3,500 3,400 3,300 3,200 3,100 3,000 2,900 2,800 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,200 2,100 2,000 1,900 1,800 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 900 800 700 600 500 Proterozoic Eon Era Period Paleoproterozoic Siderian Rhyacian Orosirian Statherian Calymmian Great Lakes Tectonic Rupture I East Bull Lake Magma Suite (ON) Huronian Volcanics Baxter Hollow Granite Intrusion (SC WI) Baraboo sands deposited Post Baraboo formations deposited (SC WI) Southern Minnesota-Wisconsin Crustal Collapse Penokean Orogeny Wolf River Hydrothermal Event (SC-C WI) Baraboo/Sioux Interval (Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota) Mesoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Grenville Orogeny Free Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere Oxygen Levels reach 21% Montello Granite Intrusion (NC WI) Wolf River Intrusion (C WI) Pre-Quinnesec Formations deposited (NE WI) Algoman/Kenoran Orogeny Archean Neoarchean Oxygen Levels reach 5% Marinoan Sturtian Gaskiers Oxygen Levels reach 1% Quinnesec Formation Intrusions (NE WI) Northeastern Wisconsin Pre-Dunbar Gneiss Basement ? Mesoarchean Ectasian Stenian Tonian Cryogenian Ediacaran Oronto Group (N WI, UP MI) Precambrian Geologic Events in the Mid-Continent of North America Kiagas (Unnamed) Huronian (Unnamed) (Unnamed) Sudbury Impact Event Keewatin Series Volcanics (Sudbury, ON area) Gowganda Formation Fern Creek Formation Mazatzal Orogeny Trans-Hudson Orogeny Vaalbara Protocontinent Ur Protocontinent Kenorland Supercontinent Columbia (Nuna) Supercontinent Rodinia Supercontinent Pannotia (Vendia) Supercontinent = Shallow Igneous = Deep Igneous = Rift or Caldera = Hydrothermal Event = Sedimentary = Baraboo Sedimentary = Baraboo and Related Metamorphism = Unsure Time-span (all colors) = Basin Formation = Mountain Building Event = Meteor Impact = Glacial Event LEGEND = Sedimentary Quinnesec Formation Metamorphism (NE WI) = Metamorphism (all colors) Matachewan Diabase (Algoma, ON) Arctica Laurentia Laurentia Laurentia Laurentia Arctica (Pre-Laurentia) = Known Supercontinents = Accretion of Supercontinents = Break-up of Supercontinents = Large Continents within or independent of Supercontinents Sudbury Dike Swarm (SE ON) Cutler Granite Intrusion (ON) Slate Islands Impact Event ? Yavapai Orogeny G-012011-1E Compiled by: Steven D.J. Baumann, Alexandra B. Cory, Micaela M. Krol, Elisa J. Piispa Jubilee Stock (Wawa ON) Michipicoten Greenstone Belt (Wawa ON) Sibley Group Sediments (Sibley Basin, Thunder Bay Area, ON) Rove Formation Nopeming Sandstone (NE MN) Portage Lake Volcanics (UP MI & NW WI) Clastic and chemical Sediments in Beardmore-Geraldton Belt (Lake Nipigon ON) Erosion dominant throughout the Midwest Erosion dominant throughout the Midwest Erosion dominant throughout the Midwest Copper Harbor Conglomerate (Century Mine, Upper Peninsula MI) 1 inch Baraboo Quartzite (North Limb, Rock Springs, WI) 0.5 inches Jacobsville Sandstone (Root River, Sault Ste. Marie, ON) 2 inches Lorraine Quartzite, Huronian Supergroup (Route 17, Echo Bay, ON) 3 inches Gowganda Argillite, Huronian Supergroup (Route 638, Leeburn, ON) 3 inches Baraboo Rhyolites (SC WI) Lake Superior and Mid-Continent Rifting Animikie Interval (South Central Michigan to Thunder Bay Ontario) Kekabeka Quartzite Mesabi Range and Emily District Mille Lacs Group Hatfield Gneiss (WC WI) Basal Sioux Rhyolites Amberg Gray Granite (NE WI) Marshfield Archean Gneiss (C WI) Linwood Archean Migmatite (C WI) N = North S = South W = West E = East C = Central Biwabik Iron Formation Eastern Gogebic Iron Range Tyler Formation Palms Formation Marquette Iron Range Michigammee Formation Goodrich Quartzite Negaunee Iron Formation Michigammee Black Slate Member Nonesuch Formation Copper Harbor Conglomerate = Regional Compression Mid-Continent Rift Compression Bradbury Creek Granodiorite (EC MN) Waterloo and related Quartzites (EC WI) Modern Plate Tectonics Transition to Modern Plate Tectonics Pre-modern Plate Tectonics 3,600 3,700 3,800 Bessemer Quartzite (UP MI & NW WI) Randville Dolostone Wewe Formation Mesnard Quartzite Sturgeon Quartzite Felch Formation Menominee Range Vulcan Iron Formation Michigamme Slate Chocolay Group Baraga Group Baraga Group Menominee Group Baraga & Dead River Basins Unnamed Iron-Chert Carbonate Kona/Saunders Formation Denham Formation Glen Township Formation Little Falls Formation Trout Lake Formation Cuyuna Range Mahnomen Formation Huronian Interval (Minnesota & Michigan) Erosion dominant throughout the Midwest Updated March 2013 Montevideo Gneiss (SW MN) Gray granodioritic phase Red granite phase Montevideo Gneiss (SW MN) High-grade metamorphism Biotite gneiss and amphibolite Migmatic granite and pegmatite Sacred Heart Granite Morton-Sacred Heart Granitic Terrain (SW MN) Morton-Sacred Heart Granitic Terrain (SW MN) McGrath Gneiss Metamorphic and cataclastic event McGrath Complex (EC MN) Watersmeet amphibolite-gneiss leucogranite intrusions Watersmeet amphibolite-gneiss (second metamorphic event) Watersmeet initial metamorphic event ? Watersmeet tonalite (emplacement) Watersmeet gneiss (W UP) Watersmeet gneiss (W UP) No known sedimentary rocks in the Midwest Paleoarchean Eoarchean Lorrain Formation Gordon Lake Formation Bar River Formation Quirke Lake Group Hough Lake Group Elliot Lake Group Huronian Supergroup Southern Ontario-Michisota Crustal Collapse North Shore Volcanics (EC NE MN, S ON) Powder Mill Group (UP MI) Lake Superior Interval (MN, WI, UP MI, ON) Great Lakes Tectonic Compression I Great Lakes Tectonic Compression II Great Lakes Tectonic Rupture II Seely Slate Freedom Formation Dake Quartzite Rowley Creek Slate Sioux Quartzite (SW MN, SE-SC SD, NW IA, NE NB) Stettin & Wausau Syenite Complexes (C WI) Ninemile Granite (C WI) Metamorphism of Baraboo, Souix, & Waterloo Quartzites (SC EC WI) Nippissing Intrusions Cobalt Group Lakeshore Traps (1,087.2mya) Michipicoten Island Intrusion (1,086mya) Bayfield Group (N WI, UP MI) Jacobsville Formation (ON, UP MI) Breadtray and Butler Hill Granite (SE MO) Royal Gorge Rhyolite (SE MO) Munger Granite Porphyry (SE MO) Silvermine Granite (SE MO) Hawn Park Foliated Granodiorite (SE MO) Precambrian Stramatolitic Carbonates (SE MO) Tuffaceous BIF (SE MO) Ketcherside Tuff (SE MO) = Ash Flows Western St. Francois Mtn. Volcanics (SE MO) Middlebrook Group & Older Ash Flows &Tuffs (SE MO) St. Francois Batholith Hyrdothermal Event(s) ? (SE MO) Rough Creek Graben New Madrid Seismic Zone Reel Foot Rift Initial Huronian Compression Event Marquette & Marcellon Rhyolite Tuffs (SC WI) Nipigon Formation Outan Island Formation Kama Hill Formation Pass Lake Formation Logan Sills Pigeon River Dikes Osler Group Volcanics Nipigon Sills Logan Igneous Suite (Thunder Bay area, ON) ? ? Unnamed Orogeny in Southern Ontario Wopmay Orogeny Gunflint Formation: Breccia with white quartz (Sibley Peninsula, Thunder Bay, ON) Upper Rove Formation (Sibley Peninsula, Thunder Bay, ON) 2 inches 4 inches 1 inch Syenite Intrusion in the Huronian Supergroup Route 17, Dresbrats, ON) 1 inch Lorraine Puddingstone, Huronian Supergroup (Route 638, North of Bruce Mines, ON) 0.5 inches Amethyst in Archean Monzonite (NE of Thunder Bay, ON) 1 inch Gunflint Formation: seam agate (Thunder Bay, ON) Baraga-Marquette (Little Mountain Dikes) (UP MI) Paleomagnetic Line = Reversed Polarity = Normal Polarity = Transitional/ Rapid Reversal Polarity = Unknown Polarity Crystal Lake Gabbro (S ON) Caldwell Complex Basalts (S ON) Firmly Dated NE Dike Victoria River NW Dike Cloud River NW Dike Marathon Lamprophyres (S ON) Late Heavy Bombardment Period = Period of Non Dipole Magnetism Oldest known rock showing a dipole magnetic field: red dacite in Austrailia Marathon-Abitibi Lamprophyre Dikes (S ON) Ely’s Peak Basalt Thayer Granite deposition of copper deposits (UP MI) = Ore deposition deposition of sedimentary rocks within the Watersmeet volcanics ? Watersmeet third metamorphic event Watersmeet fourth metamorphic event Watersmeet fifth metamorphic event Great Midwest Caldera and Hydrothermal Events Modern Plate Tectonics Hiatus ? = Banded Iron Formation (Sedimentary) deposition of copper, gold, and uranium deposits (S ON) Paleozoic 0.5 inches Negaunee Formation: banded iron formation (Ishpeming area, Upper Peninsula MI) 1 foot Archean Greenstones (Route 17, Wawa area, ON) Recent Era of Great Mid-continent Basin Formation (MI, IL, IA, IN, KY, MO) Paint River Group Dunn Creek Slate Riverton Iron Formation Fortune Lakes Slate Hiawatha Graywacke Stambaugh Formation References: Allen, R.C., 1915, Contributions to Precambrian Geology of Northern Michigan and Wisconsin, Michigan Geological and Biological Survey, Publication 18, Geological Series 15 Annells, R.N., 1975, Geology of Michipicoten Island Ontario, GSC Bulletin 218, Map 1353A Baumann, S.D.J., 2010, Lithostratigraphy and age of the Jacobsville Formation around the Lake Superior Basin, U.S.A. and Canada, MIGE G-122010-1A Baumann, S.D.J., 2011, Preliminary Redefinition of the Cobalt Group (Huronian Supergroup), in the Southern Geologic Province, Ontario, Canada, MIGE G-012011-2A Bennett, G., 1982, Geology of the Two Horse Lake Area, ONGS Report 210 Bennett, G., 2006, The Huronian Supergroup Between Sault Ste. Marie and Elliot Lake, Ontario, ILSG, Vol. 52, Part IV Bornhorst, J.J., 1994, Self Guided Geological Field Trip to the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, ILSG, Vol. 40, Part II Boyun, B.H., 1964, The Marquette Mineral District Michigan, The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. Braile, L.W., 1986, Tectonic Development of the New Madrid Rift Complex, Mississippi Embayment, North America, Tectonophysics, 131(1986)1-21 Brown, V.M., 1988, Geologic Map of Precambrian Rocks Des Arc NE Quadrangle, Iron and Madison Counties, Southeast Missouri, USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2032 Cannon, W.F., 1980, Copper Bearing Quartzite Near Watersmeet Michigan, USGS Open File Report 80-390 Cannon, W.F., 2000, Geologic Map of the Keweenaw Peninsula and Adjacent Area, Michigan, USGS Map I-2696 Chandler, V.W., 1992, Paleomagnetism of Early Proterozoic Souix Quartzite Southwest Minnesota-Implications for Correlating Quarzites of the Baraboo Interval, USGS Bulletin 1904-N Craddock, J., 2006, Precambrian Evolution of Minnesota, 19th Annual Keck Symposium, 120-125 Dott, R.H., 1970, Geology of the Baraboo District Wisconsin, Geological and Natural History Survey, Information Circular 14 Drahovzal, J.A., 1992, The East Continent Rift Basin: A New Discovery, KYGS Information Circular 57 Dressler, B.O., 1995, New Observations at the Slate Islands Impact Structure, Lake Superior, ONGS Miscellaneous Paper 164 53-61 (1995) Dutton, C.E., 1981, Geology of the Florence Area, USGS Professional Paper 633 Modern Plate Tectonics Kona sulfide and copper depositional mineralization Franklin, J.M., 1970, Proterozoic Rocks in the Thunder Bay Area, ILSG Vol. 16 Fritts, C.E., 1969, Bedrock Geologic Map of the Marenisco-Watersmeet Area, Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, USGS Map I-576 Gair, J.E., 1968, Geology of the Marquette and Sands Quadrangles Marquette County Michigan, USGS, Professional Paper 397 Green, J.C., 1982, Geologic Map of Minnesota, Two Harbors Sheet, Scale 1:250,000, State of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Hansen, M.C., 1997, The Geology of Ohio-The Precambrian, OHGS Geofacts #13 Hart, T.R., 2006, Keweenaw Rocks of the Mamainse Point Area, ILSG Field Guide 52 Vol. 52 Part V Hinke, J., 2007, Detailed Surficial Geologic Mapping and Terrain Analysis of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer Valley, Rusk County, Wisconsin, Department of Geology University of Wisconsin Eau Claire Hollings, P. (Editor), 2012, Thunder Bay Ontario, Field Trip Guidebook, ILSG, Vol. 58, Part II Holst, T.B., 1991, The Penokean Orogeny in Minnesota and Upper Michigan-A Comparison of Structural Geology, USGS Bulletin 1904-D Holst, T.B., 1991, Tectonic Imbrication and Foredeep Development in the Penokean Orogen, East-Central Minnesota-An Interpretation Based on Regional Geophysics and Results of Test Drilling, USGS Bulletin 1904-C Jackson, S.L., 1994, Geology of the Aberdeen Area, ONGS Open File Report 5903 Jackson, S.L., 2001, On the Structural Geology of the Southern Province between Sault Ste. Marie and Espanola, Ontario, ONGS Open File Report 5995 James, H.L., 1968, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Iron River-Crystal Falls District, Iron County, Michigan, USGS, Professional Paper 570 Johns, G.W., 2003, Sault Ste. Marie and the Blind River Area, ONGS, Map 2670 Kisvarsanyi, E.B., 1976, Geology of Missouri with Guidebook to Parts of the St. Francois Mountains, 23rd Annual Meeting of the Association of Missouri Geologists, Report of Investigations 61 Klasner, J.S., 1991, Nature and Style of Deformation in the Foreland of the Early Proterozoic Penokean Orogen, Northern Michigan, USGS Bulletin 1904-K Kolata, D.R. (Editor), 2010, Geology of Illinois, ISGS University of Urbana Champaign, 1st Edition, ISBN: 978-0-615-41739-4 LaBerge, G.L., 1994, Geology of the Lake Superior Region, Geosciences Press, Inc., ISBN: 0-945005-15-6 Bell Creek Gneiss Compeau Creek Gneiss Bell-Compeau Creek Complex Menominee Range and Marquette Iron Range Deposition of the Mona Schist, Light House Point Member Deposition of the Mona Schist, Undivided Metamorphism of the entire Mona Schist Camery Lake Gneiss Algoma Series Granites (ON) McGrath Gneiss & Ortonville Granite (EC MN) Huronian Interval (Southern Ontario) LaBerge, G.L., 1980, The Middle Precambrian Geology of Marathon County, Wisconsin, ILSG Vol. 26 Eau Claire Wisconsin, Field Trip Guidebook LaBerge, G.L., 1983, Precambrian Geology of Marathon County, Wisconsin, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Information Circular 45 LaBerge G.L., 1991, New Observations of the Age and Structure of Proterozoic Quartzites in Wisconsin, USGS Bulletin 1904-B Lowell, G.R., 1975, A Field Guide to the Geology of the St. Francois Mountains, Missouri, Big Rivers Area Geological Society Miller, J.D., 2009, ILSG Ely, Minnesota, Proceedings Volume 55, ILSG Trip Guidebook Vol. 55 Part 2 Miller, J.D., 2010, Field Guide to the Geology of the Precambrian Iron Formations in the Western Lake Superior Region, Minnesota and Michigan, PRC Professional Workshop Series October 10 to October 16, 2010, University of Michigan Morey, G.B., 1988, Correlation of the Precambrian Rocks of the Lake Superior Region, United States, USGS, Professional Paper 1241-F Morey, G.B., 1967, Stratigraphy and Petrology of the Type Fond du Lac Formation, Duluth Minnesota, MNGS Report of Investigation 7 Morey, G.B., 1969, The Geology of the Precambrian Rove Formation in Northeastern Minnesota, MNGS Special Publication Series, SP-7 Morey, G.B., 1977, Revised Keweenawan Subsurface Stratigraphy, Southeastern Minnesota, MNGS Report of Investigation 16 Morey, G.B., 1978, Lower and Middle Precambrian Stratigraphic Nomenclature for East-Central Minnesota, MNGS Report of Investigation 21 Mosier, E.L., ICP-AES Analytical Results for Precambrian Basement Rocks in or Near Missouri, Open File Report 88-396 Myers, P.E., 1980, Precambrian Geology of the Chippewa Valley, ILSG 26th Annual Meeting, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Nachatilo, S.A., 1993, Structural Analysis of the Archean Rocks in the Negaunee Area, Michigan—Constraints on Archean verses Early Proterozoic Deformation, USGS, Bulletin 1904-O Ojakangas, R.W., 1994, Sedimentology and Provenance of the Early Proterozoic Michigamme Formation and Goodrich Quartzite, Northern Michigan-Regional Stratigraphic Implications and Suggested Correlations, USGS Bulletin 1904-R Ojakangas, D., 2009, Geology and Metamorphism of the Eastern Mesabi Range, ILSG Field Trip Part II, Field Trip 5 Nachatilo, S.A., 1992, Structural Analysis of Archean Rocks in the Negaunee Area, Michigan-Constraints on Arhean verses Proterozoic Deformation, USGS Bulletin 1904-O Paull, R.K., 1978, Precambrian Inliers in South-Central Wisconsin, Wisconsin Geologic and Natural History Survey Piispa, E.J., 2010, Paleomagnetism of the Mid-Continental Rift System, Rocks from the Thunder Bay Area (Ontario Canada): New Data and Questions, Poster Presentation, Michigan Technological University = Sedimentary Rocks with some glacial diamictites Enchantment Lake Formation Reany Creek Formation Unnamed Quartzite on top of the Reany Creek Formation Placer deposits of Uranium in diamictites G1 G2 G3, A, B, &C G4 ? Bad River Dolostone Sunday Quartzite Pre-Sudbury BIF Subevent Post Sudbury BIF Subevent Baraboo BIF Event Superior BIF Event Ozark BIF Event Endion Sill Middle Run Formation (E IN, NC KY, W OH) unnamed basalts ? unknown event resetting of dates in felsic intrusions or true dates Freda Formation Bear Lake Rhyolite Stock (1,062mya) Orienta Formation Devils Island Formation Chequamegon Formation copper mineralization in the Nonesuch Mellen Intrusions (N WI) Powder Mill Group Volcanics (N WI, UP MI) Bergland Group Volcanics (N WI, UP MI) Mineral Lake Intrusions (N WI) Bayfield Group (NE-E-SE MN, NW WI) Fond du Lac Formation Hinckley Sandstone Solor Church Group (E-SE MN) = Regional BIF depositional events = Continent wide metamorphic regime = Era of major craton emplacement ? ? = Questionable event = Known only from seismic profiling, exact chronological position is unknown = Sudbury impact layer present IA = Iowa IL = Illinois KY = Kentucky MI = Michigan MN = Minnesota MO = Missouri NB = Nebraska OH = Ohio ON = Ontario SD = South Dakota UP = Upper Peninsula WI = Wisconsin Ozarkian Interval (South East Missouri to North-Central Illinois) Centralia Sequence (N-C IL, W IN, WOH) North Sub-Centralia Sequence (S-C-E IL) ? ? South Sub-Centralia Sequence (S-C-E IL) ? Enterprise Sequence (C-E IL) dated unnamed basement basalts (W OH) (1,325mya) (1,284mya) dated Illinois basement granites (N-C IL) Puritan Quartz Monzonite primary metamorphic event Ramsay Formation Marquette Range Supergroup Western Gogebic Iron Range Emperor Volcanics ? Badwater Greenstone Ajibik Formation Siamo Formation Hemlock Volcanics Bijiki Iron Formation Michigammee Black Slate and Iron Member Copps Formation Michigammee Formation Ironwood Iron Formation Gunflint Carbonate-Iron Formation Gunflint Chert Gunflint Range Virginia Formation Pokegama Quartzite Animikie Group Michigammee Formation North Range Group Rabbit Lake Formation Thomson Formation Trommald Formation Emily Member unnamed (1,870mya) Iron River/Crystal Falls District Dickerson Group East Branch Arkose Solberg Schist Six-Mile Lake Amphibolite Hardwood Gneiss (S UP MI) Vermilion District (NE MN, W ON) Sananaga Tonalite Sananaga Batholith Snowbank Lake Pluton Giants Range Batholith Icarus Pluton Lac La Croix Granite Newton Belt Soudan Belt Upper Ely Greenstone Soudan Iron Formation Lower Ely Greenstone Britt Sequence 3 known metamorphic events Newton Lake Formation Bass Lake Sequence Knife Lake Group Lake Vermilion Formation Gafvert Lake Sequence copper and zinc mineralization (N WI) third metamorphic of the Marquette Range Supergroup Southern Granite/ Rhyolite Interval (SE NB) Eastern Granite/Rhyolite Interval (NE NB -NW IL) Green Island Plutonic Group (1,485mya) (E IA, NW IL) Spencer Granite (NW IA) Quimby Granite (1,433mya) (NW IA) Central Iowa Arch Granite (SC IA) Athelstane (Amberg) Pink Granite (NE WI) Central Plains Interval (Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri) Harris Granite (1,804mya) (NW IA) Hull Keatophre (1,782mya) (NW IA) Camp Quest Gneiss (2,065mya) (NW IA) metamorphism of Camp Quest Gneiss Lyon County Gneiss (2,532mya) (NW IA) Otter Creek Mafic Complex (2,890mya) (NW IA) Matlock Banded Iron Formation (NW IA) ? Marshfield Exotic Terrane (NW IA) ? metamorphism of Marshfield Exotic Terrane deposition of sedimentary rocks within the Marshfield Exotic Terrane ? ? ? Cedar Rapids & Washington County Quartzites (SE IA) Potter, C.J., 1995, Structure of the Reel Foot-Rough Creek Rift System, Fluorspar Area Fault Complex, and Hicks Dome, Southern Illinois and Western Kentucky-New Constraints from Regional Seismic Reflection Data, USGS Professional Paper 1538-Q Pratt, W.B., 1979, Geologic Map of Exposed Precambrian Rocks, Rolla 1 o X2 o Quadrangle, USGS Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map I-1161 Puffett, W.P., 1969, The Reany Creek Formation, Marquette County Michigan, USGS Bulletin 1274-F Robertson, J.A., 1977, Geology of the Cutler Area District of Algoma, Ontario Division of Mines, Geoscience Report 147 Rust, B.R., 1987, The Sedimentology and Depositional Environments of the Huronian Bar River Formation, Ontario, ONGS Open File Report 189 Ryder, R.T., 1997, Stratigraphic Framework of Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in the Appalachian Basin from Campbell County, Kentucky, to Tazewell County Virginia, USGS I-2530 Schmidt, R.G., 1976, Geology of the Precambrian W (Lower Precambrian) Rocks in Western Gogebic County, Michigan, USGS Bulletin 1407 Siemiatkowska, K.M., 1977, Geology of the Wakomata Lake Area District of Algoma, Ontario Division of Mines, Geoscience Report 151 Sims, P.K., 1985, Geology and Geochronology of Granitoid and Metamorphic Rocks of Late Archean Age in Northwestern Wisconsin, USGS Professional Paper 1292-C Sims, P.K., 1984, Geology, Geochemistry, and Age of Archean and Early Proterozoic Rocks in the Marenisco-Watersmeet Area, Northern Michigan, USGS Professional Paper 1292-A Sims, P.K., 1985, Great Lakes Tectonic Zone-Revisited, USGS Bulletin 1904-S Scotese, C.R., 2003, Paleomap Project, www.scotese.com Spencer, C.G., 2011, Roadside Geology of Missouri, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 1st Edition, ISBN: 978-0-87842-573-0 Taylor, G.L., 1972, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Sulfide Mineralization of the Kona Dolomite, Michigan Technological University Young, G.M, 2001, Paleozoic Huronian Basin: Product of a Wilson Cycle Punctuated by Glaciations and a Meteorite Impact, Sedimentary Geology 141-142 (2001) 233-254 Van Schmus, W.R., 1998, Proterozoic Granite Systems of the Penokean Terrain in Wisconsin, International Field Conference, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Open File Report 1998-10 various authors, 1973, Guidebook to the Precambrian Geology of Northeastern and Northcentral Wisconsin, ISGS Vol. 19, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey various authors, 2001, Field Trip Guidebook Madison Wisconsin, ILSG Proceedings, Vol. 47 Part II White, W.S., 1972, The Base of the Upper Keweenawan, Michigan and Wisconsin, USGS Bulletin 1354-F Wood, J., 1975, Geology of the Rawhide Lake Area District of Algoma, Ontario Division of Mines, Geoscience Report 129 Reference Abbreviations: GSC = Geological Survey of Canada ILSG = Institute on Lake Superior Geology ISGS = Illinois State Geological Survey KYGS = Kentucky Geological Survey MIGE = Midwest Institute of Geosciences and Engineering MNGS = Minnesota Geological Survey OHGS = Ohio Geological Survey ONGS = Ontario Geological Survey PRC = Precambrian Research Center USGS = United States Geological Survey Vermilion-Dickerson BIF Event Upper Red Clastics (C IA) Lower Red Clastics (C IA) initial metamorphism of the Marquette Range Supergroup second metamorphic of the Marquette Range Supergroup Huronian Hydrothermal Event