatine monohydrate

(HMBCr) on the muscular strength and endurance leg power and

anthropometry of elite male rugby league players The subjects were

divided into a control group (n = 8) a HMB group (n = 11 3 gmiddotd1) or

a HMBCr group (n = 11 12 gmiddotd1 with 3 g HMB 3 g Cr 6 g

carbohydrates) Three repetition maximum lifts on bench press

deadlifts prone row and shoulder press maximum chin-up

repetitions 10-second maximal cycle test body mass girths and sum

of skinfolds were assessed pre- and postsupplementation Statistical

analysis revealed no effect of HMB or HMBCr on any parameter

compared with presupplementation measures or the control group

HMB and HMBCr were concluded to have no ergogenic effect on

muscular strength and endurance leg power or anthropometry when

taken orally by highly trained male athletes over 6 weeks

Kistler (2004) Purpose of the study was to find out the effect

of 8 weeks participation in physical education programme (N=1050)

men were the subject of study The subjects were tested in five

minutes run for distance an obstacle course run for time push-ups

test chinning test and sit-ups test The result of the study showed

that significant improvement was achieved in physical fitness

components ie Strength endurance and agility Further it was found

59

that cardio-respiratory endurance was not significantly improved

University men compared favourable with army training

Weber C L and Keogh J C L (2000) studied specific

physiological and skill based characteristics may be related to the

playing position of senior athletes in team sports (1-6) However

physical capacity and skill level of female junior athletes has not been

related to playing position Specialized training of forward back and

midfield hockey players at a junior representative level may be useful

for the successful transition into senior representative hockey The

present study assessed fitness and skill components of female junior

and senior hockey players of the same relative standard (regional

representative) and related performance values to playing position We

hypothesized that no specific performance measure is related to

playing position in female junior hockey players whereas certain

components of fitness are significantly related to playing position in

senior players Physiological tests included 10m and 40m sprint 6 x

40m repeated sprint (7) multistage aerobic test standing long jump

agility test body mass height and four skinfolds Skill level was

assessed using pushing power dribbling and accuracy tests Each

player was ranked for athletic ability regardless of position by

coaches and selectors Results indicated that differences exist

between senior and junior female hockey players in several

performance measures No obvious relationship between playing

position and any performance measure was demonstrated in junior

hockey players In contrast senior hockey players demonstrated that

certain characteristics of physical ability are related to playing

position We conclude that playing position is related to particular

physiological based characteristics in senior players only

Keogh J W L Weber C L(2000) Performance in many

sports is reliant on several factors These include tactics mental

toughness physical characteristics and technical skill Significant

differences in physical characteristics (1-3) and skill (4) have been

shown between athletes of different ability within the same sport

However it is unknown if differences in physical characteristics and

60

technical skill exist in senior female athletes of different ability If

differences occur in senior female athletes of different ability it would

suggest that less successful female athletes may improve their athletic

performance by focusing on different physical andor skill-based

characteristics

Therefore the purpose of this study was to assess the

performance of senior female field hockey players (both regional

representative and amateur) on a number of physical fitness

anthropometric and hockey-related skill tests

Physiological tests included 10m and 40m sprint 6 x 40 m

repeated sprint test (5) Multistage aerobic test standing long jump

agility test body mass height and sum of four skin folds Skill level

was assessed using pushing power as well as dribbling and accuracy

tests Results showed that differences in a number of measures

occurred between the two groups No differences were found on

performance measures between subjects in the follicular or lateral

stage of the menstrual cycle The present study demonstrates that

both physical characteristics and technical skill are important

components of performance in senior female hockey players

Karuonene (2000) Conduct physical fitness test on a large

number of finish secondary school children to find their fitness level

and followed cureton‟s (1999) recommendations with battery of 19

items and found that Balance test Squat stand and dizziness

recovery were considered the poor test Floor touch man lift and

endurance hopes were too poor for boys Extended press up was too

difficult A systematic improvement with age was seen in the standing

broad jump only On the whole it was observed that the test battery

was not satisfactory

Fedotova E(2000)The purpose of this investigation was to

study the age trends in development of physique and fitness of young

female athletes practicing field hockey and to detect the significant

differences between both age groups and field position groupsData

61

were collected on 135 subjects aged between 10 and 18 practicing

hockey in Special Sport Schools of Olympic Reserve in Moscow All of

them have been studied for height weight lengths breadths girths

skinfolds body composition physical work capacity (PWC170)

respiratory performance (vital capacity) grip strength explosive

strengthIt was found that hockey players of all age groups have

higher values of humeral breadth muscle mass grip strength

explosive strengthPWC170 and lower values of fat and pelvic

breadth than non-athletic girls of similar age groups The trend of

year‟s increases of parameters studied was analyzed and it was found

that the periods of the largest increases in morphological parameters

precede the periods of the sizable increases in functional parameters

of young female athletes Compiling the results of intrasportive

differences in physique and fitness of young female hockey players it

is found that the different categories of players (forwards haves

backs and goalkeepers) are significantly differ in some of parameters

studied only from the age of 15-16 (after 6-7 years of practicing in

hockey) The finds of this research will be useful to coach who are

working with young female hockey players It can also be used for

sport selection and for controlling the effects of practice

Devi (2000) conducted a comparative study of physical fitness

and psychological traits of tribal non-tribal high school students on a

sample of 1200 drawn from high altitude Fleishman physical fitness

test battery was used for the purpose She concluded that

1 The tribal (boys and girls) were found superior in explosive

strength than the non-tribal (boys and girls)

2 The non-tribal (boys and girls) were better in extend

flexibility than the tribal (boys and girls)

3 The tribal boys were found superior in agility and dynamic

flexibility to the non-tribal boys

62

4 The non-tribal boys were better in endurance than the

tribal boys

5 The tribal girls were better in speed and endurance then

the non-tribal girls

6 The non-tribal (boys) of lower altitude were better in

dynamic flexibility than the non-tribal boys of higher

altitude

Anna (2000) Compared the performance of fourth grade

children on the KRAUS-WEBER test to those on the California

Physical Performance test which included the following events

50 yard dash standing broad softball throw sit-ups and push-

ups The result indicated that children who failed in one stretch

item or any two or more items on KRAUS-WEBER test made

lower scores on the average in running jumping throwing and

sit-ups than those who passed all the KRAUS-WEBER test items

Kaur (1999) compared the motor fitness of rural and

urban girls studying in Punjab schools The secondary purpose

of the study was to prepare grading scales in motor fitness for

the school girls studying in grade eleven and twelve In all 4000

girls of grades eleven and twelve were selected as a sample for

the study The AAHPER youth fitness test was used for the

purpose Based on the findings of the study the following

conclusions were drawn

1 Rural girls possessed better shoulders strength than urban

girls

2 Abdomen strength of rural girls was found better than

urban girls

63

3 Leg strength of rural girls was found better than urban

girls

4 Agility was found lesser in urban girls than rural girls

5 Cardiovascular endurance was found better in rural girls

than urban girls

Hakkinen (1999) examined the changes in physical fitness

profile during competitive season consisting of a first season for

ten weeks followed by a second season for eleven weeks The

entire season was characterised by 4-5 weekly sessions for

playing drills and competitive games and by 2-3 weekly sessions

for physical conditioning mostly for strength and explosive

strength training Nine members of a female volleyball team

served as experimental subjects and eight other female volleyball

players were the controls Results showed significant increase in

maximal vertical jumping height during competitive season

Kumar (1998) conducted a study on physical fitness of

Himachal Pradesh high and higher secondary school boys The

results had shown that there was a significant linearity from 13

years to 16 years male subjects of Himachal Pradesh in almost

all the fitness components The boys of 16 years age were found

significantly superior than 13 to 15 years boys The 15 years

boys were better than 14 to 13 years boys Similarly 14 years

boys were superior than 13 year boys in all the components of

Fleishman‟s test battery He developed norms for 4 different age

groups

Sharma (1997) conducted a study to construct and

standardize motor fitness for elementary school children of

Delhi His sample included 500 boys and girls The study was

conducted in two phases In the first phase he developed motor

64

fitness battery by using factor analysis technique The battery

consisted of five motor fitness tests namely 1 Softball throw 2

Toe touching 3 Double foot balance 4 50 meters dash 5300

meter run walk for girls and boys In the second phase he

developed percentile scale on all the five components of motor

fitness for future use

Sangral (1994) Administered a study on motor fitness

components as predictor of talent in hockey Thirty nine (N=39)

male students were selected as sample of study Ten ball

shooting rolling for 25 meters and dribble and roll for 20

seconds test were used to evaluate the hockey performance

Motor fitness used to evaluate the hockey performance Motor

fitness test ie co-ordination ability standing broad jump 30

metre fly start vertical jump 10X6 meter shuttle run sitting

ball throw 800 metre run and 20 metre backward run were

used The analysis if data showed that 10 ball shooting

significant relationship with co-ordination ability and backward

run for 20 meter Similarly rolling of 20 metre had significant

relationship with standing broad jump 30 metre fly start

vertical jump 10X6 metre shuttle run sitting ball throw 800

metre run and backward run for 20 metre dribble and roll for

20 seconds (distance) The regression equation for prediction

showed different contribution of motor abilities to hockey

performance

Su (1993) the purpose of the study were (a) to develop

health related physical fitness norms for school aged children

and youth(age 7 to 18 years) of Taiwan and (b) to make age and

gender comparison on each of the five physical fitness items The

subjects involved in this study were a randomly selected sample

of children and youth ages 7 to 18 (N= 2368) from Hsinchu

Taiwan The data was collected by a small travelling group of

65

trained physical education major students seven stations were

established at each site to collect data Each subject completed

the following test items (a) bent knee sit-ups test (b) pull-ups

test (c) height and weight measurement (d) sit and reach test

(e) modify pull-ups test (f) skinfold measurements and (g) one

mile walk run or half mile walk run

Raw data were converted to percentiles The percentiles for

each test item varied by age Data analysis (Plt0005) indicated

1 Male students did not differ among ages for skinfold

thickness

2 Young female students (7 to 10 years old) did differ from

older female students (16 to 18 years old) in skinflold

thickness

3 Older (16 to 18 years olds) and younger (7 to 10 year old)

students tended to be different in the sit and reach test

4 Male students performed the same in sit-ups after age 10

5 Male students above the 10 score higher on the pull-up

test than all female groups

6 Male students overage 13 did score better than all groups

of female students in the one mile walk run test

Handel (1993) conducted a study to compare the selected

physical fitness variables and anthropometric measures of tribal

and non-tribal students of Himachal Pradesh They were tested

with selected items of AAHPER youth fitness test ie

1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash

4 standing broad jump

5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk

and selected anthropometric measurements ie chest grith

height weight upper arm grith thigh grith and calf grith In all

tests and measurements the composite mean scores of tribal

students were higher than their non-tribal counter parts but

none of differences in means were found statistically significant

at 05 level of confidence

Chahal (1993) the purpose of this investigation was to

develop task related physical performance standards based on

muscular strength and endurance fitness components and body

composition for male combat soldiers in the Canadian Army

Previously physical fitness standard for the army have been

based on norm reference approach and on fitness test score (non

relevant to occupation) of the normal army population

Representative selected common tasks for the study were

casualty evacuation ammunition box lift maximal effort Jerry

can task maximal effort slit trench dig and weight load march

Following laboratory test batteries were selected and developed

based on the physical requirements of the chosen field tasks (a)

static and dynamic muscular strength test battery (b) static and

dynamic muscular endurance test battery and (c) body

composition variables Laboratory data on 116 randomly

selected male infantry soldiers and field task data on 88 soldiers

from the Canadian forces base in Calgary Alberta was gathered

isometric and isokinetic strength levels of male soldiers were in

agreement with the values reported by other authors for civilian

67

male population of similar age groups Soldier had lower

strength levels in comparison to highly trained individuals and

greater than relatively less trained male civil population

Recommended performance standards for the filed tasks were

based on (a) cut off performance suggested by the panel of

subject experts Judges and the researcher (b) soldiers

physiological capabilities to meet job requirements A panel of

expert judges was asked to classify all individuals into pass and

fail groups Then discriminant analysis was used to determine

the linear combination of field tests that maximally

discriminated between the two groups and the resultant

classifications The discriminant analysis results did not support

or refute any of the cut off performance suggested by the expert

judges or the researcher

Shergill (1992) Conducted a study to evaluate the

importance of a set of specific physical fitness components as

contributors in hockey playing abilities Twenty two test items

were selected to measure fitness The sample consist of 100

female players of hockey from four Universities of Punjab ie

Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Panjab University

Chandigarh Punjabi University Patiala and Punjab Agricultural

University Ludhiana The age range from 18 to 24 years The

multiple regression analysis was applied to analyse data The

result of t ratio showed that endurance run test standing broad

jump grip strength vertical jump wrist flexion age height and

weight were significantly important in evaluating the hockey

performance

Miller(1990) in his study determined whether or not

participation in selected physical education activities affects the

health related physical fitness of college students Subjects

consisted of 228 university students enrolled in either aerobic

68

dance archery bowling swimming tennisbadminton or weight

training The FYT program manual served as a guide in defining

the test components and procedure Skinfold thickness was

measured to evaluate body composition The twenty minute

steady state job evaluated cardio-respiratory endurance The sit

and reach test evaluated flexibility through the use of a

flexibility measuring apparatus Muscular strength and

endurance were evaluated by means of the bent knee curl up A

co-related bdquot‟-test was performed to determine whether there was

significant differences in pre test and post test scores of each

items in the test battery For each group ANACOVA was used to

determine the significant difference existed among groups on the

post test scores for the four performance variables Tests of

simple effects were performed to clarify the meaning of

significant interactions A difference was considered significant if

it reached the 05 level Results of the study indicated that a

ten week program of activity had elicited the following effects

1 Aerobic dance and weight training elicit significant

improvements in flexibility and muscular strength

2 Archery bowling and tennis were not effective in the

enhancement of health related physical fitness

3 Swimming elicits a significant improvement in cardio-

respiratory endurance flexibility and muscular strength

and endurance

4 Male could be expected to improve flexible more than the

females following a ten week program of swimming

5 Weight training was the most influential activity in

improving flexibility in females

69

6 Swimming was the most influential activity in improving

flexibility in females

Kaur (1989) developed the physical fitness norms for the

high school girls of Punjab state belonging to the age group of 12

to 15 years The subjects were selected from the various urban

and rural schools of Punjab Sample consisted of 4000 students

by using Fleishman‟s Test battery In this study she concluded

that the lower performance level of rural students in most of the

physical fitness variables as compared to their urban counter

parts The percentile norms for the physical fitness test were

valid and suitable to assess the physical fitness level of school

girls She observed that the subjects belonging to urban

residence were significantly superior to rural subjects in terms

of dynamic flexibility arm and shoulder strength arm hand and

shoulder strength and trunk strength variables But the results

were not found to be significant between the rural and urban

girls against extent flexibility speed of change of direction

explosive strength endurance level of arms and shoulders co-

ordinative ability cardio-vascular endurance and speed of

running The four age steps were found significantly different

from each other against most of the physical fitness variables

while there were no significant differences in a few variables

between some age steps

Uppal and Datta (1988) Studied the motor fitness

components as predictors of hockey performance seventy four

male hockey players of different Universities of Indian secured

as the subject of the study The motor fitness component

included speed strength power agility flexibility dynamic

balance and kinesthetic perception trait Field hockey rating

scale secured as the criterion measure to evaluate the playing

ability It was concluded on the basis of results yielded by the

70

study that motor fitness components of speed grip strength

(both right and left hand) agility balance and kinesthetic

perception contribute to hockey playing ability where as power

and flexibility are not significant contributors to hockey

performance

Titchenal et al (1988) investigated the effects of exercise

on skinfold (SF) thickness was assessed in 21 male runners (age

25 to 73 years) measurements were made before and after

running a 422 Kms marathonTo ensure that measurements

were made to identical SF sites before and after exercise the

chest abdomen and thigh were marked in ink Mean finishing

time was 246+ 18 minutes ranging from 188 to 357 minutes

Body weights was reduced during the marathon by 23 + 02 kg

(P 00001) Some of SFS was increased in 17 men unchanged in

three and decreased I n one changes ranged from -05 to +80

mm Using the equation of Jackson (1980) Percent body fat was

overestimated after exercise by 07 to +02 percentage points (P

00001) with changes ranging from -02 to 25 percentage points

Consequently percentage body fat was overestimated by an

average of 7 percent (range -2 to 26 percent) Pronounced pitting

edema was observed suggesting that increased SF thickness

was due to transient subcutaneous edema

Sally et al(1988) Studied to determine if participating in

six week of resistive exercise training would alter the somato

type ratings and skinfold values of a groups of college aged

women ANOVA was used to determine the prior to the training

there was no significant difference between the resistive exercise

(RE N=30) group and the control (C N=10) on any of the

variables measured Training however resulted in significant (P

005) increase in static knee flexion strength and static knee

extension strength RE static elbow extension strength did not

71

increase significantly and there were no significant alternations

in any of three components of Health Centre somato types The

skinfolds evaluated only the calf skinfold exhibited a significant

decrease (P 005) with training These results suggest that

although college aged women may experience significant

strength increase in short-term resistive exercise alterations in

somato type are not likely Furthermore initial somato type

ratings do not seem to substantially influence training effects

Simpson (1987) observed the subjects selected for the

study consisted of 132 students enrolled in physical education

activity courses at Tarleton State University Experimental

groups selected included those students enrolled in weight

training aerobic dance and racquet ball A control group was

also analysed in this study and consisted of those students

enrolled in archery Pre test procedure involved evolution of body

composition by skinfold measurements and cardio-respiratory

endurance by the 15 mile run In addition Flexibility was

measured by the sit and reach test and dynamic strength by the

sit up test Following completion of program activities identical

procedures were used to collect post test data A correlation bdquot‟-

test performed to determine if there were significant difference in

pre test and post test scores of each item in the test battery An

analysis of co-variance was calcutated on the post test scores for

the four performances variables to determine significant

differences among groups Tukey‟s HSD was used to locate the

differences A difference was considered significant if it reach 05

level Results of the study indicated that all groups experienced

significant changes due to participation in the program

activities Subjects involved in the weight training and aerobic

dance groups experienced significant positive changes in body

composition flexibility and dynamic strength The racquet ball

groups observed positive changes in flexibility and dynamic

72

strength The control group experienced significant negative

changes in cardio-respiratory endurance

Singh (1986) conducted a study to develop physical

fitness norms of Punjab State high school boys He randomly

selected 5000 high school boys of Punjab state The sample

included rural and urban subjects in equal numbers for the

collection of data He included following test items

1 Standing Broad Jump

2 Sit and Reach Test

3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)

7 Cricket Ball Throw

8 600 meters RunWalk

He observed significant difference in number of test items

between urban and rural school boys Significant relationship

between age and performance of the subjects was also observed

The test items were standardised through the development of

percentile norms which was found to be suitable to assess the

physical fitness of Punjab state high school boys ranging 12 to

15 years age

Singh (1986) conducted a normative study of physical

fitness Panjab University men students He applied Fleishman‟s

tests battery on 4000 male students belonging to the various

colleges affiliated to Panjab University to collect the data The

73

subjects ranged between 17 to 22 years of age He found

linearity of physical fitness status according to age The

students of rural areas were significantly superior in all the test

items than urban students He developed percentile norms and

established their reliability subjectivity and validity

Haywod et al (1986) observed the development of

strength and flexibility in adults is enhanced by training in

competitive sports Much less is known about such Physiologic

changes in young children The present study compared the

effects of training between female gymnasts and swimmers aged

7 to 12 years Anthropometric measures specific and general

strength tests and flexibility measures were taken Swimmers

were significantly taller heavier and had greater lean body

weight than gymnasts although there was no significant

difference between the two groups waist girth specific arm

pulling strength and ankle and trunk flexibility reflected

possible differential involvement of body areas in the two sports

Participants appeared to maintain flexibility and percent fat over

the seven to twelve years age range while increasing body size

and strength during that time Involvement in these two sports

make positive contributions towards body composition strength

and flexibility in young girls

In 1986 the AAHPERD health related fitness tests

measures back and hamstring flexibility 825 young female were

administered to trails of three tests The measurement included

the sit and reach test passive hamstring flexibility The

correlations between the sit and reach test and total back

flexibility upper back flexibility and lower back flexibility were

low These findings indicate the sit and reach test had moderate

criteria related validity when used as an assessment of

hamstring flexibility in health related fitness test

74

Philip (1985) studied the effect of age on physical

performance of elementary schools boys in grade one through

six The thirty subjects were randomly selected from each class

The age of subject ranged form 5 years 9 months to 12 years 2

months 12 tests were conducted to judge the motor

performance of the subjects The study showed that motor

performance score increased with age and flexibility tended to

decrease with age

Massicotte et al (1985) took up the study to verify the

validity of specific parameters of cardio-respiratory endurance

and anthropometric measurements that existed amongst

the young on a run of 1600 meters for 10 to 12 years old and

2400 meters for 13 to 17 years old children The sample was

randomly selected and was comprised of 159 boys and 162 girls

aged 10 to 17 years old The endurance test was performed on

an external surface During the three days prior to or following

the tests on the course the Vo2 Max was measured while the

subjects performed a maximum workload on the bicycle

ergometer The correlation between the time and complete the

run and the Vo2 Max varied from 062 and 084 for the different

age and sex groups The correlations were similar for both sexes

for the 1600 meters while the value was higher for the girls on

the 2400 meters distance

A study was undertaken by Johnson (1985) to determine

the relationship between power output as measured by the

Maargariakalamen (Mg K) power test in a selected number of

power events in track and field and basket ball The test was

conducted on male college athletes and basket ball playersThree

such problems were also investigated

75

1 The determination of objectivity and validity of the Mg

K power test

2 Validity of the sergeant jump test and 50 yard dash as

measures of power and

3 Validity of the Lewis Noromogram as a measure of lower

extremity power The test results indicated no

significant relationship between power output as

measured by Mg power test and selected power events

Other finding indicated that the sergeant jump test 50

yard dash and lewis normogran were valid power tests

A survey was conducted by Summer (1984) to assess the motor

performance of three and four years old children A test-retest

evaluation was conducted with a sample population of 30

subjects to determine the validity and reliability of the

instruments The data collected by the survey was then tested by

use of correlations and t-test The findings of the study revealed

that majority of 24 test items selected for the instrument were

found to be valid and reliable measures for three and four years

old children

Barbanti (1982) conducted a study on 2342 boys and

girls enrolled in public school system in Brazil during 1982

school years A trained team collected to anthropometric

measurements administered the health related physical fitness

test battery and in two tests of athletic ability it was revealed

that

1 For selected Brazilian school population ages 6 to 14

years height and weight of both sexes increased at

approximately same rate

76

2 Brazilian girls had higher values than boys for triceps

subscapular skinfold measurement and in sit and reach

test

3 Brazilian boys performed better than Brazilian girls in

modified sit-up test nine minute run test 50 meter dash

test and standing long jump test

4 The comparison between norms for Brazilian and American

boys and girls showed that American boys and girls in

general were taller and heavier and had higher scores in

sit and reach test modified sit-up test 50 meter dash test

and standing long jump test

Shirda (1981) compared the physical fitness level of Iraqui

children with AAHPER youth fitness test norms Data was

collected by administering the youth physical fitness test to 545

children between 10-17 years of age in Basrah The findings of

the study revealed that Iraqui children in Basrah showed

performance that in an absolute sense exceeded the American

norm by 15 times At early ages (10-12) performance for both

boys and girls of both the countries were similar

Wharton (1980) Using the AAHPER youth fitness test as

predictors of skill development in field hockey on 107 senior

high school girls who had no previous field hockey training

found that a significant relationship existed between the scores

on the youth fitness test and field hockey achievement as

measured by the schmithals French field hockey achievement

tests

From the above studies of related literature it is clear that

physique and body composition has significant contribution in

the execution of skills and also in the achievement of better

77

performance in the field of games and sports So it is obligatory

on the part of the physical educationists and research scientists

in the field to investigate such variables and combination of

anthropometric variables which are essential ingredients for

better performance of participants If the investigator may

become able to find such relations and are in such a position to

develop regression equation for the performance then it will be a

great contribution to the profession without wasting more energy

and time the suitable physique and body composition may be

evolved for the particular participant in a particular games and

sport

CHAPTER ndash III

PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the procedure adopted for the selection of

subjects reliability of data selection of variables collection of

data and statistical technique for analysing the data have been

described

Selection of Subjects

The subjects for the present study consisted of hockey players

who participated at university level

200 subjects from the various universities who participated in

the north zone inter-university level competitions were selected for the

present study

30

rational and interpretation of the data gleaned and compiled

with great effort In the process of conducting the study the

researcher was bound to be zealous and meticulous which in

turn brought about awareness of the peripheral issues that

undoubtedly helped him in framing scientific references

The review enlisted in this chapter was based on various

sources viz-a-viz journals periodicals encyclopedia

newspapers unpublished thesis etc which were available in

various libraries The libraries which the scholar consulted were

Panjab University Chandigarh Punjabi University Patiala N S

NIS Patiala LNIPE Gwalior GNDU Amritsar The

relevant literature pertaining to the present study has been

abstracted in this chapter to provide the background material to

evaluate the significance of this study as well as to interpret its

findings

The literature thus collected has been classified into two

sections




Singh AB (2012) The purpose of the study was to assess the

selected anthropometric measurements among the boys aged 6

through 9 years For this purpose a coca of 200 boys aged 6 through

9 years were selected randomly (50 boys in each age group)The

anthropometric variables selected were weight height waist

circumference and hip circumference To find out t h e relationship

between BMI (Body Mass Index) and WHR (Waist- Hip Ratio) for each

age group namely- 6 7 8 and 9 year tribal boys and product

moment correlation was calculated at 005 level of significance

There were significant relationship between BMI and WHR in 9 year

31
























scores











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achievement levels




















programme













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technical skills























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components











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result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















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league



























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characteristics




























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tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





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performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























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72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





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74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

31
























scores











32



































33


































34


achievement levels




















programme













35


































36


































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technical skills























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components











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result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































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55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























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62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

32



































33


































34


achievement levels




















programme













35


































36


































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technical skills























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49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































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55


































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57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























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tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

33


































34


achievement levels




















programme













35


































36


































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40
































41
































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technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

34


achievement levels




















programme













35


































36


































37

































38
































39
































40
































41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

35


































36


































37

































38
































39
































40
































41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

36


































37

































38
































39
































40
































41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

37

































38
































39
































40
































41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

38
































39
































40
































41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

39
































40
































41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

40
































41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

41
































42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

42

































43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

43












technical skills























44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

44

































45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

45


































46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

46



































47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

47






























48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

48






























49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

49




















components











50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

50






























51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

51
















result showed that








relatively shorter




52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

52


composition



mesomorphy








goalkeepers


















53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

53



































54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

54



































55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

55


































56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

56



































57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

57



































58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

58







league



























59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

59



































60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

60





characteristics




























61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

61































62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

62


tribal boys





altitude


















girls


urban girls

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

63


girls



than urban girls




















groups





64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

64
























performance








65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

65










thickness



thickness












1 pull-ups

2 sits-ups

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

66

3 50yard dash


5 shuttle run

6 600-runwalk


























67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

67



























performance





68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

68
























and endurance





69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

69
































70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

70





performance



























71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

71

































72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

72










3 Agility Run

4 Sit-up Bent Knee

5 50 meter Dash

6 Push-ups (Chair)









15 years age





73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

73
































74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

74








decrease with age






















75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

75


K power test

















old children






that




76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

76



test























tests




77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

77











sport

CHAPTER ndash III





described






present study

Prediction of Performance of University Hockey Players in Relation ...

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