AP Biology Living Metabolism Part 1
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AP Biology
Living Metabolism
Part 1
Dehydration and HydrolysisReactions
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
Catabolism(Hydrolysis Reaction)
Reactants
Energy
Products
Progress of the reaction
Amount of
energy
released
(G < 0)
Fre
e e
nerg
y
Exergonic reaction: energy released
Anabolism(Dehydration Synthesis)
Reactants
Energy
Products
Progress of the reaction
Amount of
energy
required
(G > 0)
Fre
e e
nerg
y
Endergonic reaction: energy required
Catabolism(Hydrolysis Reaction)
Reactants
Energy
Products
Progress of the reaction
Amount of
energy
released
(G < 0)
Fre
e e
nerg
y
Exergonic reaction: energy released
Energy CouplingTwo processes united by Energy
Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy
Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy
Thermodynamics
LE 8-3
Chemical
energy
Heat CO2
First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
H2O
Gibbs “Free” Energy
• Δ G = ΔH – TΔ S
• G- Gibbs “free” energy
• H – Enthalpy (Total usable energy in the system)
• T – Temperature in Kelvin (273 + C⁰)
• S- Entropy (Disorder created by something being broken down)
• Δ – Change in a variable over time
Unstable (Capable of work)vs.
Stable (no work)
G = 0
A closed hydroelectric system
G < 0
LE 8-6a
Reactants
Energy
Products
Progress of the reaction
Amount of
energy
released
(G < 0)
Fre
e e
nerg
y
Exergonic reaction: energy released
LE 8-6b
Reactants
Energy
Products
Progress of the reaction
Amount of
energy
required
(G > 0)
Fre
e e
nerg
y
Endergonic reaction: energy required
Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy
Types of work performed by
living cells
NH2
Glu
P i
P i
P i
P i
GluNH3
P
P
P
ATP
ADP
Motor protein
Mechanical work: ATP phosphorylates motor proteins
Protein moved
Membrane
protein
Solute
Transport work: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins
Solute transported
Chemical work: ATP phosphorylates key reactants
Reactants: Glutamic acidand ammonia
Product (glutamine)made
+ +
+
ATP
Phosphorylation
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