Pre-reading tasks What are the special contributions of Abraham, John and Martin to the Americans? What are the special contributions of Abraham, John.

Pre-reading tasksPre-reading tasks

What are the special contributions of What are the special contributions of

Abraham, John and Martin to the Americans? Abraham, John and Martin to the Americans?

They all advocated black civil rights.They all advocated black civil rights.

How did they die? How did they die?

They were all assassinated.They were all assassinated.

Knowledge of American Knowledge of American geographygeography

the USA was divided after the Abolition Act (the USA was divided after the Abolition Act ( 废除黑奴废除黑奴制法案制法案 ): the Northern States supported it, while the S): the Northern States supported it, while the Southern States disapproved of it.outhern States disapproved of it.

the Southern Statesthe Southern States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missi(Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missi

ssippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texssippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia) as, and Virginia)

the Deep South statesthe Deep South states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Sou(Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Sou

th Carolina and eastern Texas)th Carolina and eastern Texas)

Knowledge of ChristianityKnowledge of Christianity

When we learn a foreign language, we must also When we learn a foreign language, we must also

learn the culture of the speakers of that learn the culture of the speakers of that

language.language.

for historical reasons, many black slaves believed for historical reasons, many black slaves believed

in Christianity, like Uncle Tom in Uncle Tom's in Christianity, like Uncle Tom in Uncle Tom's

Cabin. Therefore, in black writings there are Cabin. Therefore, in black writings there are

frequent references to frequent references to Christianity.Christianity.

Knowledge of ChristianityKnowledge of Christianity

Some terms in this text are markedly Christian, Some terms in this text are markedly Christian,

like like "Methodist Minister", "Bible", "Quaker"."Methodist Minister", "Bible", "Quaker".

Others refer to characters or places from Biblical Others refer to characters or places from Biblical

stories, such as stories, such as MosesMoses who led the Jewish people who led the Jewish people

out of slavery in Egypt, or out of slavery in Egypt, or BethlehemBethlehem, a holy city , a holy city

for Christians.for Christians.

Cultural NotesCultural Notes

the civil rights movement: the civil rights movement:

(in the US) the national campaign by African-Americans (in the US) the national campaign by African-Americans

for equal rights, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. for equal rights, especially in the 1950s and 1960s.

The campaign included boycotts (=refusals to buy The campaign included boycotts (=refusals to buy

particular products), the actions of freedom riders, and in particular products), the actions of freedom riders, and in

1963 a march to Washington led by Martin Luther King. 1963 a march to Washington led by Martin Luther King.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of

1965 were also introduced as a result of the civil rights 1965 were also introduced as a result of the civil rights

movement, which has helped to change the attitudes of movement, which has helped to change the attitudes of

many white Americans.many white Americans.


the Civil Rights Act of 1964: the Civil Rights Act of 1964:

the US law that forced the southern states to allow the US law that forced the southern states to allow

African-Americans to enter restaurants, hotels, etc. which African-Americans to enter restaurants, hotels, etc. which

had been reserved for white people only and to end the had been reserved for white people only and to end the

practice of having separate areas for black and white practice of having separate areas for black and white

people in theatres, train stations, buses, etc. The act was people in theatres, train stations, buses, etc. The act was

mostly the result of the civil rights movement and was mostly the result of the civil rights movement and was

strongly supported by President Lyndon Johnson. It was strongly supported by President Lyndon Johnson. It was

followed the next year by the Voting Rights Act.followed the next year by the Voting Rights Act.


Uncle Tom's Cabin:Uncle Tom's Cabin: a novel (1852) by the US writer Harriet Beecher Stowe whica novel (1852) by the US writer Harriet Beecher Stowe whic

h increased support for the movement to free slaves. It is ah increased support for the movement to free slaves. It is about a kind slave called Tom who is badly treated and finalbout a kind slave called Tom who is badly treated and finally killed by Simon Legree. Tom's daughter Little Eva also dily killed by Simon Legree. Tom's daughter Little Eva also dies, and another well-known character in the novel is the sles, and another well-known character in the novel is the slave child Topsy. The name Uncle Tom is sometimes used aave child Topsy. The name Uncle Tom is sometimes used as an insult to describe an African-American who has too ms an insult to describe an African-American who has too much respect for white people.uch respect for white people.


the Underground Railroad: the Underground Railroad: a secret system used in the US before the Civil War for a secret system used in the US before the Civil War for

helping thousands of slaves to escape to the free northelping thousands of slaves to escape to the free northern states or Canada. The slaves were called "passenhern states or Canada. The slaves were called "passengers", the people who helped them were "conductorgers", the people who helped them were "conductors", and the slaves hid in "stations"(safe houses) along s", and the slaves hid in "stations"(safe houses) along the way.the way.


Slavery: Slavery:

Slavery played a particularly important role in the Slavery played a particularly important role in the

history of the US.history of the US.

The first slaves were taken to North America from The first slaves were taken to North America from

Africa by the Dutch in 1619. By the time of the Africa by the Dutch in 1619. By the time of the

American Revolution (1775) there were 500 000 slaves, American Revolution (1775) there were 500 000 slaves,

mostly in the South. After the Revolution the northern mostly in the South. After the Revolution the northern

states made slavery illegal but the South needed cheap states made slavery illegal but the South needed cheap

labor for the cotton plantations. labor for the cotton plantations.


Gradually the South's economy became dependent Gradually the South's economy became dependent

on slaves and by 1860, the year before the Civil on slaves and by 1860, the year before the Civil

War, there were about 4 million slaves.War, there were about 4 million slaves.

Conflict between the North and the South Conflict between the North and the South

increased, and it became clear that supporters and increased, and it became clear that supporters and

opponents of slavery could not continue to be part opponents of slavery could not continue to be part

of the same country. In 1861 the slave states left of the same country. In 1861 the slave states left

the US and formed their own government. the US and formed their own government.


This was the beginning of the Civil War. After the North This was the beginning of the Civil War. After the North

won the Civil War and brought the southern states back won the Civil War and brought the southern states back

into .the US, slavery was ended. But little changed for into .the US, slavery was ended. But little changed for

former slaves. Some moved to the North but there were former slaves. Some moved to the North but there were

not enough jobs there and many suffered prejudice from not enough jobs there and many suffered prejudice from

Whites. Those that stayed in the South often worked on Whites. Those that stayed in the South often worked on

the plantations where they had been slaves. They were the plantations where they had been slaves. They were

paid for their work, but had to buy food and clothes. paid for their work, but had to buy food and clothes.

Many had to stay there trying to pay off debts which Many had to stay there trying to pay off debts which

became larger each year.became larger each year.

Cultural NotesCultural Notes Bill Clinton (1946- ): Bill Clinton (1946- ):

the 42nd US President, elected in 1992 and 1996. He is a Democrat and the 42nd US President, elected in 1992 and 1996. He is a Democrat and

was previously the governor of Arkansas. The US economy improved under was previously the governor of Arkansas. The US economy improved under

Clinton, and the North American Free Trade Agreement has been signed. Clinton, and the North American Free Trade Agreement has been signed.

His successes in helping to achieve world peace include the Camp David His successes in helping to achieve world peace include the Camp David

Agreement for the Near East and the Dayton Agreement to end the war in Agreement for the Near East and the Dayton Agreement to end the war in

Bosnia and Herzegovina. His wife Hillary (1947- ) tried without success to Bosnia and Herzegovina. His wife Hillary (1947- ) tried without success to

improve the US health system. In 1998 President Clinton admitted that he improve the US health system. In 1998 President Clinton admitted that he

had had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky, a junior member of the had had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky, a junior member of the

White House staff, after denying it earlier. He was impeached for lying White House staff, after denying it earlier. He was impeached for lying

under oath and obstructing justice, but the Senate judged him not guilty.under oath and obstructing justice, but the Senate judged him not guilty.


Quaker: Quaker:

any member of the Society of Friends, a religious group any member of the Society of Friends, a religious group

established in England in the 1650s by George Fox. They established in England in the 1650s by George Fox. They

were originally called Quakers because members were were originally called Quakers because members were

thought to "quake" or shake with religious excitement. thought to "quake" or shake with religious excitement.

Quakers worship Christ without any formal ceremony or Quakers worship Christ without any formal ceremony or

fixed beliefs, and their meetings often involve silent fixed beliefs, and their meetings often involve silent

thought or prayer. They are strongly opposed to violence thought or prayer. They are strongly opposed to violence

and war, and are active in education and charity work.and war, and are active in education and charity work.


Methodist: Methodist:

a member of the Methodist Church, the largest of the a member of the Methodist Church, the largest of the

Protestant Free Churches in Britain and the US. It was Protestant Free Churches in Britain and the US. It was

established in 1739 by John Wesley as part of the established in 1739 by John Wesley as part of the

Church of England but it became separate from it in Church of England but it became separate from it in

1795. It was introduced into the US in the 18th 1795. It was introduced into the US in the 18th

century and today has over 50 million members century and today has over 50 million members

around the world. It emphasized the importance of around the world. It emphasized the importance of

moral issues, both personal and social.moral issues, both personal and social.

Language StudyLanguage Study

slender:slender:

(of people) slim; not very wide but comparatively (of people) slim; not very wide but comparatively

long or highlong or high

Examples: Examples:

Although her face was quite plain, she had long, Although her face was quite plain, she had long,

slender expressive hands, like a concert pianist.slender expressive hands, like a concert pianist.

King crabs have long, slender legs, with a span King crabs have long, slender legs, with a span

over 1 meter (3 feet).over 1 meter (3 feet).


give up: give up: abandon an attempt to do sth.abandon an attempt to do sth.

Examples: Examples: He's given up smoking since his illness.He's given up smoking since his illness. She was working part-time but she suddenly gave up.She was working part-time but she suddenly gave up.


ironically: ironically: it seems ironic (that)it seems ironic (that) Examples: Examples: Ironically the widespread use of antibiotics seems to be Ironically the widespread use of antibiotics seems to be

causing a lot of unexpectedcausing a lot of unexpectedhealth problems. health problems.

具有讽刺意味的是具有讽刺意味的是 ,, 常常是穷人付出最多常常是穷人付出最多 .. Ironically it is often the poorer people who give the most.Ironically it is often the poorer people who give the most.


racial: racial: relating to a person's race, or to different races of peorelating to a person's race, or to different races of peo

pleple Examples: Examples: Slavery is closely associated with racial prejudice, the Slavery is closely associated with racial prejudice, the

belief that one race is superior to another.belief that one race is superior to another. 种族歧视种族歧视 Racial discriminationRacial discrimination


historic:historic:

famous or important in historyfamous or important in history

Examples: Examples:

In his book, Churchill recalls that historic first meeting In his book, Churchill recalls that historic first meeting

with Roosevelt.with Roosevelt.

Cf.: historicalCf.: historical

Examples: Examples:

Many historical documents were destroyed when the Many historical documents were destroyed when the

library was bombed.library was bombed.


site: site: place where a building, town, etc. was, is, or will be situatplace where a building, town, etc. was, is, or will be situat

eded Examples: Examples: 当地政府还没有选定修建这座摩天大楼的地点当地政府还没有选定修建这座摩天大楼的地点 .. The local government hasn't yet chosen the site for the nThe local government hasn't yet chosen the site for the n

ew skyscraper. ew skyscraper. There are many archaeological sites in southern England. There are many archaeological sites in southern England.


mission:mission:

particular task or duty undertaken by an particular task or duty undertaken by an

individual or a groupindividual or a group

Examples: Examples:

Some delegates were immediately sent to Israel. Some delegates were immediately sent to Israel.

Their mission was to negotiate a ceasefire. Their mission was to negotiate a ceasefire.

The five young people have been on a mission to The five young people have been on a mission to

help the Cambodians.help the Cambodians.


forge: forge: (fig) create by means of much hard work(fig) create by means of much hard work Examples: Examples: 两国同意推进两国的经济往来两国同意推进两国的经济往来 The two countries agreed to forge closer economic tieThe two countries agreed to forge closer economic tie

s. s. She forged a new career for herself as a singer.She forged a new career for herself as a singer.


web: web: network of fine threads spun by a spider or some other network of fine threads spun by a spider or some other

spinning creature; complex series or networkspinning creature; complex series or network Examples: Examples: 这个小男孩被窗上的蜘蛛网给吓着了这个小男孩被窗上的蜘蛛网给吓着了 .. The little boy was frightened by the spider's web in the The little boy was frightened by the spider's web in the

window.window. Every day thousands of web surfers flock to this populEvery day thousands of web surfers flock to this popul

ar site, posting messages.ar site, posting messages.


authorize: authorize: give approval or permission for (sth.); give authority togive approval or permission for (sth.); give authority to Examples: Examples: The central government authorized $200 billion to constrThe central government authorized $200 billion to constr

uct new dams to generate cheap hydro-electric power. uct new dams to generate cheap hydro-electric power. 她授权其同伴代表她进行谈判她授权其同伴代表她进行谈判 .. She authorized her partner to negotiate in her behalf. She authorized her partner to negotiate in her behalf.


peer: peer: look closely or carefully, esp. as if unable to see well (follook closely or carefully, esp. as if unable to see well (fol

lowed by at/through/into, etc.) lowed by at/through/into, etc.) Examples: Examples: The moon peered from behind dark clouds.The moon peered from behind dark clouds. 月亮在浓云后面若隐若现月亮在浓云后面若隐若现同龄人同龄人 children who are easily influenced by their peers.children who are easily influenced by their peers. 易受同龄人影响的孩子易受同龄人影响的孩子


decade:decade:

period of ten yearsperiod of ten years

Examples: Examples:

Education budgets have been increased over the Education budgets have been increased over the

last decade in China.last decade in China.


capture: capture: capturing or being captured; seizecapturing or being captured; seize Examples: Examples: Rebel forces captured the city after a week-long battle.Rebel forces captured the city after a week-long battle. FBIFBI 逮捕了一些介入逮捕了一些介入 911911 事件的恐怖分子事件的恐怖分子 .. Some of the terrorists who were involved in the 9.11 eveSome of the terrorists who were involved in the 9.11 eve

nt were captured by the FBI.nt were captured by the FBI. memories of his childhood,memories of his childhood,


religious: religious:

of religionof religion

Examples: Examples:

Daoism (Taoism) is one of the three main Chinese Daoism (Taoism) is one of the three main Chinese

religious and philosophical traditions, the others religious and philosophical traditions, the others

being Confucianism and Buddhism.being Confucianism and Buddhism.


conviction: conviction: firm opinion or belieffirm opinion or belief Examples: Examples: The old woman had a firm conviction that there would The old woman had a firm conviction that there would

be a better life after death. be a better life after death. TomTom 没有任何的宗教信仰没有任何的宗教信仰 .. Tom doesn't have any religious convictions.Tom doesn't have any religious convictions.


terminal: terminal: 终点站终点站 , , 终端终端 , , 接线端接线端 adj. adj. 末期末期 , , 每期的每期的 Examples: Examples: terminal stages of cancerterminal stages of cancer 癌症晚期癌症晚期 Most large airports have shops, restaurants, and banks in the teMost large airports have shops, restaurants, and banks in the te

rminal building, plus special lounges for departing passengers. rminal building, plus special lounges for departing passengers. All staff have terminals attached to the company's main compuAll staff have terminals attached to the company's main compu

ter.ter.


impose: impose: 1) place a (penalty, tax, etc.) officially on sb./sth.1) place a (penalty, tax, etc.) officially on sb./sth. ExamplesExamples 政府决定对红酒和烈酒加税政府决定对红酒和烈酒加税 .. The government has made a decision to impose a further tax on wineThe government has made a decision to impose a further tax on wine

s and spirits. s and spirits. 2) try to make sb. accept (an opinion or a belief)2) try to make sb. accept (an opinion or a belief) Examples: Examples: It may not be wise for parents to impose their own tastes on their chilIt may not be wise for parents to impose their own tastes on their chil

dren.dren.


transport:transport: take sth./sb. from one place to another in a vehicletake sth./sb. from one place to another in a vehicle Examples: Examples: public transport.public transport. 公共交通系统公共交通系统 inland transportinland transport 内陆运输内陆运输 Pipelines are used mainly to transport liquids or gases ovPipelines are used mainly to transport liquids or gases ov

er long distances.er long distances.


disguise: disguise: give sb./sth. a false appearance (used in the pattern digive sb./sth. a false appearance (used in the pattern di

sguise sb./sth. as) , to conceal or obscuresguise sb./sth. as) , to conceal or obscure Examples: Examples: She disguised herself as a man so she could fight on thShe disguised herself as a man so she could fight on th

e battlefield.e battlefield. It is impossible to disguise the fact that finance is bad.It is impossible to disguise the fact that finance is bad. 财政困难这一事实是无法隐瞒的。财政困难这一事实是无法隐瞒的。


abolish:abolish: end the existence of (a law, custom, system, etc.)end the existence of (a law, custom, system, etc.) Examples: Examples: 这些迷信做法应尽早取消。这些迷信做法应尽早取消。 These superstitious practices should be abolished as sThese superstitious practices should be abolished as s

oon as possible.oon as possible. Slavery was not finally abolished in the British Empire Slavery was not finally abolished in the British Empire

until 1833.until 1833.


compel:compel: make (sb.) do sth.; forcemake (sb.) do sth.; force Examples: Examples: In the past children were frequently compelled to worIn the past children were frequently compelled to wor

k from an early age.k from an early age. 雨迫使我们待在家里。雨迫使我们待在家里。 The rain compelled us to stay indoors.The rain compelled us to stay indoors.

Text AnalysisText Analysis

PartsParts ParasParas Main IdeasMain Ideas

Part Part OneOne

Paras Paras 1-51-5

PartPart

TwoTwoParasParas6-236-23

It is high time to honor the heroes It is high time to honor the heroes who helped liberate slaves by forginwho helped liberate slaves by forging the Underground Railroad in the eg the Underground Railroad in the early civil-rights struggles in America.arly civil-rights struggles in America.

By citing examples the author praBy citing examples the author praises the exploits of civil-rights heroises the exploits of civil-rights heroes who helped slaves travel the Unes who helped slaves travel the Underground Railroad to freedom.derground Railroad to freedom.


ParasParas Main IdeasMain Ideas

StoryStory

OneOne

StoryStory

TwoTwo

Paras Paras 6-106-10

ParaPara11-1511-15

Story Story ThreeThree

ParaPara

16-2316-23

After winning his own freedom from After winning his own freedom from slavery, John Parker helped other slavery, John Parker helped other slaves to escape north to Canada to slaves to escape north to Canada to get freedom.get freedom.

Supported by a strong religious conviction,Supported by a strong religious conviction, the white man Levi Coffin helped black sla the white man Levi Coffin helped black slaves to escape at huge risk.ves to escape at huge risk.

By traveling the Underground By traveling the Underground Railroad, Josiah Henson reached his Railroad, Josiah Henson reached his destination and became free at last.destination and became free at last.


The author tells three stories about the The author tells three stories about the

Underground Railroad and the early Black civil Underground Railroad and the early Black civil

rights movement. The three stories are chosen rights movement. The three stories are chosen

because they are representative of all because they are representative of all

participants in this movement:participants in this movement:

John ParkerJohn Parker is a freed slave who later turned into is a freed slave who later turned into

a courageous "conductor"; a courageous "conductor";

Levi CoffinLevi Coffin is a brave white "conductor"; is a brave white "conductor";


Josiah HensonJosiah Henson is a slave who struggled his is a slave who struggled his

way to freedom with the help of the way to freedom with the help of the

Underground Railroad.Underground Railroad.

We learn about the name of Josiah Henson We learn about the name of Josiah Henson

at the beginning of the text, yet his full at the beginning of the text, yet his full

story is not told until the last part. In this story is not told until the last part. In this

way the author achieves coherence of text.way the author achieves coherence of text.


(line 6) The Creator intends that all men to be created (line 6) The Creator intends that all men to be created equal.equal.

intend:intend: plan: to design for a specific purpose; to have in mind fplan: to design for a specific purpose; to have in mind f

or a particular use; to signify or mean.or a particular use; to signify or mean. We intend to go. They intend going. You intended that We intend to go. They intend going. You intended that

she go.she go. 我们打算去我们打算去 . . 他们要去他们要去 . . 你计划让她去你计划让她去 The book is intended for beginners.The book is intended for beginners. 本书是为初学者编写的。本书是为初学者编写的。


(line 9) … has lived on through the character…(line 9) … has lived on through the character… live on:live on: To remain in human memory:To remain in human memory: 留在记忆中：留在记忆中： an event that lives on in our minds.an event that lives on in our minds. 留存于我们脑海的事件留存于我们脑海的事件


(line13) stand up (for sb./sth.):(line13) stand up (for sb./sth.): speak, work, etc. in favour of sb./sth.; support sb./sth. speak, work, etc. in favour of sb./sth.; support sb./sth. Examples: Examples: You have to be prepared to stand up for the things you You have to be prepared to stand up for the things you

believe in.believe in. Don't be afraid to stand up for yourself.Don't be afraid to stand up for yourself.


historic:historic:

famous or important in historyfamous or important in history

Cf.: historicalCf.: historical

Examples: Examples:

Historical people, situations, or things existed in Historical people, situations, or things existed in

the past and are considered to be a part of the past and are considered to be a part of

history.history.


(line 28) The center is scheduled to open in 2004.(line 28) The center is scheduled to open in 2004. schedule: schedule: v. to plan or appoint for a certain time or date:v. to plan or appoint for a certain time or date: 预定计划安排或计划一定的时间或日期：预定计划安排或计划一定的时间或日期： He is scheduled to arrive Monday.He is scheduled to arrive Monday. To make up a schedule for:To make up a schedule for: 制定计划：制定计划： I haven't scheduled the coming week yet.I haven't scheduled the coming week yet. 我还没有为下周制定计划我还没有为下周制定计划 n.n. ahead of schedule ahead of schedule 比时间表提前比时间表提前 on schedule on schedule 准时准时 behind schedule behind schedule 落后于时间表落后于时间表


be intent on doing sth.:be intent on doing sth.: be eager and determined to do sth.be eager and determined to do sth. Examples: Examples: Working day and night, Janet seems intent on breakinWorking day and night, Janet seems intent on breakin

g the record in the Guinness Book of Records.g the record in the Guinness Book of Records.


on the side: on the side:

as an additional job or source of income; secretlyas an additional job or source of income; secretly

Examples: Examples:

Some workers have to find ways of making some Some workers have to find ways of making some

money on the side.money on the side.

In order to earn enough money to send his In order to earn enough money to send his

children to school, he makes a little money on the children to school, he makes a little money on the

side by cleaning windows in his spare time.side by cleaning windows in his spare time.


close in (on/around): close in (on/around):

come near to, esp. in order to attack from several come near to, esp. in order to attack from several

directions; surround directions; surround

Examples: Examples:

Hitler committed suicide as Soviet forces were Hitler committed suicide as Soviet forces were

closing in on Berlin.closing in on Berlin.

Right after the suicide explosion, Israeli troops Right after the suicide explosion, Israeli troops

began to close in on the Palestinian city.began to close in on the Palestinian city.


Be motivated by:Be motivated by: Be driven by, be impelled byBe driven by, be impelled by Examinations do not motivate a student to seek more Examinations do not motivate a student to seek more

knowledge.knowledge. 考试不能促使学生去追求更多的知识。考试不能促使学生去追求更多的知识。


as for: as for:

with regard towith regard to

Examples: Examples:

As for your request for a free sample, we will send As for your request for a free sample, we will send

it to you in about ten days.it to you in about ten days.

Some people have complained, but as for me I'm Some people have complained, but as for me I'm

perfectly satisfied with the working conditions perfectly satisfied with the working conditions

here.here.


make the best of: make the best of:

accept an unsatisfactory situation cheerfully and accept an unsatisfactory situation cheerfully and

try to manage as well as you cantry to manage as well as you can

Examples: Examples:

I know it's cold and raining but we're here now, so I know it's cold and raining but we're here now, so

let's just make the best of it. let's just make the best of it.

The living conditions in the village were very The living conditions in the village were very

poor, but we had to make the best of it.poor, but we had to make the best of it.


at risk: at risk:

threatened by the possibility of loss, failure, etc.; threatened by the possibility of loss, failure, etc.;

in dangerin danger

Examples: Examples:

It is reported that some areas in the west are at It is reported that some areas in the west are at

high risk of desertification.high risk of desertification.

The buildings in the slum tend to be overcrowded The buildings in the slum tend to be overcrowded

and at risk from fire.and at risk from fire.


in the eyes of: in the eyes of:

in the opinion ofin the opinion of

Examples: Examples:

In the eyes of his students, Richard is a sensible In the eyes of his students, Richard is a sensible

and reliable teacher.and reliable teacher.

In the eyes of my parent, I am still a young In the eyes of my parent, I am still a young

person although I am already in my thirties.person although I am already in my thirties.


pass for: pass for:

appear like; be accepted or looked upon as (same appear like; be accepted or looked upon as (same

as pass as) as pass as)

Examples: Examples:

He speaks American English well enough to pass He speaks American English well enough to pass

for an American.for an American.

Pre-reading tasks What are the special contributions of Abraham, John and Martin to the Americans? What are the special contributions of Abraham, John.

Documents

civil rights act

black civil rights

civil rights movement

equal rights

voting rights act

south carolina

southern states alabama

deep south states alabama