Predict whether each vitamin will be water soluble or fat soluble.

Predict whether each vitamin will be water soluble or fat soluble.(In general, fats are nonpolar molecules containing hydrocarbon chains).

Vitamin DVitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Vitamin K1

Predict whether each vitamin will be water soluble or fat soluble.(In general, fats are nonpolar molecules containing hydrocarbon chains).

Fat soluble

Vitamin DVitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Vitamin K1

Predict whether each vitamin will be water soluble or fat soluble.(In general, fats are nonpolar molecules containing hydrocarbon chains).

Fat soluble

Vitamin DVitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Vitamin K1

Water soluble

Predict whether each vitamin will be water soluble or fat soluble.(In general, fats are nonpolar molecules containing hydrocarbon chains).

Fat soluble

Vitamin DVitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Vitamin K1

Water soluble

Fat soluble

The solubilities of several solids as a function of temperature.

Henry’s law: C = kP (figure 11.5 in Zumdahl 8ed)

The vapor pressure is the force exerted by the gas released by a liquid or solid substance in a closed container.

Vapor pressure is a relative measure of the tendency to evaporate (volatility), depends on the nature of the substance and ambient temperature.

Vapor-Pressure Lowering

ideal liquid–liquid solution positive deviationfrom Raoult’s law

negative deviationfrom Raoult’s law

Ideal solution: Solute-solute, solvent-solvent and solute-solvent interactions are similar.

(heptane, C7H16, and octane, C8H18)

Figure 11.13

Freezing-Point Depression

Figure 11.15

Solvent solidifies first – solution more concentrated

Solvent molecules more separated – need to lower temp to freeze solution

Osmosis - the diffusion of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated one

Semipermeable membrane - a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but not others

π }Osmotic pressure (π) – pressure required to stop osmosis

(a) Isotonic - osmotic pressures being equal (b) Hypotonic - osmotic pressure lower than that in the cell (c) Hypertonic - osmotic pressure higher than that in the cell

Ion pairing