Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet: Temperature vocabulary in Marathi and its extension to the world of emotions Prashant Pardeshi National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan and Peter Hook Universities of Virginia and Michigan, USA 1
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Prashant Pardeshi National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan and
Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet: Temperature vocabulary in Marathi and its extension to the world of emotions. Prashant Pardeshi National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan and Peter Hook Universities of Virginia and Michigan, USA. 1.Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet:Temperature vocabulary in Marathi
and its extension to the world of emotions
Prashant Pardeshi National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan
and Peter Hook
Universities of Virginia and Michigan, USA
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1.Introduction
• Goal of our presentation: exploring the conceptualization of the domain of temperature through the investigation of literal (non-metaphorical) and extended (metaphorical) usages of temperature vocabulary or temperature terms in Marathi.
• Marathi: Indo-Aryan, SOV. Primarily spoken in the state of Maharashtra, India.
1.Introduction• Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather se
asons. Tropical conditions prevail all over the state, and even the hill stations are not that cold. Frost occurs sometimes during the colder months. Hail is always possible.
• Summer: March, April and May are the hottest months. During April and May thunderstorms are common all over the state. Temperature varies between 22°C-39°C during this season. Rainy: Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest month in Maharashtra, while August too gets substantial rain. Monsoon starts its retreat with the coming of September from the state. Winter: Cool dry spell, with clear skies gentle breeze and pleasant weather prevails from November to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature varies between 12°C-34°C during this season. (Source: http://www.maharashtratourism.net/climate.html)
• The average annual temperature of Maharashtra remains 25 ・ 27 degree centigrade in most regions. (http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/geography-and-history/climate.html)
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2. Temperature categories• Kageyama (1980: 58):
Object temperature (buttai ondo) expression [temperature range]: NP [BE WITH a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]Physiologically felt temperature (seiri ondo) expression [temperature sensation]NP [FEEL a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]
• Koptjevskaja-Tamm (Dec 2007): Guidelines for collecting linguistic
expressions for temperature conceptsEXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE: Tactile temperature vs. Non-tactile temperature perception: Koptjevskaja-Tamm amd Rakhilina (2006: 256-257): tactile temperature (sensation of temperature through touch) vs. non-tactile (sensation of temperature via air).EXPERIENCER-BASED TEMPERATURE: Personal-feeling temperature
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3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
(2) a. gaar/*thanDa paaNyaa-tse kunDacold water-GEN pond‘a pond of cold water’
b. garam paaNyaa-tse kunDahot water-GEN pond‘a pond of hot water’
6EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
(3) a. {thanDa/*gaar} have-tse thikaaN cold weather-GEN place ‘hill station’
b. hi kholi {thanDa/*gaar} aahe this room cold be.Pres‘This room is cold.’
(4) {thanDa/gaar/thanDagaar}paaNi cold/cold/sharply cold water
‘cold water’7
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• PP’s intuition: thanDa, thanDagaar is a EXPERIENCER-BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to samui in Japanese] while gaar is EXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to tsumetai in Japanese].
• In some cases both can be used as in (4) but the meaning would differ: one sprinkles gaar paaNi (and NOT thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi) in the courtyard in summer and drinks thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi (and NOT gaar paaNi). In the latter case, many use gaar paaNi as well but if the drink is changed gaar cannot be used:
• thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [usaaTsaa ras]: cold/sugarcane juice
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Various degrees of “HOTness” for water/liquids{ ukaLata/ kaDhat ・ kaDakaDit / garam /un / kombaT / gaar} paaNiboiling hot/ scalding ・ intensely hot / hot/warm/ tepid /cold waterHOT COLD
• Most of Maharashtrians (and Indians) wash their bodies with heated water. The heated water is diluted by addition of ambient temperature water. The proportion of the two gives rise to the above mentioned fine-distinctions of degree of hotness of the water.
• For PP, the distinction between uun / kombaT is lost.9EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• For solid and gaseous objects only a two-way distinction is made: garam (hot) vs gaar (cold).
• Morphological make-up of temperature adjectivesukaLat{aa,i,e,a,yaa} (>ukaL-Ne: to boil) [aa = masc.sg, i = fem.sg, e/a = neut.sg]kaDhat (> invariant present participle form of the verb kaDha-Ne ‘boil’ [intr]kaDakaDit (>onomatopoeic)garam, un, kombaT, gaar: underived/basic
10EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• In addition to the native temperature adjectives, uShNa (hot) and sheeta (cold) borrowed from Sanskrit are used primarily as modifiers of super ordinate objects.uShNa {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}hot {zone of the earth, season, climate}sheeta {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}cold {zone of the earth, season, climate}
11EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
this tea very hot/cold be.Pres.3sg‘This tea is very hot.’
(6) {garam tsahaa/ thanDa sarbat} aaN [Attributive]hot tea cold juice bring.Imp‘Bring {a cup of hot tea/a glass of cold juice}.’
(7) aadzkaal phaar garmi/thanDi asalyaa-muLe [Reference]now days lot heat/cold be-hencekaaLji ghecare take.Imp‘It’s {hot/cold} now days hence take care.’
12EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Typical examples of relevant entities(8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives
thanDa as.lyaaNe raajyaa-til taapmaan ghaTle aahe cold are.hence state-in temperature reduced be.Pres ‘As the winds blowing from North India to (Maharashtra) state
are cold, the temperature in the state has lowered down.’ (72.78.249.107/esakal/20091202/5020096785402429942.htm)
• “The sun” as subject: not possible (The sun at this time of the day was really HOT.)
18EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
“Time” as the subject: not possible (Last Sunday was really hot.) (14) *a. gelaa rawiwaar khup garam hotaa
past Sunday a lot hot was ‘Last Sunday was very hot.’ b. gelyaa rawiwaar-i khup garam hot
past Sunday-on a lot hot become hota was ‘Last Sunday one felt very hot.’
19EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
ATTRIBUTION“weather” or “climate” as a subject (Older people need to sleep in cool and
comfortable conditions in the HOT weather.)
(15) garam hawaamaan-aat baaher phiraNe yogya naahi hot weather-in outside wondering good not
‘It’s not good to wonder outside in hot weather.’ “Place” as a subject
naahit not ‘These plants do not grow in cold places.’
20EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
“Air”, “wind” as the subject(17) dilli-t diwas-bhar jhombre-waare wahaa.t hote Delhi-in day-throughout biting-winds flow.Ptcpl were ‘In Delhi biting winds were flowing throughout the day.’
• “The sun” as subject: not possible• “Time” as the subject: not possible
REFERENCE
(18) uttar pradeshaa-t thanDi-ne 337 lok maraN paawle
Uttar pradeshi-in cold-by 337 people died aahet are
‘In Uttar Pradeshi, 337 people died by cold.’21
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures
• Geographical Places• Typically uninhabited places• Mountain: ???? (may be cold: thanDa dongar-daryaa cold mountains and valleys)• Volcano: ??? (may be hot: tapta jwaalaamukhi burning volcano)• Forest: ??? (may be cold: thanDa jangal cold jungle)• Dersert: ??? (may be hot: raNranNte waaLwanTa glowing desert)• Shadow: thanDa saawli ‘cold shadow’ • Inhabited places• garam/thanDa desh ‘hot/cold country’, garam/thanDa shahar ‘hot/cold city’,
• Concrete uses: meaning• In Marathi no distinction is made between ‘warm’ and
‘hot’ in the case of solid and gaseous things. In the case of liquids this distinction is made (kombaT vs. garam) and ‘warm’ may means ‘less hot than the expected standard’ in suitable contexts apart from the objective temperature (i.e. less than hot one).
27EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
• There is separate term for “clothing warm” (ubdaar). Temperature above warm are considered dangerous.
Dangerously high
• { ukaLata/ kaDhat ・ kaDakaDit / garam} paaNi boiling hot/ scalding ・ intensely hot / hot waterPleasantly warming
• {un / kombaT } paaNiwarm/ tepid water
28EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
• OtherskombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’ Not sufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese)
30EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
• To sum up the literal (non-extended) usage of temperature adjectives in Marathi:
• Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the
temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between “warm” and “hot”.
• Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for liquids)
• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate contexts.
• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”.• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term.
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5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary
• In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, attributive uses are fairly restricted.
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English Japanese Marathi
hot news ??atsui nyuusu
*garam baatmi
Warm welcome
atatakai kangei
*{kombaT/uun} swaagat
cold response tumetai hannou
thanDa pratisaad
Cf. grama-a-garam Khabar (hot or breaking/sensational news), garma-a-garam sinetarkaa (sexy film actress)
5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary
• In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, predicative uses are more productive than the attributive ones.
(25) tisraa umedwaar maatra atishay thanDa aahe
third candidate however extremely cold be.Pres.3SgM ‘The third candidate however is extremely quite.’(www.loksatta.com)
(26) selinaa sadhyaa garam aahe Selina now days hot be.Pres.3SgF ‘Selina is angry now days.’ (marathi.webdunia.com)
(27)aataa khaasagi kharedi-cyaa spardhe-muLe baadzaar now private buying-Gen competition-dut to market
garam aahe hot be.Pres.3SgM ‘Now due to the competition created by private (non-governmental) buying the market is hot. ’ (www.cottonyarnmarket.net/NEWS/SSS2.htm)
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5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary
• Emotions: General Metonymic Principle: The physiological effects of an emotion stand for the emotion. (Lakoff 1987: 382)
(29) dainandin kaamkaadzaa-ne Doka garam dzhaale ki day-to-day work-by head hot become then
goraa saaheb phalTani-saha thanDa hawe-cyaa British officer staff-with cold weather-Gen
ThikaaNi rawaanaa hot ase place used to go ‘On getting bugged with day-to-day chores British officer used to go to hill station with his staff.’
(30) DokathanDa thew-un wichaar kar head cold keep-CP thinking do ‘Keep your cool and think.’
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5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary
• Metonymic construal: INCREASE IN BODY TEMPRATURE STANDS FOR ANGER=>Metaphorical construal: ANGER IS HEAT, ANGER IS FIRE (Lakoff 1987: 380-389)
(31) wakil-saaheb garam dzhaale lawyer-respected hot become.Pst.3Pl
5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary
Culture specific metaphors (35) hindutwaa-tsaa tawaa garam karNyaatsaa prayatna
Hinduism-of fry pan hot doing effort sanghapariwaaraa-ne kelaa the Sangh family-Erg did ‘The Sangh family (Hindu Nationalist Organization family) tried to popularize their Hinduist agenda.’ (www.ibnlokmat.tv/showblog.php?id=61262&pg=)
ghetat officers and employees pocket hot do-CP take ‘By demanding money from the truck owners and drivers the officers and employees in the (police) squad enrich their pockts.’
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6. Summary
Literal (non-extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi:• Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the
temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between “warm” and “hot”.
• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term. • Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for
liquids)• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate
contexts.• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”
Non-literal (figurative/extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi:
• Like many other languages, temperature serves as a SOURCE domain for understanding of emotions like ANGER.
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References• Kageyama, Taro. 1979. Ondo hyougen no imi kouzou. Gengo bunka kenkyu, No. 5• Kageyama, Taro. 1980. Nichiei Hikaku Goi no Kouzou. Tokyo: Shohakusha.• Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. & E. Rakhilina 2006. "Some like it hot": on semantics of
temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish. STUF (Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung), a special issue on Lexicon in a Typological and Contrastiv Perspective, ed. by Leuschner, T. & G. Giannoulopoulou, 59 (2).
• Lakoff, Geroge & Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago Press.
• Lakoff, George. 1987. Woman, fire and dangerous things. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press.
• Shimotori, Misuzu. 2004. The semantics of eight common temperature adjectives in written Japanese. Department of linguistics, Stockholm university: M.A. thesis.
• Shindo, Mika. 1998-9. An analysis of metaphorically extended concepts based onbodily experience. A case study of temperature expressions. Papers in linguisticscience, 4:29–54, 5: 57–73.
• Sutrop, Urmas. 1998. Basic temperature terms and subjective temperature scale. Lexicology, 4.1:60-104