praktikum taksonimi avertebrata

8/9/2019 praktikum taksonimi avertebrata

1/43

LNL C

XG@BNDWIWN@

>.> Inrn| Lginfn`k En}nind

C`bj`g}cn eg|wxnfn` @gkn|n sn`k egecicfc fg|nknen` dnsnrc sn`k egicexnd

lncf aij|n enwxw` anw`n. Bcrcònw bn|c igrnf {cinsnd C`bj`g}cn sn`k lg|nbn bc rg`knd%

rg`knd kn|c} }cin`k fgbwn }newbg|n sncrw ]negbg|n Dc`bcn bn` ]newbg|n Xn}cacf) jigd

fn|g`n crw ln`snf rgexnr bc {cinsnd C`bj`g}cn rgxnr`sn Xwinw On{n bn` xnbn fdw}w}`sn

bc {cinsnd On{n Rcew| Xn`rnc Bgigkn`) K|g}cf egecicfc fgn`gfn|nknen` og`c} dg{n`

C`qg|rgl|nrn bn` qg|rgl|nrn. Bnine dni Fgfnsnn` fg|nknen` dnsnrc c`c egelg|cfn`fgw rw`kn` sn`k lg}n| lnkc en}sn|nfnr. Bc n`rn|n`sn bnxnr egeg`wdc fglwrwdn`

en`w}cn owkn eg`kn`bw`k x|jrgc`) fn|ljdcb|nr) igenf) qcrnec` bn` ec`g|ni.

X|jrgc` }glnknc }nind }nrw }welg| xgeln`kw` rwlwd bnxnr lg|n}ni bn|c rwelwdn`

$`nlnrc# bn` dni c`c xg`wic} nfn` eg`kw`knfnxfn` nrnw egògin}fn` rg`rn`k fg|nknen`

dg{n` sn`k rcbnf lg|rwin`k lginfn`k $C`qg|rgl|nrn#) Dg{n` c`qg|rgl|nrn c`c bc}nexc`k

bnxnr egexg|fnsn fgn`gfn|nknen` dnsnrc) dg{n` c`c owkn eg`kn`bw`k lg|lnknc znr%znr

sn`k bnxnr bcenànnrfn` en`w}cn }glnknc mj`rjd znr rg|}glwr sncrw ?fn|ljdcb|nr) x|jrgc`)

igenf bn` znr%znr inc` sn`k eg`bwfw`k fjexj}c}c bn|c dg{n` C`qg|rgl|nrn c`c. X|jrgc`

sn`k lg|n}ni bn|c dg{n` egexw`snc fn`bw`kn` sn`k }gexw|`n bcln`bc`kfn` bg`kn`

x|jrgc` `nlnrc. Jigd fn|g`n crw xg`knbnn` }welg| x|jrgc` dg{n`c dn|w} bcwxnsnfn`.

Xg`kwxnsnn` fn`bw`kn` sn`k lg|en annr lnkc en`w}cn) ln`snf en}sn|nfnr

lg|lj`bj`k%lj`rj`k w`rwf egelwbcbnsnfn` dg{n`%dg{n` C`qg|rgl|nrn rg|}glwr) mj`rjd

dg{n` rg|}glwr? Mwmweg|cn A|jbj}n }x. $rg|cxn`k# bc}nexc`k crw dg{n` C`qg|rgl|nrn

rg|}glwr egecicfc en annr }glnknc xg`kdc}nx }nexnd sn`k nbn bc inwr. ]gdwlw`kn`

bg`kn` crw xg`wic} rg|rn|cf w`rwf egecicd fn|sn rwic} sn`k lg|owbwi Fg|nknen` Dg{n`c

C`qg|rgl|nrn bc Xn`rnc Bgigkn` K|g}cf


2/43

Rwown`

Rwown` bn|c fgkcnrn` x|nfrcfwe inxn`k bc Xn`rnc Bginkn` K|g}cf) On{n Rcew| nbnind

>. Eg`kcbg`rcacfn}c mc|c%mc|c dg{n` nqg|rgl|nrn En`annr

En`annr sn`k bnxnr bcxg|jigd bn|c x|nfrcfwe inxn`k Rnf}j`jec Nqg|rgl|nrn nbnind

>. Eg`kgrndwc fgn`gfn|nknen` dg{n` nqg|rgl|nrn sn`k rg|bnxnr bc Xn`rnc

Bgigkn` K|g}cf) On{n Rcew|


3/43

LNL CC

FNOCN@ XW]RNFN

Xg`kg|rcn`Dg{n` nqg|rgl|nrn $C 5 rcbnf 6 Qg|rgl|nrn 5 Rwin`k lginfn`k#onbc

C`qg|rgl|nrn nbnind dg{n` rc kfnr |g`bnd sn`k rcbnf rcbnf egecicfc rwin`k

lginfn`k) lncf dg{n` sn`k lg|}gi rw`kkni bn` rcbnf egexw`snc lg`rwf rgrnx)

enwxw` dg{n` sn`k lg|}gi ln`snf bn` egexw`snc lg`rwf rgrnx) }g|rn

egecicfc }r|wfrw| ej|ajijkc bn` n`nrjec iglcd }gbg|dn`n bcln`bc`kfn` bg`kn`

fgijexjf dg{n` lg|rwin`k xw`kkw`k * lginfn`k) owkn }c}rge xg`mg|`nn`)

xg|`nxn}n` bn` xg|gbn|n` bn|nd iglcd }gbg|dn`n bcln`bc kfn` dg{n`

qg|rgl|nrn. Dg{n` C`qg|rgl|nrn c`c bnxnr bc lgbnfn` lg|bn}n|fn` oweind inxc}n`

igelnkn bn` |j`kkn rwlwd.

Dg{n` lg|n}ni bn|c zckjr sn`k lg|}gi }nrw bn` xg|fgeln`kn` }gin`owr`sn

rg|onbc fn|g`n xgelgindn` }gi. ]gi nfn` lg|rnelnd ln`snf }gdc`kkn lg`rwf`sn

eg`sg|wxnc ljin. ]gi }gi rg|}glwr egig`kfw`k fg bnine egelg`rwf bwn inxc}

igelnkn) sncrw gmrjbg|e bn` g`bjbg|e) dg{n` c`c owkn bc}glwr dg{n` bcxijlin}rcf

bcn`rn|n gmrjbg|e bn` g`bjbg|e rg|bnxnr eg}jbg|e }gdc`kkn rg|bnxnr rckn inxw}

igelnkn $ r|cxijlin}rcf#


4/43

rwlwd`sn rg|bc|c bn|c bwn inxc} $bcxijlin}rcf# bg`kn` inxc}n` iwn| gxcbg|ec}

lg|lg`rwf }gi xcxcd sn`k bc}glwr xc`nfj}cr) }gbn`kfn` inxc}n` bnine

g`bjbg|ec} rg|}w}w` bn|c }gi ainkgi bc}glwr fjn`j}cr.

Rg|bnxnr inxc}n` rg`knd lg|wxn }wl}rn`}c lg|wxn kginrc` bc}glwr eg}jkign.

Eg}jkign c`c rg|bnxnr}gi nejln}crlg|aw`k}c eg`kgbn|fn` enfn`n` bn`}gi

}fig|jlin}rlg|aw`k}c egelg`rwf fg|n`kfn eg`sg|wxnc bw|c $}xcfwin #

Mc|c%mc|c n`nrjec`sn n`rn|n inc`?

egecicfc rckn rcxg }niw|n` nc|) sncrw n}fj`jcb) }cfj`jcb) bn` igwfj`jcb

xg`mg|`nn` }gmn|n c`r|n}giwig| bc bnine fjn`j}cr bn` nejglj}cr

Wfw|n` bn` lg`rwf

Wfw|n` xj|cag|n }n`knr lg|nkne.Lglg|nxn og`c} xj|cag|n nbn sn`k lg|wfw|n`

}glg}n| lwrc|n` lg|n}) }gbn`kfn` og c} sn`k inc `sn lc}n egecicfc rc`kkc bn`

bcnegrg| dc`kkn < egrg|. Rwlwd xj|cag|n xnbn wewe`sn n}cegr|c} nrnw rcbnf

lg|nrw|n` eg}fcxw` nbn sn`k }cegr|c} |nbcni. Lg`rwf`sn nbn sn`k }gxg|rc rnlw`k)

qn} lw`kn) en`kfwf) nrnw lg|mnln`k }gxg|rc rwelwdn`. Rwlwd`sn egecicfc

iwln`k%iwln`k fgmci nrnw xj|c$j}rcwe#.[n|`n rwlwd lg|qn|cn}c) nbn sn`k lg|{n| n

xwmnr) bn` nbn sn`k lg|{n|`n mg|nd) }gxg|rc eg|nd) oc`kkn) fw`c`k lndfn` w`kw.

Xj|cag|n dcbwx }gmn|n dgrg|jr|ja. Enfn`n``sn nbnindlnfrg|c bn`xin`frj`.

Enfn`n` sn`k en}wf fg rwlwd`sn bnine lg`rwf mnc|n` }gdc`kkn xj|cag|n bc}glwr

owkn }glnknc xgenfn` mnc|n . Dnlcrnr xj|cag|n wewe`sn bc inwr. Xj|cag|n

eginfwfn` |gx|jbwf}c }gmn|n n}gf}wni enwxw` }gf}wni. \gx|jbwf}c }gmn|n n}gf}wni

rg|onbc bg`kn` xgelg`rwfn` rw`n} bn` kgeewig. Kgeewig bc}glwr owkn rw`n}

c`rg|`ni. Kgeewig bcdn}cifn` eg`ogin`k ew}ce bc`kc` bc bnine rwlwd Xj|cag|n

sn`k dcbwx bc nc| rn{n|. ]gmn|n }gf}wni bg`kn` mn|n xgiglw|n` }gi }xg|en bg`kn`

}gi jqwe) xgelwndn` c`c rg|onbc bc iwn| rwlwd xj|cag|n. Lglg|nxn og`c} Xj|cag|n

}gxg|rc ]xj`kcn bn` Dcxxj}xj`kcn bnxnr bckw`nfn` }glnknc }xj`} en`bc.

_nr fcecn sn`k bcfgiwn|fn``sn egecicfc xjrg`}c }glnknc jlnr xg`snfcr fn`fg|bn`

xg`snfcr inc``sn.

Mn|n dcbwx bn` Dnlcrnr

Xj|cag|n dcbwx }gmn|n dgrg|jrja.Enfn`n`sn nbnind lnfrg|c bn`

xin`frj`.Enfn`n` sn`k en}wf fgbnine rwlwd`sn lg|lg rwf mnc|n`.Xg`mg|`nn`
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktonhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauthttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksihttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aseksual&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksualhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktonhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauthttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksihttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aseksual&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksualhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker


5/43

bcinfwfn` }gmn|n c`r|n}giwig| bc bnine fjn`j}cr bn` nejglj}cr.Dnlcrnr xj|cag|n

wewe`sn bc inwr) ewinc bn|c rgxc xn`rnc dc`kkn inwr bg`kn` fgbninen` 7 fe.]gfcrn|

>78 og c} xj|cag|n dcbwx bc ncr rn{n|) ec}ni sn Dnicmcj`n bn|c fgin}

Bgej}xj`kcn.Xj|cag|n sn`k rgind bg{n}n rcbnf bnxnr lg|xc bnd rgexnr $}g}ci#)

dcbwx`sn eg`gexgi xnbn lnrw nrnw lg`bn inc`sn bc bn}n| inwr.Fn|g`n xj|cag|n sn`k

lg|mc|cfn` rcbnf bnxnr lg|xc`bnd rgexnr) fnbn`k xj|cag|n bcn`kknx }glnknc

rwelwdn`.

Dgtnmrc`giicbn $Dsnij}xj`kcng#

Dgtnmrc`giicbn $bnine lndn}n sw`n`c) dgtn 5 g`ne# nrnw Dsnij}xj`kcng

$bnine lndn}n sw`n`c) dsnij 5 fnmn*r|n`}xn|n`) }xj`kcn 5 }xj`}# egecicfc }xcfwin

sn`k rg|}w}w` bn|c }cicfn.Wow`k }xcfwin lg|oweind g`ne }gxg|rc lc`rn`k.Rwlwd`sn

fgln`snfn` lg|{n|`n xwmnr bg`kn` lg`rwf qn} lw`kn nrnw en`kfwf.Rc`kkc

rwlwd`sn |nrn%|nrn >8%=8 me bg`kn` }niw|n` rcxg }cfj`jcb.Dg{n` c`c dcbwx }jicrg|

bc inwr xnbn fgbninen` .888 e.Mj`rjd Dgtnmrc`giicbn nbnind Gwxigmrgiin.

Bgej}xj`kcng

Bgej}xj`kcng $ bnine lndn}n sw`n`c) bgej 5 rglni) }xj`kcn 5 }xj`}#

egecicfc |n`kfn sn`k rg|}w}w` bn|c }g|nlwr }xj`kc`. Rwlwd`sn lg|{n|`n mg|nd

fn|g`n eg`kn`bw`k xckeg` sn`k rg|bnxnr xnbn nejglj}cr.Aw`k}c {n|`n bcbwkn

w`rwf egic`bw`kc rwlwd`sn bn|c }c`n| enrndn|c.Lg`rwf rwlwd`sn rcbnf lg|nrw|n`

bn` lg|mnln`k.Rc kkc bn` bcnegrg|`sn nbn sn`k eg`mnxnc iglcd bn|c >

egrg|.]giw|wd Bgej}xj`kcng egecicfc }niw|n` nc| rcxg Igwfj`jcb.Dnlcrnr

Bgej}xj`kcng wewe`sn bc inwr bnine enwxw` bn`kfni) eg}fcxw` nbn sn`k bc nc|

rn{n|.Bgej}xj`kcng nbnind }nrw%}nrw`sn fgijexjf xj|cag|n sn`k n`kkjrn`sn nbn

sn`k dcbwx bc nc| rn{n|.Bgej}xj`kcng eg|wxnfn` fgin} rg|lg}n| sn`k eg`mnfwx

38' bn|c }giw|wd og`c} xj|cag|n. Mj`rjd Bgej}xj`kcng nbnind }xj`kcn)

dcxxj}xj`kcn bn` @cxdnrg} bckcrnic}.

Mnimn|gn $Mnimc}}xj`kcng#

Mnimn|gn $bnine inrc`) mnimn|g 5 fnxw|# nrnw Mnimc}xj`kcng $bnine inrc`)

mnimc 5 fnxw|) }xj`kcn 5 }xj`}# egecicfc |n`kfn sn`k rg|}w}w` bn|c fni}cwe

fn|lj`nr.Rwlwd`sn fgln`snfn` lg|{n|`n xwmnr bg`kn` lg`rwf }gxg|rc qn} lw`kn)

bjexgr) fg`bc) nrnw }cic`bg|.Rc`kkc rwlwd fw|n`k bn|c >8 me.]r|wfrw| rwlwd nbn


6/43

sn`k egecicfc }niw|n` nc| n}fj`jcb) }cfj`jcb) nrnw igwfj`jcb. Mnimn|gn dcbwx bc

inwr bn`kfni) mj`rjd`sn }smj`) Minrd|c`n) bn` Igwmgrrw}n in`mcag|.

MJGIG@RG\NRN

mc|c Mjgig rg|nrn lg|n}ni bn|c fnrn FJCIJ] 5 |j`kkn rwlwd nrnw }gije bn`

G@RG\J@ 5 w}w}. Onbc MJGIG@RG\J@ n|rc`sn |j`kkn sn`k lg|aw`k}c }glnknc w}w}.

Mjgig`rg|nrn dcbwx`sn bc xg|nc|n` inwr enwxw` nc| rn{n|) mj`rjd dsb|n.

MC\C%MC\C MJGIG@RG\NRN

Dg{n` lg|}gi ln`snf $ewirc}giwig|#

Rwlwd |nbcni }cegr|c} $< inxc} }gi#) gfrjbg|e bn` g`bjbg|e. Bcn`rn|n`sn nbn

|j`kkn $eg}jkign#

Lg`rwf }gxg|rc rnlw`k $xjicx# bn` }gxg|rc en`kfjf $egbw}n#

Bc nrn} rwlwd rg|bnxnr ewiwr bn` rg`rnfgi w`rwf eg`n`kfnx en`k}n bn` lg|kg|nf.

Rg`rnfgi xw`sn }gi |nmw` $f`cbjlin}r# nrnw }gi xg`sg`knr $`genrj}c}#

Xw`sn |j`kkn kn}r|jqn}fwig| w`rwf xg`mg|`nn`

]c}rge xg|`nxn}n` bg`kn` mn|n bcaw}c $}giw|wd xg|ewfnn` rwlwd#) fgmwnic

N`rdjzjn bn` ]caj`jkicn

]c}rge }n|na bcaw} $lnw|#

Eg`kninec egrnkg`g}c} $xg|kcic|n` fgrw|w`n`#) qgkgrnrca xnbn an}g xjicx bn`

kg`g|nrca xnbn an}g egbw}n

RCXG MJGIG@RG\NRN

>. XJICX

Wewe`sn dcbwx }jicrg| $}g`bc|c#) rnxc nbn xwin sn`k egelg`%rwf fjij`c. Egigfnr

xnbn bn}n| xg|nc|n`) rcbnf bnxnr lg|kg|nf lgln}. Rwlwd nrn} egelg}n|) bc nine`sn

rg|bnxnr |j`kkn kn}r|jqn}fwig| sn`k aw`k}c`sn }glnknc w}w}. Bc lnkcn` nrn} rg|bnxnr

ewiwr bn` rg`rnfgi w`rwf eg`n`kfnx en`k}n. Xjicx eg|wxnfn` an}g qgkgrnrca xnbn

mjgig`rg|nrn


7/43

MN\N XG\JIGD ENFN@N@

Mjgig`rg|nrn dcbwx bc xg|nc|n` sn`k og|`cd sn`k eg`kn`bw`k xn|rcfgi%xg|rcfgi

j|kn`cf) xin`frj` nrnw dg{n`%dg{n` fgmci. Ocfn rg|bnxnr dg{n` fgmci) ec}ni og`rcf

`snewf eg`gexgi xnbn rg`rnfgi bn` eg`kg%`nc }gi f`cbjlin}r) enfn }gi rg|}glwr

eg`kgiwn|fn` |nmw`. Og`rcf nfn` igen} iniw rg`rnfgi egeln{n`sn fg ewiwr. Bc

ln{nd ewiwr rg|bnxnr fg|j`k%fj`kn` xg`bgf iniw en}wf fg |j`kkn kn}r|jqn}fwig|

w`rwf bcmg|`n }gmn|n gf}r|n}giwig| $iwn| }gi#. ]gi%}gi g`bjbg|en eg`sg|nx }n|c%}n|c

enfn`n`. ]c}n%}c}n enfn`n` nfn` bcew`rndfn` eginiwc ewiwr.

\GX\JBWF]C MJGIG@RG\NRN

Nbn < mn|n xg|fgeln`klcnfn`) sncrw ? n}gf}wni $qgkgrnrca# bn` }gf}wni $kg`g|nrca#

>. N]GF]WNI $QGKGRNRCA# Bcinfwfn` bg`kn` egelg`rwf fw`mwx xnbn fnfc

xnbn an}g xjicx. Enfc` inen enfc` lg}n|) iniw egelg`rwf rg`rnfgi. Fw`mwx rwelwd

bc}gfcrn| fnfc }nexnc lg}n| dc`kkn c`bwf`sn egelwnr fw`mwx ln|w. ]genfc` ln`snf

iniw eg`onbc fjij`c


8/43

Dcbwx bc nc| inwr }gmn|n fjij`c. ]glnkcn` lg}n| {nfrw dcbwx`sn }glnknc fjij`c

xjicx. Lnkcn` xjicx sn`k lg|aw`k}c bnine dni enfn` bc}glwr dcb|n`r ) }gbn`k an}g

}gf}wni $egbw}n# bc}glwr kj`n`kcwe

FIN]CACFN]C MJGIG@RG\NRN

]msxdjzjn

Lg|n}ni bn|c fnrn }msxdj} 5 en`kfjf

Egecicfc lg`rwf bjec`n` egbw}n. Xjicx lnkcn` nrn} nfn` egelg`rwf egbw}n

iniw igxn} eginsn`k bc nc|. Egbw}n nfn` eginfwfn` fn{c` bn` egelg`rwf

xin`win }glnknc mnij` xjicx. Mj`rjd ? Nw|gicn nw|crn $wlw|%wlw|#

N`rdjzjn

Lg|n}ni bn|c fnrn n`rdj} 5 lw`kn. Dcbwx bc inwr lg`rwf xjicx) rcbnf xw`sn an}g

egbw}n. Xjicx lg|gx|jbwf}c }gmn|n n}gf}wni bg`kn` rw`n}) xgelgindn` bn`

a|nkeg`rn}c. \gx|jbwf}c }gf}wni bg`kn` ag|rcic}n}c sn`k eg`kdn}cifn` zckjr iniw

eg onbc xin`win. Mj rjd ? N`gej` inwr ? Egr|cbcwe en|kc`nrwe) Wr|cmc n

m|n}cmn|c}. Fn|n`k inwr ? N}r|n`kcn bg`ng) Rwlcxdj|n ew}cmn

FIN]CACFN]C MJGIG@RG\NRN

Mrg`jxdj|n

Lglg|nxn zjjijk eg`kn`kknx mrg`jxdj|n eg|wxnfn` aciwe rg|}g`bc|c.

Rwlwd`sn egexw`snc inxc}n` eg}jbg|e) rcbnf egexw`snc `genrjf}c} bn`rg`rnfgi`sn eg`kn`bw`k znr%znr xgigfnr w`rwf eg`n`kfnx en`k}n.

Mrg`jxdj|n bclgbnfn` nrn} < }wlfgin}) sncrw ?

]wlfgin} Rg`rnmwinrn $xw`sn rg`rnfgi#.

Rg|bc|c nrn} lglg|nxn j|bj) n`rn|n inc` ?

>#. Msbcxxcbn ) rwlwd lwinr*jqni) rg|bnxnr }genmne rn`bwf. Mj`rjd ?

Eg|rg`}cn


9/43

]wlfgin} ewbn $rnf xw`sn rg`rnfgi#) lg|wxn j|bj Lg|jcbn ) rwlwd fg|wmwr nrnw

}cic`bg|. Mj`rjd ? Lg|jg

XINRSDGIEC@RDG]

$bnine lndn}n sw`n`c) xinrs 5 xcxcd) dgiec`rdg} 5 mnmc`k# nrnw mnmc`k xcxcd

nbnind fgijexjf dg{n` sn`k }r|wfrw| rwlwd`sn }gbnd iglcd enow bcln`bc`kfn` xj|cag|n

bn` Mjgig`rg|nrn.Rwlwd Xinrsdgiec`rdg} egecicfc rckn inxc}n` }gi $r|cxijlin}rcf#) sncrw

gf}rjbg|e) eg}jbg|e) bn` g`bjbg|e.

Mc|c rwlwd

Mc|c rwlwd Xinrsdgiec`rdg} egicxwrc wfw|n`) lg`rwf) }r|wfrw|) bn` aw`k}c rwlwd.

Wfw|n` bn` lg`rwf rwlwd

Xinrsdgiec`rdg} egecicfc wfw|n` rwlwd lg|nkne) bn|c sn`k lg|wfw|n` dnexc|

ecm|j}fjxc} dc`kkn sn`k xn`on`k`sn


10/43

}gxg|rc }c}n j|kn`c}eg.Xinrsdgiec`rdg} xn|n}cr dcbwx xnbn on|c`kn` nrnw mnc|n`

rwlwd c`n`k`sn.Dnlcrnr Xinrsdgiec`rdg} sn`k dcbwx lgln} nbnind bc nc| rn{n|)

inwr) bn` rgexnr%rgexnr sn`k igelnx.Xinrsdgiec`rdg} sn`k xn|n}cr dcbwx bc bnine

rwlwd c`n`k`sn $g`bjxn|n}cr# xnbn }cxwr nc|) }nxc) lnlc) nrnw en`w}cn.

\gx|jbwf}c

\gx|jbwf}c Xinrsdgiec rdg} bcinfwfn` }gmn|n }gf}wni bn` n}gf}wni.Xnbn

|gx|jbwf}c }gf}wni nfn` eg`kdn}cifn` knegr.Ag|rcic}n}c jqwe jigd }xg|en rg|onbc

bc bnine rwlwd $c rg| ni#.Ag|rcic}n}c bnxnr bcinfwfn` }g`bc|c nrnwxw` bg`kn`

xn}n`kn` inc`.\gx|jbwf}c n}gf}wni rcbnf bcinfwfn` jigd }gewn

Xinrsdgiec`rdg}.Fgijexjf Xinrsdgiec`rdg} rg|rg`rw bnxnr eginfwfn` |gx|jbwf}c

n}gf}wni bg`kn` mn|n egelgind bc|c $a|nkeg`rn}c#) fgewbcn` |gkg`g|n}c xjrj`kn`

rwlwd rg|}glwr egònbc c`bcqcbw ln|w.

Fin}cacfn}c

Og`c} Xinrsdgiec`rdg} bcfgijexjfn` egònbc rckn fgin}) sncrw Rw|lgiin|cn $mnmc`k

|nelwr kgrn|#) R|genrjbn $mnmc`k c}nx#) bn` Mg}rjbn $mnc`k xcrn#.

Rw|lgiin|cn $mnmc`k |nelwr kgrn|#

xinrsdgieZrw|lgiin|cnZbwkg}cn

Rw|lgiin|cn egecicfc wfw|n` rwlwd lg|}cicn bg`kn` wfw|n`>7 >4 ee.]cicn bckw`nfn` w`rwf lg|kg|nf.Xg|kg|nfn`

owkn bnxnr eg`kkw`nfn` jrjr bg`kn` kg|nfn` }gxg|rc

kgijeln`k.Xnbn fnin} c`c nfn` bclndn} eg`kg`nc mc|c

}nind }nrw mj`rjd Rw|lgiin|cn) sncrw Bwkg}cn.

Lnkcn` n`rg|cj| rwlwd Bwkg}cn lg|lg`rwf }gkcrckn bn` egecicfc }c}rge c`bg|n lg|wxn

}gxn}n`k lc`rcf enrn }g|rn mgind sn`k bc}glwr nw|cfgi.Lc`rcf enrn w`rwf egelgbnfn`

fgnbnn` kginx bn` rg|n`k) }gbn`kfn` nw|cfgi lg|aw`k}c }glnknc c`bg|n xgelnw }nnr

Bwkg}cn eg`mn|c enfn`n``sn.Xg|ewfnn` rwlwd lnkcn` qg`r|ni Bwkg}cn egecicfc }cicn

sn`k lg|aw`k}c w`rwf xg|kg|nfn`.Xnbn lnkcn` rg`knd rwlwd`sn rg|bnxnr ewiwr.Eginiwc

ewiwr) an|c`k bnxnr bcowiw|fn` fgiwn| w`rwf eg`n`kfnx en`k}n sn`k }ginòwr`sn bcmg|`n

bcbnine w}w}. ]c}rge gf}|g}c Bwkg}cn rg|bc|c bn|c }niw|n` lg|mnln`k%mnln`k sn`k bc}glwr

x|jrj`ga|cbcn) egenòn`k bn|c xj|c%xj|c xnbn xg|ewfnn` rwlwd lnkcn` bj|}ni }nexnc fg


11/43

}gi%}gi nxc bnine rwlwd`sn.]gi%}gi nxc sn`k lg|lg`rwf }gxg|rc ljin inexw bn` egecicfc

}cicn bc bnine`sn.Xg|kg|nfn` }cicn lg|aw`k}c w`rwf eg`kkg|nffn` nc| bnine }gi

eg`sg|wxnc `snin nxc }gdc`kkn }gi rg|}glwr bc`nenfn` }gi nxc.Bwkg}cn eg|wxnfn` dg{n`

dgena|jbcr) `new` |gx|jbwf}c }gf}wni rcbnf bnxnr bcinfwfn` dn`sn jigd }nrw

c`bcqcbw.Ag|rcic}n}c bcinfwfn` }gmn|n }cin`k jigd bwn c`bcqcbw Bwkg}cn._ckjr sn`k

rg|lg`rwf lg|fgeln`k rn`xn eginiwc x|j}g} xg|cjbg in|qn.]gbn`kfn` |gx|jbwf}c n}gf}wni

nbnind bg`kn` egelgind bc|c`sn bn` }grcnx lgindn` rwlwd nfn` egònbc c`bcqcbw ln|w

sn`k bcfn|g`nfn` jigd bnsn |gkg`g|n}c`sn sn`k }n`knr rc`kkc.

R|genrjbn $mnmc`k c}nx#

xinrsdgieZr|genrjbnZmij`j|mdc}

R|genrjbn bc}glwr }glnknc mnmc`k c}nx fn|g`n mnmc k c`c

egecicfc ninr xg`kc}nx.Ninr xg`kc}nx rg|bnxnr xnbn ewiwr bc

lnkcn` n`rg|cj| rwlwd`sn.fgkw`nn` ninr c}nx nbnind w`rwf

eg`gexgi xnbn rwlwd c`n`k`sn.Xn}n }nnr eg`gexgi mnmc`k

c`c eg`kc}nx enfn`n` lg|wxn on|c`kn` nrnw mnc|n` rwlwd

c`n`k`sn.Bg`kn` bgecfcn`) R|genrjbn eg|wxnfn` dg{n` xn|n}cr.

R|genrjbn bg{n}n xnbn wewe`sn dcbwx bc bnine dnrc) w}w}) xn|w%xn|w) kcòni) bn`

xgelwiwd bn|nd qg|rgl|nrn.R|genrjbn lg|ic`bw`k bc bnine rwlwd c`n`k`sn bg`kn`

eginxc}c xg|ewfnn` rwlwd`sn bg`kn` fwrcfwin bn` xg|ewfnn` rwlwd`sn rcbnf egecicfc

}cicn.]nind }nrw mj`rjd R|genrjbn nbnind mnmc`k dnrc $An}mcjin dgxnrcmn#.Mnmc`k dnrc

egecicfc bnw| dcbwx sn`k fjexigf} fn|g`n egiclnrfn` }gbcfcr`sn bwn og`c} c`n`k) sncrw

c`n`k wrnen bn` c`n`k }glnknc xg|n`rn|n.Bnw| dcbwx mnmc`k dnrc rg|bc|c bn|c an}g }gf}wni

bn` n}gf}wni.An}g }gf}wni rg|onbc }nnr mnmc`k dnrc bg{n}n lg|nbn bc bnine rwlwd c`n`k

wrnen.An}g n}gf}wni bg`kn` egelgind bc|c rg|onbc }nnr in|qn lg|nbn bc bnine rwlwd c`n`k

xg|n`rn|n.

Lglg|nxn og`c} mnmc`k dnrc sn`k bnxnr eg`kcàgf}c en`w}cn n`rn|n inc` }glnknc lg|cfwr ?

% Jxc}rdj|mdc} }c`g`}c}$Mnmc`k dnrc mc`n#

mnmc`k bg{n}n dcbwx xnbn j|kn` dnrc en`w}cn.C`n`k xg|n`rn|n`sn nbnind }cxwr nc| bn`

cfn`.

% ]mdc}rj}jen onxj`cmwe.


12/43

Mnmc`k c`c dcbwx bc bnine xgelwiwd bn|nd xnb }niw|n` xg`mg|`nn` en`w}cn.En`w}cn

eg|wxnfn` c`n`k wrnen`sn) `new` dg{n` owkn bnxnr rg|càgf}c }gxg|rc rcfw}) nòc`k)

lnlc) bn` }nxc.C`n`k xg|n`rn|n`sn nbnind }cxwr nexdclc J`mjegin`cn dwxg`}c}.Mnmc`k c`c

eg`sglnlfn` xg`snfcr }fc}rj}jecn}c} bg`kn` mc|c bgene) n`gecn) bc}g`r|c) lg|nr lnbn`

rw|w`)bn` xgelg`kfnfn` dnrc.

%Xn|nkj`cew }{g}rg|en`c

Mnmc`k c`c dcbwx bnine xn|w%xn|w en`w}cn.C`n`k xg|n`rn|n`sn nbnind wbn`k nc| rn{n|.

Mg}rjbn $mnmc`k xcrn#

rng`cnZxc}caj|ec}

Mg}rjbn owkn bc}glwr }glnknc mnmc`k xcrn fn|g`n lg`rwf`sn xcxcd xnòn`k }gxg|rc

xcrn.Rwlwd Mg}rjbn bcinxc}c fwrcfwin bn` rg|bc|c bn|c lnkcn` n`rg|cj| sn`k bc}glwr }fjigf})

igdg| $}r|jlciw}#) bn` |n`kfncn` x|jkijrcb.Xnbn }fjigf} rg|bnxnr ninr xg`kc}nx.]fjigf}

xnbn og`c} Mg}rjbn rg|rg`rw }ginc` egecicfc ninr xg`kc}nx) owkn egecicfc fncr $|j}rgiwe#sn`k lg|aw`k}c w`rwf egigfnr xnbn j|kn` rwlwd c`n`k`sn.Bclginfn`k }fjigf} xnbn

lnkcn` igdg| rg|lg`rwf x|jkijrcb. ]grcnx x|jkijrcb eg`kn`bw`k j|kn` fginec` on`rn`

$rg}rc}# bn` j|kn` fginec lgrc`n $jqn|cwe#.Rcnx x|jkijrcb bnxnr rg|onbc ag|rcic}n}c

}g`bc|c.X|jkijrcb sn`k bclwndc rg|bnxnr bc lnkcn` xj}rg|cj| rwlwd mnmc`k.X|jkijrcb bnxnr

egigxn}fn` bc|c $}r|jlcin}c# bn` fgiwn| bn|c rwlwd c`n`k wrnen lg|}nen bg`kn` rcòn.

Mg}rjbn lg|}canr xn|n}cr fn|g`n eg`sg|nx }n|c enfn` bn|c w}w} dniw}

c`n`k`sn.]n|c enfn`n` bc}g|nx in`k}w`k jigd }giw|wd xg|ewfnn` rwlwd`sn fn|g`n mnmc`k

c`c rcbnf egecicfc ewiwr bn` xg`mg|`nn` $w}w}#.En`w}cn bnxnr rg|càgf}c Mg}rjbn }nnr

egenfn` bnkc`k dg{n` sn`k bcen}nf rcbnf }gexw|`n.C`n`k xg|`nrn|n Mg}rjbn nbnind

}nxc xnbn Rng`cn }nkc`nrn bn` lnlc xnbn rng`cn }jicwe.

@GENRDGIEC@RDG]


13/43

$bnine lndn}n sw`n`c) `gen 5 lg`n`k) dgiec`rdg} 5 mnmc`k# bc}glwr }glnknc

mnmc`k kcick fn|n` rwlwd`sn lg|lg`rwf lwinr xnòn`k nrnw }gxg|rc lg`n`k.Lg|lgbn bg`kn`

Xinrsdgiec`rdg} sn`k lgiwe egecicfc |j`kkn rwlwd) @genrdgiec`rdg} }wbnd egecicfc

|j`kkn rwlwd eg}fcxw` lwfn` |j`kkn rwlwd }gonrc.Jigd fn|g`n egecicfc |j`kkn rwlwd

}gew) @genrdgiec`rdg} bc}glwr }glnknc dg{n` X}gwbj}gijenrn.

Mc|c rwlwd

Mc|c rwlwd @genrdgiec`rdg} egicxwrc wfw|n`) lg`rwf) }r|wfrw|) bn` aw`k}c rwlwd.


Wfw|n` rwlwd @genrdgiec`rdg} wew`sn ecf|j}fjxc}) eg}fcxw` nbn sn`k

xnòn`k `sn }nexnc > egrg|.C`bcqcbw lgrc`n lg|wfw|n` iglcd lg}n| bn|cxnbn c`bcqcbw

on`rn`.Rwlwd lg|lg`rwf lwinr xnòn`k nrnw }gxg|rc lg`n`k bg`kn` wow`k%wow`k sn`k

eg|w`mc`k.

]r|wfrw| bn` aw`k}c rwlwd

Xg|ewfnn` rwlwd @genrdgiec`rdg} bcinxc}c fwrcfwin w`rwf egic`bw`kc

bc|c.Fwrcfwin c`c iglcd fwnr xnbn mnmc`k xn|n}cr sn`k dcbwx bc c`n`k bn|cxnbn sn`k dcbwx

lgln}.Fwrcfwin lg|aw`k}c w`rwf egic`bw`kc bn|c bn|c g`zce xg`mg|`nn` c`n`k.

@genrdgiec`rdg} egecicfc }c}rge xg|mg`nn` sn`k ig`kfnx rg|bc|c bn|c ewiwr) an|c`k)

w}w}) bn` n`w}.Ewiwr rg|bnxnr xnbn wow`k n`rg|cj|) }gbn`kfn` n`w} rg|bnxnr xnbn wow`k

xj}rg|cj|. Lglg|nxn @genrdgiec`rdg} egecicfc fncr xnbn ewiwr`sn.

@genrdgiec`rdg} rcbnf egecicfc xgelwiwd bn|nd. Enfn`n` bcgbn|fn` fg}giw|wd rwlwd

eginiwc mnc|n` xnbn x}gwbj}gije. @genrdgiec`rdg} rcbnf egecicfc }c}rge |g}xc|n}c)

xg|`nxn}n` bcinfwfn` }gmn|n bcaw}c eginiwc xg|ewfnn` rwlwd.J|kn` |gx|jbwf}c on`rn`

bn` lgrc`n rg|xc}nd bnine c`bcqcbw lg|lgbn.

Mn|n dcbwx bn` dnlcrnr

@genrdgiec rdg} dcbwx lgln} nrnw xn|n}cr xnbn en`w}cn) dg{n`) bn` rwelwdn`.

@genrdgiec rdg} sn`k dcbwx lgln} lg|xg|n` }glnknc xg`kw|nc }nexnd j|kn`cf)

}gbn`kfn` sn`k xn|n}cr egexg|jigd enfn`n` lg|wxn }n|c enfn`n` bn` bn|nd bn|c rwlwd


14/43

c`n`k`sn. Dnlcrnr mnmc`k c`c lg|nbn bc rn`nd lgmgf bn` bc bn}n| xg|nc|n` rn{n| nrnw inwr.

@genrdgiec`rdg} xn|n}cr dcbwx bnine c`n`k`sn.

\gx|jbwf}c

@genrdgiec rdg} wewe`sn eginfwfn` |gx|jbwf}c }gmn|n }gf}wni.]c}rge |gx|jbwf}c

lg|}canr kj`jfj|c}) sncrw j|kn` fginec` on`rn` bn` lgrc`n rg|xc}nd xnbn c`bcqcbw sn`k

lg|lgbn.Ag|rcic}n}c rg|onbc }gmn|n c`rg|`ni.Rgiw| dn}ci ag|rcic}n}c bnxnr egelg`rwf fc}rn bn`

fc}rn bnxnr lg|rndn` dcbwx xnbn ic`kfw`kn` sn`k rcbnf eg`kw`rw`kfn`.

Fin}cacfn}c

@genrdgiec rdg} bclnkc egònbc bwn fgin}) sncrw @genrjbn bn` @genrjxdj|n.Xnbn

w|ncn` lg|cfwr nfn` bclndn} lglg|nxn }xg}cg} bn|c `genrjbn sn`k eg|wxnfn` xn|n}cr lnkc

en`w}cn.

N}mn|c} iwel|cmjcbg} $mnmc`k xg|wr#

Mnmc`k c`c dcbwx bc bnine w}w} dniw} en`w}cn }gdc`kkn }g|c`k fnic bc}glwr mnmc`k

xg|wr.N}mn|c} iwel|cmjcbg} eg|wxnfn` dg{n` bcj}gw}) sncrw dg{n` bg`kn` og`c} fginec`

lg|lgbn) lwfn` dgena|jbcr.N}mn|c} iwel|cmjcbg} dn`sn lg|fgeln`k lcnf }gmn|n

}gf}wni.N}mn|c} iwel|cmjcbg} on rn` egecicfc }gxn}n`k ninr lg|lg rwf fncr sn`k

eg`sgelwi bn|c n`w} bc}glwr }xcfwin.]xcfwin lg|aw`k}c w`rwf egelwfn xj|c fginec`

mnmc`k lgrc`n bn` egec`bndfn` }xg|en }nnr fn{c`. Càgf}c mnmc`k c`c eg`sglnlfn`

xg`snfcr n}fn|cn}c} nrnw mnmc`kn`) wewe`sn xnbn n`nf%n`nf.Càgf}c c`c rg|onbc xnbn }nnr

eg`kfj`}we}c enfn`n` rnw ec`wen` sn`k rg|mgen| rgiw| n}mn|c}.

N`msij}rjen bwjbg`nig $mnmc`k rneln`k#

Mnmc`k c`c bc`nenfn` mnmc`k rneln`k fn|g`n bcrgewfn` bc xg|rneln`kn` bng|nd

r|jxc}. Mnmc`k rneln`k bnxnr dcbwx }glnknc xn|n}cr bg`kn` eg`sg|nx bn|nd bn` mnc|n`

rwlwd xnbn w}w} dniw} en`w}cn. Mnmc`k c`c egecicfc wfw|n` rwlwd sn`k iglcd fgmci bn|c

mnmc k xg|wr. Mnmc`k rneln`k N`msij}rjen egecicfc wow`k n`rg|cj| egig`kfw`k

egelg`rwf fnx}wi ewiwr bg`kn` > %2 xn}n`k fncr fcrc` nrnw kckc xnbn }c}c qg`r|ni`sn.

Fncr fcrc` lg|aw`k}c w`rwf eg`gexgi xnbn w}w} c`n`k``sn.Xnbn wow`k xj}rg|cj| mnmc`k


15/43

rneln`k on rn` rg|bnxnr lw|}n fjxwin}c. Ninr c`c bckw`nfn` w`rwf eg`n`kfnx bn`

egegkn`k mnmc`k lgrc`n }nnr fn{c`. Mnmc`k lgrc`n egecicfc qwiqn $j|kn` fginec` iwn|#

sn`k rg|bnxnr bcbgfnr lnkcn` rg`knd rwlwd`sn.

Jtsw|c} qg|ecmwin|c} $mnmc`k f|gec#

Mnmc`k c`c bc}glwr mnmc`k f|gec fn|g`n wfw|n``sn sn`k }n`knr fgmci. }gfcrn| >8

%>7 ee. Mnmc k f|gec dcbwx bc bnine w}w} lg}n| en`w}cn. Mnmc k f|gec rcbnf

eg`sglnlfn` xg`snfcr sn`k lg|lndnsn `new` mwfwx eg`kkn`kkw. Càgf}c mnmc`k f|gec

rcbnf egeg|iwfn` xg|n`rn|n.Rgiw| mnmc`k bnxnr rg|rgin` lcin fcrn egenfn` enfn`n` sn`k

rg|fj`rnec`n}c rgiw| mnmc`k c`c. Xg`kwin`kn` bnw| càgf}c mnmc`k f|gec }gmn|n nwrjcàgf}c)

sncrw bcinfwfn` jig xg`bg|crn }g`bc|c. Mnmc`k c`c lg|rgiw| xnbn n`w} xg`bg|crn bn`

eg`sglnlfn` |n}n knrni. Ocfn xg`bg|crn }g|c`k eg`kkn|wf xnbn lnkcn` n`w} bn` rcbnf

egònkn fglg|}cdn` rn`kn ) enfn c agf}c mnmc k f|gec nfn` rg|onbc fgelnic.

[wmdg|g|cn ln`m|jarc $mnmc`k |nelwr#

Mnmc k |nelwr bc nenfn` xwin mnmc`k acin|cn.Rgexnr dcbwx`sn bc bnine

xgelwiwd icean.Mnmc`k c`c eg`sglnlfn` xg`snfcr fnfc knond $ gigan rcn}c} #) sncrw

xgelg`kfnfn` rwlwd.Xgelg`kfnfn` rg|onbc fn|g`n nfwewin}c mnc|n` bnine xgelwiwd

icean sn`k rg|}welnr jigd mnmc`k acin|cn bnine oweind ln`snf.Mnmc`k acin|cn en}wf fg

bnine rwlwd eginiwc kckcrn` `snewf Mwigt sn`k ln`snf rg|bnxnr bc bng|nd r|jxc}.

R|cmdc`giin }xc|nic}

Mnmc`k c`c dcbwx xnbn jrjr en`w}cn bn` eg`sglnlfn` xg`snfcr r|cfdc`j}c} nrnw

fg|w}nfn` jrjr.En`w}cn sn`k rg|càgf}c mnmc`k c`c fn|g`n egenfn` bnkc`k sn`k rcbnf

bcen}nf bg`kn` lncf.

N@@GICBN

$bnine lndn}n inrc`) n``wiw} 5 mc`mc`# nrnw mnmc`k kgin`k nbnind fgijexjf mnmc`k

bg`kn` rwlwd lg|}gkeg . Lg|lgbn bg`kn` Xinrsdgiec rdg} bn` @genrdgiec`rdg})

N``gicbn eg|wxnfn` dg{n` r|cxjlin}rcf sn`k }wbnd egecicfc |j`kkn rwlwd }gonrc $dg{n`

}gijenrn#.@new` N``gicbn eg|wxnfn` dg{n` sn`k }r|wfrw| rwlwd`sn xnic`k }gbg|dn`n.

Mc|c rwlwd

Mc|c rwlwd n``gicbn egicxwrc wfw|n`) lg`rwf) }r|wfrw|) bn` aw`k}c rwlwd.



16/43

N``gicbn egecicfc xnòn`k rwlwd }gfcrn| > ee dc`kkn = e.Mj`rjd n``gicbn sn`k

xnòn`k`sn = e nbnind mnmc`k rn`nd Nw}r|nicn.Lg`rwf rwlwd`sn }cegr|c} lcinrg|ni bn`

lg|}gkeg` eg`sg|wxnc mc`mc`.

]r|wfrw| bn` aw`k}c rwlwd

N``gicbn egecicfc }gkeg` bc lnkcn` iwn| bn` bnine rwlwd`sn.N rn|n }nrw

}gkeg` bg`kn` }gkeg` inc`sn rg|bnxnr }gfnr sn`k bc}glwr }gxrn.Xgelwiwd bn|nd) }c}rge

gf}f|g}c) bn` }c}rge }n|na bc n`rn|n }nrw }gkeg` bg`kn` }gkeg` inc``sn }nic k

lg|dwlw`kn` eg`gelw} }gxrn. \j`kkn rwlwd N``gicbn lg|c}c mnc|n` sn`k lg|xg|n` bnine

xg|kg|nffn` n``gicbn bn` }gfnickw} egiclnrfn` fj`r|nf}c jrjr. Jrjr`sn rg|bc|c bn|c jrjr

egic`kfn| $}c|fwig|# bn` jrjr egenòn`k $ij`kcrwbc`ni#. ]c}rge xg`mg| nn` n``gicbn

}wbnd ig`kfnx) rg|bc|c bn|c ewiwr) an|c`k) g}jankw} $fg|j`kfj`kn #) w}w}) bn` n`w}.

Mnmc`k c`c }wbnd egecicfc xgelwiwd bn|nd }gdc`kkn egecicfc }c}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd

rg|rwrwx. Bn|nd`sn eg`kn`bw`k dgejkijlc`) }gdc`kkn lg|{n|`n eg|nd. Xgelwiwd bn|nd

sn`k egic`kfn|c g}jxdnkw} lg|aw`k}c egejexn bn|nd fg}giw|wd rwlwd. ]c}rge }n|na

n``gicbn nbnind }c}rge }n|na rn`kkn rnic.Kn`kicn jrnf rg|igrnf bc bgxn` an|c`k xnbn

n`rg|cj|.Gf}f|g}c bcinfwfn` jigd j|kn` gf}f|g}c sn`k rg|bc|c bn|c `ga|cbcn) `ga|j}rje) bn`

`ga|jrj|.@ga|cbcn $ rw`kkni `ga|cbcwe # eg|wxnfn j|kn` gf}f|g}c sn`k rg|bc|c bn|c

}niw|n`.@ga|j}rje eg|wxnfn` mj|j`k lg|}cicn bnine rwlwd.@ga|jrj| eg|wxnfn `xj|c

xg|ewfnn` rwlwd rgexnr fjrj|n` fgiwn|.Rg|bnxnr }gxn}n`k j|kn` gf}f|g}c rcnx }gkeg`

rwlwd`sn.

Mn|n dcbwx bn` dnlcrnr

]glnkcn` lg}n| n``gicbn dcbwx bg`kn` lgln} bn` nbn }glnkcn` sn`k xn|n}cr

bg`kn` eg`gexgi xnbn qg|rgl|nrn) rg|en}wf en`w}cn.Dnlcrnr n``gicbn wewe`sn lg|nbn

bc bn}n| inwr bn` xg|nc|n` rn{n|) bn` owkn nbn sn`k }gkncn` dcbwx bc rn`nd nrnw rgexnr%

rgexnr igelnx.N``gicbn dcbwx bclg|lnknc rgexnr bg`kn` egelwnr icn`k }g`bc|c.

\gx|jbwf}c

N``gicbn wewe`sn lg|gx|jbwf}c }gmn|n }gf}wni bg`kn` xgeln rwfn`

knegr.@new` nbn owkn sn`k lg|gx|jbwf}c }gmn|n a|gkeg`rn}c) sn`k fgewbcn`

lg|gkg`g|n}c.J|kn` }gf}wni n``gicbn nbn sn`k egònbc }nrw bg`kn` c`bcqcbw

$dg|ena|jbcr# bn` nbn sn`k rg|xc}nd xnbn c`bcqcbw inc` $kj`jfj|c}#.


17/43

Fin}cacfn}c

N``gicbn bclnkc egònbc rckn fgin}) sncrw Xjismdngrn $mnmc`k lg|nelwr ln`snf#)

Jickjmdngrn $mnmc`k lg|nelwr }gbcfcr#) bn` Dc|wbc`gn.

Xjismdngrn

Xjismdngrn $bnine lndn}n sw`n`c) xjis 5 ln`snf) mdngrng 5 |nelwr fnfw#

eg|wxnfn` n``gicbn lg|nelwr ln`snf.Rwlwd Xjismdngrn bclgbnfn` eg onbc bng|nd

fgxnin $x|j}rjecwe# bg`kn` enrn) n`rg`n) bn` }g`}j| xnixw}.

Xjismdngrn egecicfc }gxn}n`k }r|wfrw| }gxg|rc bnsw`k sn`k bc}glwr xn|nxjbcn $rw`kkni 5

xn|nxjbcwe# xnbn }grcnx }gkeg` rwlwd`sn.Aw`k}c xn|nxjbcn nbnind }glnknc ninr kg|nf

bn` eg`kn`bw`k xgelwiwd bn|nd dniw} }gdc`kkn bnxnr lg|aw`k}c owkn }gxg|rc c`}n`k

w`rwf lg|`nxn}.]grcnx xn|nxjbcwe egecicfc |nelwr fnfw sn`k bc}glwr }grn sn`k rg|}w}w`

bn|c fcrc`.

Mj`rjd Xjismdngrn sn`k }g}ci nbnind mnmc`k fcxn} $]nlgiin}rn|rg c`bcmn# sn`k lg|{n|`n

mg|nd.]gbn`kfn` sn`k lg|kg|nf lgln} nbnind @g|gc} qc|g`}) En|xds}n }n`kwc`gn) Gw`cmg

qc|cbc}$mnmc`k xnijij#) bn` Is}cbcmg jgig$mnmc`k {n{j#.

Jickjmdngrn

Jickjmdngrn $bnine lndn}n sw`n`c) jickj 5 }gbcfcr) mdngrng 5 |nelwr fnfw# sn`keg|wxnfn` n``gicbn lg|nelwr }gbcfcr.Jickjmdngrn rcbnf egecicfc xn|nxjbcn) `new`

egecicfc }grn xnbn rwlwd`sn sn`k lg|}gkeg`.Mj`rjd Jickjmdngrn sn`k xnic`k rg|fg`ni

nbnind mnmc k rn`nd.Og`c} mnmc k rn`nd n`rn|n inc` nbnind mnmc k rn`nd Neg|cfn

$Iwel|cmw} rg||g}r|c}#) mnmc`k rn`nd N}cn $Xdg|grcen#) mnmc`k eg|nd $Rwlcagt#) bn`

mnmc`k rn`nd |nf}n}n Nw}r|nicn $Bckn}rg| ij`ken`c#.Mnmc k c`c egenfn` jn|kn`c}eg

dcbwx sn`k nbn bc bnine rn`nd bg`kn` mn|n eg`kknic rn`nd.Fgenexwn``sn sn`k bnxnr

eg`kknic lg|enànnr bnine eg`kkgelw|fn` rn`nd.Enànnr inc` bn|c mnmc`k c`c nbnind

bckw`nfn` w`rwf lndn` fj}egrcf) jlnr) bn` mnexw|n` enfn` lg|x|jrgc` rc`kkc lnkc

dg{n` rg|`nf.

Dc|wbc`gn

Dc|wbc gn eg|wxnfn` fgin} n``gicbn sn`k og c}`sn }gbcfcr.Dg{n` c`c rcbnf


18/43

egecicfc n|nxjbcwe enwxw` }grn xnbn }gkeg` rwlwd`sn.Xnòn`k Dc|wbc`gn lg|qn|cn}c

bn|c > =8 me.Rwlwd`sn xcxcd bg`kn` wow`k n`rg|cj| bn` xj}rg|cj| sn`k eg|w`mc`k.

Xnbn n`rg|cj| bn` xj}rg|cj| rg|bnxnr ninr xg`kc}nx sn`k bckw`nfn` w`rwf eg`gexgi bn`

lg|kg|nf.]glnkcn` lg}n| Dc|wbc`gn nbnind dg{n` gfrjxn|n}cr xnbn xg|ewfnn` rwlwd

c`n`k`sn.C`n`k`sn nbnind qg|rgl|nrn bn` rg|en}wf en`w}cn.Dc|wbc`gn xn|n}cr dcbwx

bg`kn eg`kc}nx bn|nd c`n`k`sn) }gbn`kfn` Dc|wbc`gn lgln} dcbwx bg`kn` egen`k}n

c`qg|rgl|nrn fgmci }gxg|rc }cxwr.Mj`rjd Dc|wbc`gn xn|n}cr nbnind Dngenbcx}n $xnmgr# bn`

dc|wbj$ic`rnd#.

]nnr eg|jlgf nrnw egelwnr iwln`k) ic`rnd eg`kgiwn|fn` znr n`g}rgrcf $xg`kdcin`k }nfcr#)

}gdc`kkn fj|ln``sn rcbnf nfn` eg`snbn|c nbn`sn kckcrn`.]grgind nbn iwln`k) ic`rnd nfn`

eg`kgiwn|fn` znr n`rc xgelgfwn` bn|nd sncrw dc|wbc`.Bg`kn` znr rg|}glwr ic`rnd bnxnr

eg`kc}nx bn|nd }gln`snf ew`kfc`.

NRD\JXJBN

Nrd|jxjbn $Nrd|j` 5 }gkeg` nrnw |wn}6Xjw} 5 fnfc# nbnind dg{n` sn`k

fnfc`sn lg|}gkeg`%}gkeg`) lglg|nxn og`c} bc n`rn|n`sn nbnind wbn`k) fninog`kfc`k)

fginln`k) bn` }g|rn`kkn. Dg{n` c`c egecicfc bn|gnd xg|}gln|n` sn`k }n`knr iwn} bcewinc

bn|c bn|nrn`) xg|nc|n` dc`kkn wbn|n }nnr bcn rg|ln`k.

% Mc|c%mc|c bn` }canr Nrd|jxjbn ?

n# Rwlwd`sn }cegr|c lcinrg|ni bn` lg|}gkeg`%}gkeg` sn`k rg|lnkc nrn} = lnkcn` sncrw ?

fgxnin $fnxwr#) bnbn $rj|nt#) bn` xg|wr $nlbjeg`#. Xg`kgijexjfn` rwlwd bn|c Nrd|jxjbn

c`c nbn sn`k egònbc < lnkcn` $}ganijrj|nt bn` nlbjeg`# bn` nbn sn`k = lnkcn` $fgxnin)

rj|nt bn` nlbjeg`#

l# Xnbn }grcnx nrnw lglg|nxn }gkeg` rg|bnxnr }gxn}n`k gelgin` $nxxg`bnkg nrnw ninr

rnelndn`#) sncrw lnkcn` rwlwd sn`k eg`jòji bn` lg|wow`k lgln}. Egecicfc |n`kfn iwn|

$gf}j}fgigrj`# sn`k rg|lwnr bn|c fcrc` sn`k aigf}clgi.

m# Wewe`sn dnlcrnr bc xg|nc|n`) bn|nrn` bn` nbn sn`k bcwbn|n sncrw xnbn }nnr rg|ln`kb# Fwicr eg`kninec gfbc}c} $xg`kgiwxn}n` fwicr# bnine c`rg|qni {nfrw rg|rg`rw

g# Egecicfc enrn sn`k enogewf $an}gr#

a# ]s}rge }n|na lg|xn}n`kn`) sn`k rg|}w}w` bn|c }c}`rge }n|na rn`kkn rnic

k# ]c}rge xg|gbn|n` b|nd rg|lwfn) }nind }nrw xgelwiwd bn|nd lg|lg`rwf rnlw`k rg|igrnf bc

lnkcn` bj|}ni }niw|n` xg`mg|`nn` enfn`n`


19/43

d# C`bg|n`sn lg|fgeln`k bg`kn` lncf eg|gfn bg`kn` mgxnr eg`g|c`n }rcewiw}

c# ]c}rge gf}f|g}c`sn eg`kkw`nfn` n`w} bn` rg|bnxnr xwin K|gg` kin`b nrnw fgig`on|

dconw sn`k rg|bnxnr xnbn wbn`k

o# Lg|`nan} bg`kn` c`}n`k) xn|w%xn|w lwfw) nrnw R|nmdgn

f# Fgenexwn` ]w|qcqni sn`k rc`kkc) bc}r|clw}c kgjk|nac}`sn owkn iwn}

% Fin}cacfn}c Nrd|jxjbn ?

n. wbn`k%wbn`kn` $M|w}rnmgn#

l. Inln%inln $N|nmd`cbn#

m. Fnfc }g|clw $Es|cnxjbn#

b. ]g|n`kkn $C`}gmrn#

% M|w}rnmgn $wbn`k%wbn`kn`#

M|w}rnmgn egexw`snc fwicr fg|n} bn|c fcrc` sn`k lg|aw`k}c }glnknc gf}j}fgigrj`.

Lglg|nxn og`c} bcn`rn|n`sn nbnind wbn`k bn` fgxcrc`k.

n# Mc|c%mc|c M|w}rnmgn?

$># Eg|wxnfn` dg{n` nfwnrcf

$


20/43

$4# }s}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd`sn rg|lwfn bn` bn|nd rcbnf lg|{n|`n) rgrnxc eg`kn`bw`k

dgej}cn`c`

$3# Ninr fginec``sn kj`jfj|c}.

l# Fin}cacfn}c M|w}rnmgn ?

$n# Grjej}r|nmn) lg|}canr ecf|j}fjxc} bn` eg|wxnfn` xg`kdw`c xg|nc|n` }glnknc

zjjxin`frj`

$># L|nmcjxjbn) rwlwd r|n`}xn|n` bn` xwmnr) lg|}canrxn|rdg`jkg`g}c} $}gi rgiw| onbc

gel|cj) in|qn`sn bc`nenfn`@nwxicw}) bn` wfw|n``sn dn`sn lglg|nxn eciicegrg|.

Mj`rjd ?Bnx`cn Xwigt

$# C}jxjbn) rwlwd`sn rg|bc|c nrn}


21/43

$># rwlwd rg|bc|c nrn} < lnkcn` }ganijrj|nt bn` nlbjeg`. Xnbn }ganijrj|nt rg|bnxnr 1

xn}n`k n`kkjrn lnbn`

$;= }gkeg`. Egexw`snc mnfn| lg|nmw`

bc rgxc fnwbni xnbn fnxwr`sn w`rwf egiwexwdfn` en`k}n. ]s}rge xg|`nan}n``sn

}gbg|dn`n bn`f g bnine }niw|n` c`c lg|ewn|n < ninr gf}f|g}c bc}glwr }niw|n` enixckc.

Lg|fgeln`k lcnf }gmn|n fn{c` bg`kn` xgelwndn` }gmn|n c`rg|`ni. Mj`rjd? icxn`

$]mjijxg`b|n }wl}xc`cxg}#

l# Bcxijxjbn


22/43

Rwlwd }cic`b|c} sn`k rg|bc|c nrn} 88 }gkeg`. ]grcnx }gkeg` egexw`snc ninr

kg|nf bn` xnbn }gkeg` fg%; rg|bnxnr ninr fjxwin}c.) egecicfc }gxn}n`k n`rg``n) }gxn}n`k

fgig`on| sn`k nfn` eg`kgiwn|fn` lnw lw}wf w`rwf eg`kw}c| ew}wd`sn. Enfn`n``sn

lg|wxn }c}n rwelwdn` sn`k egelw}wf. Mj`rjd ? Fiwc`k $Owiw} `gej|g`}c}#

% C`}gmrn

C`}gmrn eg`gexnrc lg|lnknc lg`rwf ic`kfw`kn` bn|nr bn` xg|nc|n` fgmwnic

ic`kfw`kn` inwr. Xg|n`n``sn }n`knr lg}n| lnkc fgdcbwxn` en`w}cn.

Mc|c%mc|c bn` }canr C`}gmrn ?

n# Fgxnin $fnxwr#

]gxn}n`k n`rg``n w`rwf c`b|n xgelnw

Enrn rg|bc|c nrn} enrn enogewf $an}gr# bn` enrn rw`kkni$j}giw}#

Ewiwr bcig`kfnxc bg`kn` ninr sn`k bc}g}wncfn` bg`kn` aw`k}`sn

l# Bnbn $rj|nt#

Rg|bc|c nrn} = }gkeg`) sncrwx|jrjrj|nt) eg}jrj|nt) bn` egrnrj|nt. Bc eg}jrj|nt

rg|bnxnr }nsnx bgxn` bn` xnbn egrnrj|nf rg|bnxnr }nsnx lginfn`k.

m# Xg|wr $nlbjeg`#

Rg|bnxnr >> }gkeg`. ]gkeg` xg|rnen rg|bnxnr ninr xg`bg`kn|n`) }grcnx }gkeg`

rg|bnxnr }rcken. ]gkeg` rg|nfdc| bcejbcacfn}c }glnknc ninr fn{c`. N`kkjrn lnbn`

egecicfc = xn}nlk fnfc sn`k lg|bw|c%bw|c.

$n# ]c}rge xg`mg|`nn`

Rg|lnkc nrn} ?

Aj|gkwr) rg|bc|c bn|c ewiwr) an|c`k) g}jxdnkw}) rgeljijf) gexgbni w`rwf

eg`kkcic`k enfn`n`

Ecbkwr) rg|bc|c bn|c inelw`k bg`kn` 4 xn}n`k fn`rj`k fg|wmwr sn`k

eg`kdn}cifn` g`zce xg`mg|`nn`.

Dc`bkwr) rg|bc|c bn|c cigwe) fjij`) |gmrwe) bn` n`w}.

$l# ]c}rge \g}xc|n}c


23/43

]g|n`kkn egecicfc }s}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd rg|lwfn. Ninr xg|gbn|n` bn|nd nbnind

on`rw`k egejexn bn|nd bn|c lginfn`k fg bgxn` eginiwc nj|rn bn` rg|w} lg|gbn| fg

}giw|wd rwlwd. Bn|nd rbnf eg`kn`bw`k dgejkijlc` bn` dn`sn lg|aw`k}c w`rwf

eg`kn`kfwr znr enfn`n` }g|rn egew}`ndfn` lclcr xg`snfcr sn`k en}wf fgbnine rwlwd.

$m# ]c}rge gf}f|g}c

]c}rge c`c egecicfc }niw|n` Enixdckc sn`k lg|aw`k}c eg`kgiwn|fn` }c}n

egrnljic}eg lg|wxn mnc|n`. ]niw|n` c`c lg|ewn|n bc w}w} bn` nfc|`sn mnc|n` c`c bclwn`k

fg n`w}.

$b# ]c}rge |g}xc|n}c

\g}xc|n}c rg|bc|c nrn} }s}rge mnln`k bn|c xgelwiwd sn`k bc}glwr r|nfgn.

$g# ]c}rge ]n|na

Eg|wxnfn` }s}rge }n|na rn`kkn rnic sn`k rg|bc|c bn|c kn`kicj` jrnf) kn`kicj`

fg|j`kfj`kn`) kn`kicj` xg|wr) kn`kicj` bnbn.

$a# ]c}rge |gx|jbwf}c

Ninr fginec` on`rn` rg|bc|c bn|c < lwnd rg}rg} sn`k bcdwlw`kfn` bg`kn` qn}

bgag|g` sn`k nfn` lg|}nrw bc }niw|n` gonfwinrj|c. Ninr fginec` lgrc`n rg|bc|c nrn} < lwnd

jqn|cwe bg`kn` }goweind rnlw`k rgiw| sn`k bc}glwr jqn|cjin. \gx|jbwf}c`sn }gmn|n

c`rg|`ni bn` }gi rgiw| sn`k rgind bclwndc nfn` bcigxn}fn` $jqcxn|#.

EJIW]FN

Ejiiw}fn $ejiic} 5 Iw`nf# nbnind dg{n` kjij`kn` lg|rwlwd iw`nf. ]nnr

c`c bcfg`ni dcbwx egicxwrc 48.888 og`c}.

% Mc|c%mc|c bn` }canr Ejiiw}mn ?

n. Rwlwd iw`nf) }cegr|c lcinrg|ni) rcbnf lg|}gkeg`) bn` ln`snf bc n`rn|n`sn sn`k

egexw`snc mn`kfn`k bc lnkcn` iwn| rwlwd`sn

l. Rg|bnxnr }r|wfrw| lg|jrjr sn`k bc}glwr fnfc bg`kn` lg`rwf bn` aw`k}c lg|lgbn w`rwf

rcnx og`c}`sn

m. Egecicfc }gije bn` xnbn bn}n|`sn owkn egecicfc }s}rge xg`mg|`nn`) |g}xc|n}c)

r|n}`xj|rn}c) }n|na) |gx|jbwf}c

b. Egexw`snc en`rgi) sncrw inxc}n` on|c`kn` fdw}w} sn`k eg`wrwxc j|kn` qg}|ni bn`

lg|lg`rwf |j`kkn en`rgi) }g|rn n`w} rg|lwfn fg bnine |j`kkn en`rgi


24/43

g. Xnbn lglg|nxn }xg}cg} nbn sn`k lcn} eg`kndn}cifn` ewrcn|n bc n`rn|n mn`kfn`k bn`

en`rgi

a. Dnlcrnr nbn bc inwr) nc| rn{n|) bn` bn|nrn`

% Fin}cacfn}c Ejiiw}mn ?

n. Nexdc`gw|n

Eg|wxnfn` ejiiw}mn sn`k }n`knr x|cecrcqg) rwlwd }cegr|c

lcinrg|ni) fnfc xg|wr`sn egigfnr xnbn lnrw) bn` xnbn |j`kkn en`rgi

rg|bnxnr c`}n`k. Bc lnkcn` bj|}ni rwlwd`sn rg|rwrwxc mn`kfn`k

bg`kn` 4 igexg`kn` bn|c znr fnxw|. Mj`rjd ? Mdcrj` dcbwx`sn bc inwr

bn` bnin bnw| dcbwx`sn egexw`snc an}g in|qn r|jfjxj|

l. Xnigmsxjbn

Xgigmsxjbn bccbg`rgacfn}cfn` }glnknc fg|n`k $N`nbn|n }x.#) rc|ne ewrcn|n $Xc`mrnbn

en|kn|crcag|n bn`Xc`mrnbn eg|rc`}c}#) fg|n`k |nf}n}n $R|cbnm`n

}x.#) bn` fg|n`k dconw $Esrciw} qc|cbc}#.

Xgigmsxjbn egecicfc mc|c fdn}) sncrw fnfc lg|lg`rwf xcxcd

}gxg|rc fnxnf. Fnfc Xgigmsxjbn bnxnr bcowiw|fn` bn` bckw`nfn`

w`rwf egigfnr nrnw eg`kknic xn}c| bn` iwexw|. Xgigmsxjbn nbn

sn`k dcbwx eg`grnx bn` egelg`nefn` bc|c bc bn}n| xg|nc|n`.Xgigmsxjbn enexw

egigfnr xnbn lglnrwn`) mn`kfn`k dg{n` inc`) nrnw xg|ndw fn|g`n eg`}gf|g}cfn` znr

xg|gfnr.

Dg{n` kjij`kn` c`c wewe`sn egecicfc bwn lwnd c`}n`k }gdc`kkn bc}glwr owkn

Inegiicl|n`mdcnrn. ]ginc` crw) bc}glwr xwinLcqniqcn fn|g`n egecicfc mn`kfn`k lg|wxn

bwn lwnd fnrwx qniqg) ec}ni`sn fg|n`k nc| rn{n| bn` rc|ne.

Bclnkcn` xg|ewfnn` bj|}ni) fgbwn mn`kfn`k bc}nrwfn` jigd }wnrw }g`bc gin}rcf

sn`k bc}glwr dc`kg bn` lnkcn` mn`kfn`k sn`k eg`kgigelw`k bgfnr }g`bc bc}glwr welj.

Mn`kfn`k crw }g`bc|c rg|bc|c nrn} inxc}n` sncrw 6

Xg|cj}r|nfwe) inxc}n` rcxc} rg|iwn| sn`k rg|lwnr bn|c n}ne fn|lj`nr.

X|c}enrcf) inxc}n` rg`knd sn`k rg|lwnr bn|c f|c}rni%f|c}rni fnxw|.

% @nf|gn}) inxc}n` rg|bnine sn`k rg|lwnr bn|c f|c}rni%f|c}rni fni}cwe fn|lj`nr bn` }g|c`k


25/43

bc}glwr inxc}n` ewrcn|n.

Xgigmsxjbn egecicfc bwn lwnd mn`kfn`k xcxcd sn`k }grn`kfwx }gdc`kkn bc}glwr

owkn Lcqniqcn. Fgbwn mn`kfn`k xnbn lnkcn` rg`knd bj|}ni bcdwlw`kfn` jigd on|c`kn` cfnr

$ickneg`# sn`k lg|aw`k}c }gxg|rc g`k}gi w`rwf egelwfn bn` eg`wrwx mn`kfn`k bg`kn`

mn|n eg`kg`mn`kfn` bn` eg`kg`bw|fn` jrjr. Mn`kfn`k rg|}w}w` bn|c inxc}n`

xg|cj}r|nfwe) x|c}enrcf) bn` `nf|gn}. Xnbn rc|ne ewrcn|n) ocfn bc n`rn|n en`rgi bn`

mn`kfn`k`sn en}wf lg`bn n}c`k }gxg|rc xn}c|) inen%fginenn` nfn` rg|lg`rwf

ewrcn|n.Ewrcn|n rg|lg`rwf fn|g`n lg`bn n}c`k rg|}glwr rg|lw`kfw} jigd dn}ci }gf|g}c

xnic}n` mn`kfn`k `nf|gn}. Xgigmsxjbn rcbnf egecicfc fgxnin.Ewiwr`sn rg|bnxnr xnbn

|j`kkn en`rgi) bcig`kfnxc bg`kn` inlcni xnixw}.

Xgigmsxjbn rcbnf egecicfc |ndn`k nrnw |nbwin.Enfn enfn`n``sn lg|wxn dg{n`

fgmci }gxg|rc x|jrjzjn) bcnrje) bn` }gog`c} inc``sn.C`}n`k Xgigmsxjbn lg|lg`rwf igeln|n`

}gdc`kkn dg{n` c`c bc}glwr owknInegiicl|n`mdcnrn $bnine lndn}n inrc`) inegiin 5

igeln|n`) l|n`mdcn 5 c`}n`k#.Igeln|n` c`}n`k bnine |j`kkn en`rgi eg`sn|c`k

enfn`n` bn|c nc| sn`k en}wf fgbnine |j`kkn en`rgi eginiwc}caj` $mj|j`k#.Enfn`n`

en}wf fg bnine rwlwd lg|}nen nic|n` nc| eginiwc ewiwr bn` bcln`rw jigd inlcni xnixw}

sn`k rg|igrnf bc}gfcrn| ewiwr) inlcni xnixw} owkn lg|aw`k}c }glnknc xg`sgigf}c enfn`n`.

]gin`owr`sn) eginiwc g}jankw} sn`k xg`bgf bcrg|w}fn` fg inelw`k. ]c}n enfn`n` nfn`

bcfgiwn|fn` eginiwc n`w} sn`k rg|lwfn bgfnr bg`kn` rgexnr fgiwn|`sn nc| bc lnkcn`

bj|}ni }gdc`kkn fgiwn|`sn lg|}nen%}nen bg`kn` nic|n` nc|.

]c}rge }n|na Xgigmsxjbn rg|bc|c bn|c rckn xn}n`k kn`kicj` sn`k }nic`k

lg|dwlw`kn`.Rckn kn`kicj` rg|}glwr nbnind kn`kicj` n`rg|cj|) kn`kicj`

xgbni) bn` kn`kicj` xj}rg|cj|.\gx|jbwf}c Xgigmsxjbn rg|onbc }gmn|n

}gf}wni.J|kn` }gf}wni rg|xc}nd xnbn en}c`k%en}c`k c`bcqcbw.Ag|rcic}n}c

rg|onbc }gmn|n c`rg|`ni enwxw` gf}rg|`ni.Xgelwndn` eg`kdn}cifn` zckjr

sn`k fgewbcn` nfn` eg`onbc in|qn.

Ninr |g}xc|n}c lg|wxn c`}n`k) lnkcn` iwn|`sn lg|}cicn bn` lg|xj|c%xj|c. Nc| sn`k

eg`kn`bw`k jf}ckg` en}wf fg bnine on`rw`k eginiwc }caj` xgen}wfn` nc|. Bg`kn`

bgecfcn` kg|nfn` }cicn`sn) nc| lg|kg|nf eginiwc xj|c%xj|c c`}n`k bn` fgiwn| eginiwc }caj`

xg`kgiwn|n` nc|. Xgigmsxjbn egexw`snc }c}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd rg|lwfn. Ninr%ninr`sn

rg|bc|c bn|c nrn} on`rw`k) xgelwiwd bn|nd) bn` }c`w}. On`rw`k rg|bc|c nrn} qg`r|cfgi bn`


26/43

nw|cfgisn`k rg|igrnf xnbnxg|cfn|bcwe. Qg`r|cfgi eg`knic|fn` bn|nd fg n|nd bgxn`

eginiwc nj|rn n`rg|cj| bn` fg n|nd lginfn`k eginiwc nj|rn xj}rg|cj|) }ginòwr`sn bn|nd

eg`sgln| fg }giw|wd rwlwd. Fgewbcn`) bn|nd fgelnic inkc fg qg`r|cfgi eginiwc nw|cfgi.

]c}rge |gx|jbwf}c lg|}canr kj`jfj|c}) rgrnxc nbn owkn sn`k dg|enx|jbcr. Ag|rcic}n}crg|onbc bc iwn| nrnw bcbnine |j`kkn en`rgi. _ckjr sn`k rg|lg`rwf nfn` lg|fgeln`k

egònbc in|qn sn`k lg|kg|nf lgln}. Lcin eg`gewfn` rgexnr sn`k mjmjf) in|qn

lg|fgeln`k egònbc fg|n`k bg{n}n.

m. Kn}r|jxjbn

Kn}r|jxjbn $bnine lndn}n inrc`)kn}rg|5 xg|wr)xjbj} 5

fnfc# nbnind fgijexjf dg{n` sn`k eg`kkw`nfn` xg|wr

}glnknc ninr kg|nf nrnw fnfc`sn.Ec}ni`sn) }cxwr nc|

$Ise`ngn }x.#) |gec} $Mj|lcmwin onqn`cmn#) bn` lgfcmjr

$Nmdnrcn awicmn#.Dg{n` c`c egecicfc mc|c fdn} lg|fnfc igln| bn` xcxcd xnbn lnkcn` qg`r|gi

rwlwd`sn.Kn}r|jxjbn lg|kg|nf inelnr eg`kkw`nfn` fnfc`sn.

Kn}r|jxjbn bn|nr rg|bc|c bn|c }gxn}n`k rg`rnfgi xnòn`k bn` }gxn}n`k rg`rnfgi

xg`bgf.Xnbn wow`k rg`rnfgi xnòn`k rg|bnxnr enrn sn`k lg|aw`k}c w`rwf eg`kgrndwc

kginx bn` rg|n`k.]gbn`kfn` xnbn rg`rnfgi xg`bgf lg|aw`k}c }glnknc ninr xg|nln bn`

xgelnw.Kn}r|jxjbn nfwnrcf lg|`nxn} bg`kn` c`}n`k) }gbn`kfn` Kn}r|jxjbn bn|nr

lg|`nxn} eg`kkw`nfn` |j`kkn en`rgi

Dg{n` bn|c fgin} c`c wewe`sn dcbwx bc nc| rn{n| bn` inwr) rgrnxc nbn bcn`rn|`sn

sn`k dcbwx bcbn|nr. Lglg|nxn dg{n` sn`k rg|en}wf kjij`kn` c`c nbnind }cxwr bn` fgj`k.

Fgmwnic }cxwr rginòn`k Qnkc`win) }gewn }xgmcg} Kn}r|jxjbn egexw`snc mn`kfn`k bn|c

znr fnxw|.

Rg|wrnen w`rwf sn`k dcbwx bc bn|nr) mn`kfn`k lg|kw`n w`rwf egic`bw`kc bc|c bn|c

fgfg|c`kn` bg`kn` onin` egen}wffn` rwlwd`sn fgbnine mn`kfn`k) fgewbcn` cn

eg`kgiwn|fn` gxca|nken) sncrw }wnrw bc`bc`k }gxg|rc fg|rn} fwicr sn`k lg|kw`n w`rwf

eg`wrwxc iwln`k }gdc`kkn bnxnr eg`mgknd rg|onbc`sn xg`kwnxn`.

Xnbn wow`k bgxn` fnfc rg|bnxnr }wnrw fgigòn| sn`k eg`kgiwn|fn` ig`bc| w`rwf

egewbndfn` xg|kg|nfn``sn. Xg|kg|nfn` crw }g`bc|c bcnfclnrfn` jigd fj`r|nf}c bn`


27/43

|ginf}n}c jrjr fnfc`sn }gdc`kkn eg`sg|wxnc kgijeln`k bcewinc bn|c lnkcn` lginfn`k

rg|w} fgbgxn`. Nfclnr`sn rwlwd lnkcn` lginfn`k nfn` rg|rn|cf fg bgxn`.

Bc bnine ewiwr rg|bnxnr |ndn`k sn`k lg|kw`n w`rwf egejrj`k bnw`%bnw`n`

sn`k bcenfn``sn. Enfn`n` c`c nfn` bcdniw}fn` jigd icbnd sn`k lg|kg|ckc bc }glwr|nbwin . Bn|c ewiwr enfn`n` nfn` bcrg|w}fn` fgbnine inelw`k eginiwc g}jankw}.

Inelw`k rg|}glwr lg|dwlw`kn` bg`kn` w}w} sn`k lg|nfdc| bc n`w}. Kn}r|jxjabn

egexw`snc }c}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd rg|lwfn. On`rw`k bn` xgelwiwd%xgelwiwd bn|nd`sn

en}cd }gbg|dn`n. ]c}rge }n|na bg`kn` kn`kicj` sn`k lg|lg`rwf mc`mc` egic`kfn| lnkcn`

bgxn` g}jankw}.

Lglg|nxn }cxwr nc| rn{n| egecicfc c`}n`k sn`k lg|kw`n w`rwf lg|`nan} bc bnine

nc|. Rgrnxc nbn owkn sn`k egexw`snc }genmne |j`kkn xn|w%xn|w) eg|gfn dn|w} fgiwn|

bn|c xg|ewfnn` nc| w`rwf eg`knelci jf}ckg` rg|wrnen fninw nc| eg`onbc dn`knr. Bg`kn`

mn|n inc`) xg|`nan}n` fwicr xw` rg|onbc. Sn`k dcbwx bc bn|nr lg|`nan} bg`kn` eg`kkw`nfn`

ninr sn`k eg`sg|wxnc xn|w%xn|w bn` en`rgi. Wewe`sn) ninr fginec` lg|}canr

dg|enx|jbcrbn` fgig`on| |gx|jbwf}c`sn bnxnr eg`kdn}cifn` jqwe enwxw` }xg|en sn`k

bc}glwr jqnrg}rc}. [ninwxw` bgecfcn`) nwrjag|rcic}n}c rcbnf xg|`nd rg|onbc bn` lg|rgiw|

}grgind rg|onbc xg|fn{c`n`.

% ]mnxjxjbn

]mnxdjxjbn bc}glwr owkn }cxwr knbc`k) mn`kfn`k egexw`snc iwln`k bc fgbwn

wow`k`sn) bn` dcbwx bc inwr bn`kfni sn`k lg|iwexw|.

Mgxdnijxjbn

Mgxdnijxjbn $bnine lndn}n inrc ) mdgxnij 5 fgxnin)xjbj} 5 fnfc# eg|wxnfn`

Ejiiw}mn sn`k egecicfc fnfc bc fgxnin.N`kkjrn Mgxdnijxjbn ec}ni`sn }jrj`k $]gxcn

jaacmc`nic}#) mwec%mwec $ijickj }x.#) bn` kw|crn $Jmrjxw} }x.#Dcbwx Mgxdnijxjbn

}giw|wd`sn bc inwr bg`kn` eg|nsnx nrnw lg|g`n`k bc bn}n| inwr.Enfn`n`sn lg|wxn

fgxcrc`k nrnw c`qg|rgl|nrn inc``sn.]glnknc dg{n` xgen`k}n) dnexc| }gewn Mgxdnijxjbn

lg|kg|nf mgxnr bg`kn` lg|g`n`k.Fgln`snfn` Mgxdnijxjbn egecicfc j|kn` xg|rndn`n`

lg|wxn fn`rj`k rc`rn.Fn`rj`k rc`rn lg|c}cfn` mnc|n` }gxg|rc rc`rn lg|{n|`n mjfinr nrnw

dcrne sn`k rg|igrnf bc qg`r|ni rwlwd`sn.Rc`rn c`c nfn` bc fgiwn|fn` ocfn dg{n` c`c eg|n}n


28/43

rg|n`mne bg`kn` mn|n eg`sgelw|fn``sn.

Ninr xg`kkg|nf lg|wxn mg|jlj`k sn`k bc}glwr}caj`. Dg{n` c`c lg|kg|nf bg`kn`

eg`sgex|jrfn` nc| eginiwc lnkcn` rg|}glwr dc`kkn dg{n` crw rg|rjinf fg n|nd lginfn`k.

Ninr fgewbcn``sn lg|wxn }c|cx sn`k igrnf`sn bc}c}c xg|wr.

Ninr xg`mg|`nn` rgind }gexw|`n) owkn rg|bnxnr fgig`on| iwbnd) dnrc) bn` xn`f|gn}.

Xg`mg|`nn` g`zcenrc} rg|onbc bc inelw`k) }gbn`kfn` dn}ci xg`mg|`nn` nfn` bcnl}j|l}c bc

mgmwe bn` eginiwc bn|nd bcln{n fg dnrc w`rwf bc}cexn` Ninr gf}f|g}c lg|wxn }gxn}n`k

kc`oni) igrnf`sn egiwn} fg n`rg|cj| dc`kkn on`rw`k c`}n`k) }gbn`kfn` }niw|n` fgiwn|

lg|ewn|n bc |j`kkn en`rgi }glgind fc|c bn` fn`n` w}w}.

]c}rge }n|na rg|bc|c nrn} kn`kicj` jrnf) kn`kicj` xgbni) bn` kn`kicj` ninr bnine.

Kn`kicj` jrnf lg|aw`k}c w`rwf fjj|bc`n}c nfrcqcrn} qcrni bn` |gaigf} }gbg|dn`n) lnkcn` c`c

bcic`bw`kc jigd on|c`kn` }genmne fn|rcinkj. ]c}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd rg|rwrwx. Ninr`sn

rg|bc|c nrn} on`rw`k sn`k lg|wn`k rckn bn` xgelwiwd bn|nd.

Ninr |g}xc|n}c lg|wxn c`}n`k sn`k bc}glwr mrg`cbcn. Nc| sn`k eg`kn`bw`k jf}ckg`

en}wf eginiwc }caj` bg`kn` xg|n`rn|n mrg`cbcn. Jf}ckg` en}wf fg xg|gbn|n` bn|nd. Nc|

sn`k fgiwn| egeln{n fn|lj`bcjf}cbn.

Mgxdnijxjbn egecicfc fnfc lg|wxn rg`rnfgi sn`k lg|aw`k}c w`rwf eg`n`kfnx

en`k}n`sn.Mgxdnijxjbn egecicfc }c}rge }n|na sn`k lg|xw}nr bc fgxnin`sn eg`sg|wxnc

jrnf.W`rwf |gx|jbwf}c dg{n` c`c lg|in`k}w`k }gmn|n }gf}wni. Mgxdnijxjbn egecicfc

j|kn` |gx|jbwf}c lg|wend bwn $bcj}gw}#.Xgelwndn` lg|in`k}w`k }gm|n c`rg|`ni bn`

eg`kdn}cifn` rgiw|.

GMDC@JBG\ENRN

Gmdc`jbg|enrn $gmdc`j} 5 bw|c6 bg|en 5 fwicr# bcn|rcfn` bg`kn` `nen dg{n`

lg|bw|c sn`k dcbwx bc inwr. Lglg|nxn og`c} bc n`rn|n`sn nbnind lc`rn`k inwr) r|cxn`k) bn`

icic inwr.

>. Mc|c%mc|c bn` }canr Gmdc`jbg|enrn ?


29/43

n. Rg|kjij`k dg{n` r|cxijlin}rcf }gijenrn) lg`rwf rwlwd }cegr|c lcinrg|ni xnbn {nfrw

in|qn) bn` }cegr|c |nbcni }grgind egònbc bg{n}n 7 xgòw|w

l. Rwlwd`sn rcbnf lg|}gkeg` bn` bc`bc`k rwlwd lcn}n`sn rg|bc|c nrn} znr fnxw| $j}cfgi#

bn` lcn}n`sn egexw`snc bw|c%bw|c sn`k bnxr bckg|nffn` nrnw rcbnf bnxnr bckg|nffn`

m. Xnbn lnkcn` fnfc sn`k bcfg`ni bg`kn` fnfc rnlw`k $fnfc nelwinf|ni# rg|bnxnr |j`kkn

sn`k eg|wxnfn` fginòwrn` bn|c }s}rge nelwinf|ni. ]grcnx fnfc nelwinf|ni egexw`snc

igexg`kn` xg`kdc}nx sn`k lg|kw`n w`rwf egigfnrfn` bc|c`sn xnbn bn}n| xg|nc|n`. Fnfc

rnlw`k }ginc` w`rwf lg|onin`) lg|xgkn`kn`) egegkn`k en`k}n bn` egeln`rw xg|rwfn|n`

kn} J< bn` MJ< $xg|`nan}n`#

b. ]niw|n` xg`mg|`nn` wewe`sn ig`kfnx {ninwxw` en}cd nbn lglg|nxn bc n`rn|n`sn

sn`k rcbnf egexw`snc n`w}

g. ]c}rge }n|na egexw`snc mc`mc` }n|na bn` }s}rge |nbcni

a. Og`c} fginec` lg|}canr kj`jfj|c}

k. Bnxnr lg|kg|nf bg`kn` lgln}) lglg|nxn sn`k lg|}canr}g}cic} $eg`grnx#

d. rcbnf egecicfc fgxnin) rwlwd`sn rg|}w}w` bnine }welw j|ni$qg`r|ni# bn` }welw nlj|ni

$bj|}ni#

c. Rwlwd rg|rwrwx gxcbg|ec} rcxc} sn`k eg`sgiwlw`kc |n`kfn eg}jbg|eni

o. \j`kkn rwlwd $mjgije# iwn} bn` bcinxc}c xg|crj`gwe) lg|}cicn bnine xg|fgeln`kn``sn

}glnkncn` |j`kkn rwlwd egònbc }s}rge xgelwiwd nc| ${nrg| qn}mwin| }s}rge#. ]s}rge

xgelwiwd nc| c`c rg|bc|c bn|c enb|gxj|crg) }niw|n` lnrw $}rj`g mn`ni#) nexwin bn` fnfc

rnlw`k

f. Lglg|nxn }xg}cg} egecicfc fn`rw`k xjicn` $xjicn` qg}cmig# xnbn }niw|n` mc`mc`


30/43

sn`k en}c`k%en}c`k egecicfc mgind. Bnxnr lg|kg|nf lgln} fn|g`n egecicfc fnfc rnlw`k

bn` fnfc nelwinf|ni) egecicfc bnsn |gkg`n|n}c sn`k rc`kkc) ocfn ig`kn``sn xwrw} enfn

ig`kn` rg|}glwr nfn` rwelwd fgelnic. Rg|bnxnr bw|c%bw|c sn`k bckw`nfn` w`rwf xg`kncr

$Xgbcmgin|cn#) rg|bnxnr Enb|gxj|crg sncrw) igexg`kn` lg|xj|c xnbn xg|ewfnn` rwlwd

sn`k lg|lg`rwf iwln`k.

Dnlcrnr`sn bc nc| inwr. Rwlwd rg|lnkc eg`onbc < lnkcn` sncrw }c}c j|ni $rg|bnxnr

ewiwr) sn`k eg`gexgi xnbn }wnrw }wl}r|nr) }ginc` crw rg|bnxnr xwin fnfc rnlw`k) }niw|n`

nelwinf|ni) bn` bw|c nelwinf|ni# bn` nbnxwin }c}c nlj|ni $rg|bnxnr n`w}) enb|gxj|crg)

xnxwing) bn` xgbcmgin|cn#. Ag|rcic}n}c rg|onbc bc nc| inwr) in|qn`sn bc}glwr lcxc`n|cn bg`kn`

lg`rwf }cegr|c lcinrg|ni bn` bnxnr lg|kg|nf.

\g}xc|n}c bcinfwfn` bg`kn` ln`rwn` bg|eni l|n`fcn sn`k bcic`bw`kc jigd }cicn bn`

xgbcmgin|cn. Gf}f|g}c bcinfwfn` jigd }gi%}gi newljcb bc bnine mnc|n` }gije sn`k

bcfgiwn|fn` bn|c bnine }gi rwlwd eginiwc bgeni l|n`fcn. ]niw|n` xg`mg|`nn``sn xg`bgf

bn` ln`snf eg`kninec ejbcacfn}c) ewiwr rg|lwfn fgn|nd g}jxdnkw} bcrg|w}fn` fg

inelw`k. Enfn`n` bcmg|`n bg`kn` ln`rwn` g`zce xg`mg|`nn`) }gbn`kfn` enfn`n` sn`k

rcbnf rg|mg|`n nfn` bcfgiwn|fn` fgelnic eginiwc ewiwr. Dg{n` c`c rcbnf egecicfc fgxnin.

Mj`rjd ?N}rg|cn} aj|lg}c $lc`rn`k inwr#

l. Gmdc`jcbgn

$Gmdc`j} 5 in`bnf fgmci6 gcbj} 5 lg`rwf#. Bcfg`ni bg`kn` `nen in`bnf inwr) sn`k

lg|lg`rwf lwinr nrnw lg|lg`rwf on`rw`k bn` rcbnf egexw`snc ig`kn`. Rwlwd`sn rg|bnxnr

bw|c sn`k bcigfnrfn` jigd jrjr sn`k bnxnr bckg|nffn` lgln} bc}glwr Rwlg|fgi. Fnfc

rnlw`k bn` fnfc nelwinf|ni lg|lg`rwf xg`bgf bn` rg|igrnf bcn`rn|n bw|c%bw|c sn`k

xn`on`k. Fnfc c`c lg|wfw|n` xg`bgf bn` in`k}c`k bn` rg|bnxnr xwin ninr xg`kdc}nx

$]wmfg|# sn`k lg|aw`k}c w`rwf egigfnrfn` bc|c xnbn bn}n| xg|nc|n`. Egecicfc bw|c xg`kncr

sn`k bc}glwr Xgbcmgin|cn.

Ewiwr lg|nbn xnbn lnkcn` j|ni sn`k eg`kndnbnx fg }wl}r|nr) n`w} bn`

enb|gxj|crg lg|nbn bc lnkcn nlj|ni $eg`kdnbnx fg nrn}#. Egecicfc c`}n`k bc iwn|.

Egecicfc ninr xg`knelci enfn`n` sn`k bc}glwrIg`rg|n n|c}rjrgig} sn`k lg|nbn bc ewiwr.

]s}rge xgelwiwd nc|`sn ec|cx bg`kn` lc`rn`k inwr. Xg|`nan}n``sn rg|onbc eginiwc >8

lwnd fn`rw`k sn`k rg|igrnf bc }gfcrn| ewiwr.


31/43

Bw|c bnxnr bckg|nffn`) xgbcmgiin|cn bg`kn` = mnxcr) w}w}`sn xnòn`k bn`

egic`kfn|) rgexw|w`k`sn fnfw) egecicfc c`}n`k bc iwn|) bn` rg|bnxnrxg|cx|jmrrg|bc|c

bn|c 2 nrnw 7 xginr. Mj`rjd ?Bcnbgen }ntnrcig $Lwiw lnlc#.

m. Jxdcw|jcbgn

$Jxdcw} 5 win|6 jw|n 5 gfj|6 gcbj} 5 lg`rwf#. Rwlwd`sn xcxcd bn` fgmci.Lg|g`n`k

lgln}) xc}c` xw}nr fgmci > }nexnc = me. egecicfc rn`kn` lg|oweind 7 lwnd) xnòn`k }gfnic

bn` |nexc`k) }gbg|dn`n nrnw lg|mnln`k%mnln`k. Ewiwr bn` enb|gxj|crg bc lnkcn` j|ni

eg`kndnbnx fg ln{nd) rcbnf egecicfc n`w}) xnxwin enwxw` xgbcmgiin|cn) egecicfc bnsn

|gkg`g|n}c sn`k rc`kkc. Egecicfc rneg` bc lnkcn` bj|}ni rn`kn`. Rcbnf egecicfc mgind

nelwinf|ni) owkn rcbnf egecifc mgind xgbcmgiin|cn.

Dg{n` c`c bnine kjij`kn` c`c egecicfc kg|nfn` sn`k xnic`k mgxnr bcn`rn|n

dg{n` Gmdc`jbg|enrn sn`k inc`. ]c}n%}c}n enfn`n` bcfgiwn|fn` eginiwc ewiwr fn|g`n

dg{n` c`c rcbnf egecicfc n`w}. Enb|gxj|crg rg|igrnf xnbn lnkcn` nlj|ni. Rwlwd`sn rg|bc|c

bn|c lnkcn` j|ni$eg`kdnbnx fg bn}n|# bn` lnkcn` nlj|ni $eg`kdnbnx fg lnkcn` nrn}#.

Mj`rjd ? Jxdcjbg|en l|gqc}xc`we $lc`rn`k eg`kwin|#

b. M|c`jcbgn

$M|c`j` 5 icis6 gcbj} 5 icis inwr#. Rwlwd`sn egexw`snc icen ig`kn` nrnw fgicxnrn`

icen bn` lg|mnln`k%mnln`k bc}glwr xc`win. Xnbn lglg|nxn }xgmcg}) bn}n| rwlwd bc

xg|ewfnn` nlj|ni`sn rg|bnxnr endfjrn $fnicf}# bn` rn`kfnc. Og`c} sn`k lg|rn`kfnc

lcn}n`sn egigfnr xnbn }wnrw }wl}r|nr) }gbn`kfn` lnkc sn`k rcbnf lg|rn`kfnc bnxnr

lg|xc`bnd%xc`bnd bg`kn` ewbnd.

Rg|bnxnr ewiwr bn` n`w} bc lnkcn` nlj|ni sn`k eg`kdnbnx bc nrn}) rcbnf egecifc

enb|gxj|crg. Rwlwd`sn rg|bc|c bn|c mnist }gxg|rc en`kfwf b}cfgicic`kc ig`kn`%ig`kn`

xnòn`k) nbn sn`k lg|mnln`k. Og`c} icrj|ni bc r|jxc} lg|{n|`n%{n|`c c`bnd) og`c} inwr

bc`kc` lg|{n|`n f|ge. Fnfc rnlw`k rcbnf lg|xg`kdc}nx bn` niw| nelwinf|ni rg|lwfn)

rcbnf egexw`snc enb|gxj|crg) bw|c) enwxw` xgbcmgiin|cn. Mj`rjd ? Egrnm|c`w}

c`rg||wxrw} $icic inwr sn`k lg|rn`kfnc# bn`N`rgbj` rg``gin $icic inwr sn`k rcbnf


32/43

lg|rn`kfnc#

g. Djijrdw|jcbgn

$Djijrdw|cj` 5 eg`rcew` inwr6 gcbj} 5 lg`rwf# egecifc lg`rwf rwlwd lwinr

xn`on`k) }nnr bg{n}n lg|lg`rwf }gxg|rc eg`rcew` nrnw eg`sg|wxnc mnmc`k) rcbnf

egexw`snc ig`kn` bw|c nrnw xgbcmgiin|cn bn` rcbnf rg|bnxnr enb|gxj|crg) }gbn`kfn`

|n`kfn`sn }gbcfcr }gfnic eg`kn`bw`k fnxw|. Bc`bc`k rwlwd`sn rcxc} }nexnc rglni)

xg|ewfnn` rwlwd`sn iw`nf) |n`kfn lcn}n`sn lg|lg`rwfj}}cmig fnxw| ecf|j}fjxc} sn`k

rg|igrnf xnbn bc`bc`k rwlwd.

Rwlwd`sn }cegr|c lcinrg|ni) rwlwd`sn rg|lnkc nrn} n`rg|cj| bn` xj}rg|cj|. Ewiwr

rg|bnxnr xnbn n`rg|cj| sn`k bcfgicic`kc rg`rnfgi |gr|nfrci) n`w} lg|nbn xnbn xj}rg|cj|.

Fijnfn lcn}n`sn bcig`kfnxc Xjdj` xg|`nan}n`. Lg|nbn xnbn dnlcrnr nc| inwr) egecicfc

wfw|n` enf|j}fjxc}.

Djijrdw|jcbgn egenfn` xn|rcfgi j|kn`cf sn`k bcnelci jigd rg`rnfgi`sn.

Rg`rnfgi`sn lg|nbn bc }gfcrn| ewiwr. Xg|`nan}n` bcinfwfn` jigd lnkcn`%lnkcn` rg`rnfgi)

fnfc nelwinf|ni) bc`bc`k rwlwd) fijnfn) |g}xc|nrj|s r|gg. Mj`rjd ? Mwmwen|cn a|j`bj}n

$R|cxn`k#

a. Mj`mgr|cmsmijcbgn

Eg|wxnfn` dg{n` sn`k dcbwx bcnc| inwr) lg|l`g`rwf lw`bn| bn` xcxcd)

lg|bcnegrg| fw|n`k iglcd >7 ee. rcbnf egecifc ig`kn`%ig`kn`) rwlwd`sn bcfgicic`kc bw|c%

bw|c) bn` dg{n` c`c dcbwx bc fgbninen` >.888 }nexnc =.88 [CL.

Rndnx xg|rnen bnine xg`gicrcn` c`c eg`mn|c }xgmceg` dg{n` nqg|rgl|nrn bc {cinsnd


33/43

xn`rnc Bgigkn ) iniw }xgmceg` sn`k fcrn xg|jigd bcfgijexjffn` }g}wnc bg`kn`

xg|}nenn` sn`k eg|gfn ecicfc.

Egrjbg xg`gicrcn` sn`k fnec kw`nfn` sncrw eg`kgijexjffn` }xgmceg` rg|}glwr

lg|bn}n|fn` xg|}nenn` mc|c sn`k nbn xnbn }xgmceg` sn`k fcrn xg|jigd) fgewbcn`

eg`mjmjffn``sn }g}wnc bg`kn` fw`mc bcfjrjec.

LNL CQ

DN]CI BN@ XGELNDN]N@

]gxrn}r|gn }x

Dg{n` nfwnrcf) lg|}cegr|c |nbcni. Egecicfc |j`kkn knr|jqn}fwin| w`rwf eg`mg|`n

enfn`n` bn` eg`kgiwn|fn` enfn`n . Dnlcrnr bc inwr bn`kfni nrnw zj`n `g|crcf.

Eg|wxnfn` rcxg xjicx $lg|fjij`c bn` }g}cic} * eg`gexgi xnbn }wnrw }wl}r|nr mj`rjd`sn

lnrw) fnsw nrnw j|kn`c}eg sn`k inc`#. Rcbnf nbn an}g egbw}n. Xjicx lg|ewiwr eg`kn|nd

fg }rjejbgwe) sn`k lg|%c`qnkc`n}c fg |j`kkn kn}r|jqn}fwig| lg|}gfnr nrnw lg|}gxrn

|nbcni.

Kj`nb lg|n}ni bn|c g`bjbg|e@genrjms}r rn`xn xg`wrwx $jxg|mwiwe#. ]xcfwin

lg|fnxw|) lg|fg|n`kfn bc iwn|. Egexw`snc Nfrc`cn sn`k bjec`n`) egexw`snc w`}w|

}gxrn sn`k fn} dgf}neg|. Dcbwx lg|fjij`c bn` lg|{n|`n xwrcd fg|wd. \gx|jbwf}c`sn

}gmn|n n}gf}wni $rw`n} sn`k egelg`rwf fw`mwx#. Bnxnr rwelwd lncf xnbn }wdw


34/43

Ej`}rn}r|gn }x

Bcfg`ni }glnknc fj|ni }gonrc nrnw fj|ni lnrw. Dcbwx`sn lg|fjij`c. Fn|n`k`sn

rg|lwnr bn|c lndn` fnxw|. Dnlcrnr bc inwr bn`kfni nrnw zj`n `g|crcf. Dcbwx lg|fjij`c)

lg|fg|n`kfn fnxw|. ]gmn|n ej|ajijkc} }gxg|rc fgijexjf Nmrc cn $`new` `genrjms}r

lg|lgbn#.

Lg|fg|n`kfn iwn| bn` rwlwd`sn eg`kn`bw`k fnxw|. Eg|wxnfn` rcxg xjicx nrnw

dcbwx sn`k eg`gexgi xnbn }wnrw }wl}r|nr sncrw lnrw) fnsw nrnwxw` j|kn`c}eg sn`k inc`.

Egexw`snc j|kn` kn}r|jqn}fwig| sncrw }niw|n` nc| sn`k lg|aw`k}c w`rwf eg`mg|`n

enfn`n` bn` w`rwf egew`rndfn` enfn`n`. Fg|n`kfn dg{n` c`c ocfn enrc nfn` eg`onbc

dcn}n` bc |wend%|wend. Ocfn dg{n` c`c enrc) enfn g`bnxn` fg|n`kfn`sn bnxnr

egelg`rwf rg|welw fn|n`k.

\gx|jbwf}c`sn }gmn|n n}gf}wni $rw`n} sn`k egelg rwf fw`mwx#. Egecicfc

fg|n`kfn sn`k rg|lwnr bn|c lndn` fni}cwe fn|lj`nr $MnMJ=#

Xg|n`n` xg`rc`k mjgig`rg|nrg sncrw ? rgexnr lg|fgeln`k lcnf cfn`) bnxnr bcxnfnc

dcn}n` |wend) bnxnr bcxnfnc }glnknc lndn` fnxw|) bn` }glnknc rnen` inwr rgexnr |gf|gn}c

Fin}cacfn}c ?

Fc`kbje ? N`cenicn

Xdsiwe ? Mjgig`rg|nrn

Min}c}} ? N`rdjzjn

J|bj ? Enb|gxj|n|cn

Kg`w} ? Ej`}rn}r|gn }x


35/43

Aw`kcn }x

Eg|wxnfn` fj|ni }gonrc nrnw fj|ni lnrw. Dcbwx lg|fjij`c) egecicfc fg|n`kfn sn`k

lg|nbn bciwn|. Fg|n`kfn`sn eg`kn`bw`k fni}cwe fn|lj`nr $MnMJ=#. Lg|{n|`n xwrcd

fw}ne. ]gmn|n ej|ajijkc} }gxg|rc fgijexjf Nmrc`cn $`new` `genrjms}c} lg|lgbn#.

Lg rwf`sn }gxg|rc onew|) jigd fn|g`n crw bc}glwr Aw`kcn }x. Dnlcrnr bc inwr

bn`kfni nrnw zj`n `g|crcf bn` egigfnr bc bn}n| inwr. ]gewn n`kkjrn`sn lg|lg`rwf xjicx

bn` rcxg dcbwx`sn }g}cic} nrnw eg`gexgi xnbn }wnrw }wl}r|nr. \j`kkn xg`mg|`nn``sn

rg|lnkc jigd }gfnr |nbcnic}. Ewiwr rg|igrnf bnrn| bn` eg`kdwlw`kfn` bg`kn` |j`kkn

xg`mg|`nn` jigd lnkcn` sn`k bc}glwr }rjejbgwe.

Ocfn dg{n` c`c enrc) enfn fg|n`kfn`sn nfn` eg`onbc g`bnxn` rg|welw fn|n`k.

\gx|jbwf}c }gmn|n n}gf}wni. Rwelwd lncf xnbn }wdw


36/43

Dnicmdj`b|cn }x

Eg|wxnfn` dg{n` ewirc}giwig|. Egecicfc rc`kfnr gqjiw}c xnic`k |g`bnd. Bcfg`ni

}glnknc Dg{n` }xj`}. Egecicfc }s}rge }niw|n` nc| $rcxg n}mj`jcb) }smj`jcb)bn`

igwmj`jcb#. Fg|n`kfn`sn lg|n}ni bn|c }g|nr }xj`kc`k. Dnlcrnr bc nc| inwr.

Rwlwd`sn rg|bc|c bn|c bwn inxc} $bcxijlin}rcf#bg`kn` inxc}n` iwn| gxcbg|ec}

lg|lg rwf xcxcd bc}glwr xc`nfj}cr) inxc}n` bnine g`bjbg|ec} rg|}w}w` bn|c }gi sn`k

lg|ainkgi bc}glwr fjn`j}cr. Bcn`rn| inxc}n` gxcbg|ec} bn` g`bjbg|ec} rg|bnxnr inxc}n`

rg`knd lg|wxn }wl}rn`}c bn|c kginrc` sn`k bc}glwr eg}jkign. Bc bnine eg}jkign rg|bnxnr

}gi newlj}crlg|aw`k}c eg`kgbn|fn` enfn`n` sn`k bcmg|`n bnine fjn`j}cr) bn` }gi

}fig|jlin} lg|aw`k}c w`rwf egelg`rwf fg|n`kfn sn`k eg`sg|wxnc bw|c nrnw }xcfwin.

Rwlwd`sn lg|xj|c%xj|c $j}rcwe# bn` egecicfc }g|nr }xj`kc`k.

Rwlwd`sn n}cegr|c $Rcbnf lg|nrw|n`#) lg|lg`rwf rnlw`k) qn} lw`kn) en`kfwf bn`

rwelwdn`. Ewinc lg|bcnegrg| > me%< meXg`mg|`nn``sn c`rg|}giwig| bcbnine fjn`j}cr

bn` nejgln}cr) enfn`n``sn lg|wxn lnfrg|c bn` xin`frj`. Dcbwx`sn }gmn|n dgrg|jr|jabn`}gi`sn lg|}canr rjrcxjrg`}c sn`k nfn` eg`kw|w}c bc|c`sn }g`bc|c. An}g in|qn ej|rni) an}g

bg{n}n`sn nbnind}g}cic} bn` eg|wxnfn` xgenfn` }w}xg`}c.

\gx|jbwf}c`sn }gmn|n n}gf}wni bn` }gf}wni) }gmn|n }gf}wni rg|onbc bg`kn` mn|n

xgiglw|n` }gi }xg|en bg`kn` }gi jqwe) xgelwndn` c`c rg|onbc bc iwn| rwlwd xj|cag|n)

}gbn`kfn` |gx|jbwf}c n}gf}wni rg|onbc bg`kn` xgelg`rwfn` rw`n} bn` kgeewig.

Rg|bnxnr }xcfwin%}xcfwin sn`k lg|lg`rwf }gxg|rc onin }glnknc }xj`kcn. Lg|{n|`n

xwrcd fgmjfinrn` bn` egecicfc ln`snfj}mwiwe xnbn rwlwd`sn

Xg|n`n` xg`rc`k Xj|cag|n sncrw ? Bgej}xj`kcn sn`k bcen`annrfn` en`w}cn w`rwf

}xj`} en`bc bn` xgelg|}cd fnmn

Fin}cacfn}c ?

Fc`kbje ? N`cenicn


37/43

Xdsiwe ? Xj|cag|n

Min}c}} ? Bgej}}xj`kcng

J|bj ? Dnicmdj`b|c`n

Kg`w} ?Dnicmdj`|cn }x.

Mwmwen|cna|j`bj}n }x $Rcew` inwr#

Lg`rwf rwlwd xnbn }nnr bg{n}n }gxg|rc eg`rcew`) sncrw jqni nrnw eg`sg|wxnc

mnmc k. Rcbnf xw`sn ig`kn` bw|c nrnw xgbcmgiin|cn. \n`kfn`sn eg`kn`bw`k }gbcfcr

fnxw|.

Egenfn` xn|rcfgi j|kn`cf sn`k bcnelci jigd rg`rnfgi`sn bn` rg`rnfgi rg|}glwr

lg|nbn bc bgfnr ewiwr. Xg| nan}n``sn bcinfwfn` jigd lnkcn %lnkcn` rg rnfgi) fnfcnelwinf|ni) bc`bc`k rwlwd) fijnfn) bn` }wnrw j|kn` sn`k bc}glwr |g}xc|nrj|s r|gg.

Dnlcrnr`sn bc nc| inwr bn` egecicfc lg`rwf sn`k enf|j}fjxc}. Rwlwd`sn rcbnf

egecicfc bw|c) xg|ewfnn` rwlwd`sn iw`nf. Rcbnf rg|bnxnr enb|gxj|crg. Rgf}rw| rwlwd`sn

lwinr bn` xn`on`k bn` rwlwd rg|}glwr rg|lnkc nrn} lnkcn` n`rg|cj| $bgxn`# bn` lnkcn`

xj}rg|cj| $lginfn`k#.

Gmdc`jbg|enrn lg|xg|n` }glnknc xg`onkn fg}gceln`kn` gfj}c}rge inwr fn|g`n

dg{n` c`c lg|rc`bnf }glnknc xgelg|}cd inwr bg`kn` egenfn` fjrj|n` $ag}g}#) ln`kfnc

nrnw }c}n%}c}n j|kn`c}eg inc` sn`k rg|bnxnr bc xn`rnc. Og`c} sn`k bnxnr xwin bcenfn` sncrw

og`c} rg|cxn`k bn` rgiw| lwiw lnlc.

Fin}cacfn}c ?

Fc`kbje ? N`cenicn

Xdsiwe ? Gmdc`jbg|enrn

Min}c}} ? Djijrdw|jcbgn

J|bj ?

Kg`w} ? Mwmwen|cn }x


38/43

Xj|rw`w} }gtbg`rnrw}$fgxcrc`k#

Eg|wxnfn` dg{n` nfwnrcf) dnlcrnr bc nc| inwr. Fgdcbwxn``sn }glnknc lgrj})

xin`frj`) gxczj`) bn` xn|n}cr. N`kkjrn rwlwd`sn rg|lnkc nrn} = rnkenrn $7 bc fgxnin) 4 bc

bnbn) 1 bc xg|wr#. Egecicfc }gxn}n`k enrn) enrn lg|rn`kfnc nrnc }g}ci.

Lwfnn` ninr fginec` lgrc`n bc }gkeg` bnbn fg%1. Lwfnn` ninr fginec` on`rn` bc

}gkeg` fg%4. Rckn n`kkjrn rwlwd lnkcn` n{ni bnbn rg|ejbcacfn}c eg`onbc enf}cicxgb.

Lglg|nxn |n`kfncn` c`}n`k egigfnr xnbn bn}n| n`kkjrn rwlwd lnkcn` bnbn bn` xndn

bc`bc`k bnbn.

Lg|fnfc }gxwiwd. Egecicfc bwn mnxcr sn`k lg}n| sn`k lg|aw`k}c w`rwf egic`bw`kc

bc|c. Rwlwd`sn rg|bc|c bn|c lnkcn` bj|}jqg`r|ni.

Egecicfc `cinc gfj`jec sn`k rc`kkc w`rwf bcxg|owni lgicfn` fn|g`n fgxcrc`k c`c

bcen`annrfn` en`w}cn }glnknc enfn`n` sn`k eg`kn`bw`k x|jrgc` rc`kkc.

Fin}cacfn}c ?

Fc`kbje ? N`cenicn

Xdsiwe ? En`bclwinrn

Min}c}} ? M|w}rnmgn

J|bj ? Bgmnxjbn

Kg`w} ?Xj|rw`w} }x.


39/43

Mjeln|w} ln|rj`c$wbn`k fn|n`k#

Eg|wxnfn` dg{n` nfwnrcf) dcbwx bc nc| inwr. Xgelnkcn` rwlwd rg|bc|c bn|c

}ganijrj|nt $lg|knlw`k`sn fgxnin bg`kn` rj|nt# bn` nlbjeg`. Lnkcn` }ganijrj|nt rg|bc|c

bn|c fcrc` sn`k fg|n} bc}glwr fn|nxnf} egexw`snc bw|c bc lnkcn` wow`k bgxn` bc}glwr

|j}r|we.

Xnbn lnkcn` fgxnin rg|bnxnr enrn an}gr sn`k lg|rn`kfnc) }gxn}n`k n`rg`n $w`rwf

fg}gceln`kn`# bn` }gxn}n`k n`rg`wiin $w rwf ninr xg|nln#. Xnbn lnkcn` nlbjeg`rg|bnxnr icen fnfc sn`k bc}glwr }{ceeg|gr $fnfc |g`n`k xnbn lgrc`n w`rwf egigfnrfn`

rgiw| }g|rn egeln{n n`nf`sn#. Xnbn rj|nt rg|bnxnr 2 xn}n`k fnfc onin` bn` }gxn}n`k fnfc

xg|rnen eg`kninec ejbcacfn}c }gxg|rc mnrwr bc}glwr }gicxgbn. ]gkeg` rg|nfdc| bc}glwr

rgi}j`) rg|bnxnr xwin gelgin` xcxcd bn` igln| sn`k lg|aw`k}c }glnknc ninr fgewbc.

]niw|n` xg`mg|`nn``sn ewinc bn|c ewiwr bn` lg|nfdc| bc n`w}) bn` }wbnd

rg|bnxnr fgigòn| xg`mg|`nn` nrnw dnrc. ]ginc` egecicfc n`w} znr }c}n bnxnr bcfgiwn|fn`

eginiwc ninr gf}f|g}c lg|`nen k|gg` kin`b $fgigòn| dconw#.

Ninr fginec `sn kj`jfj|c}) bnine xgrwelwdn``sn dg{n` c c eg`kninec

xg|kn`rcn` fwicr $nfbc}c}#. ]s}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd`sn rg|lwfn) bn|nd`sn rcbnf lg|{n|`n)

rgrnxc eg`kn`bw`k dgej}cn`c`.

Egecicfc `cinc gfj`jec fn|g`n bnxnr bcenànnrfn` en`w}cn }glnknc xnfn` cfn`

nrnw xnfn` rg|`nf

Fin}cacfn}c ?

Fc`kbje ? N`cenicn

Xdsiwe ? Nrd|jxjbn

Min}c}} ? M|w}rnmgn

J|bj ?

Kg`w} ? Mjeln|w} }x.


40/43

N`nbj|n }x $fg|n`k#

Egecicfc < mn`kfn`k xcxcd sn`k }grn`kfwx) fnfc lg|lg`rwf xcxcd }gxg|rc fnxnf)

fnfc bnxnr bcowiw|fn` bn` bckw`nfn` w`rwf egigfnr nrnw eg`kknic xn}c| bn` Iwexw|.

eNexw egigfnr xnbn lglnrwn` nrnw xnbn mn`kfn`k dg{n` inc` nrnw xg|ndw fn|g`n

eg`}gf|g}c znr xg|gfnr.

Fgbwn mn`kfn`k xnbn lnkcn` rg`knd bj|}ni bcdwlw`kfn` jigd on|c`kn` cfnr

$ickneg`r# sn`k lg|aw`k}c }gxg|rc g`k}gi w`rwf egelwfn bn` eg`wrwx mn`kfn`k bg`kn`

mn|n eg`kg`mn`kfn` bn` eg`kg`bj|fn` jrjr.

Mn`kfn`k rg|}w}w` bn|c inxc}n` xg|cj}r|nrwe xg|c}enrcf bn` `nf|gn}. Rcbnf egecifc

fgxnin. Ewiwr`sn rg|bnxnr xnbn |j`kkn en`rgi) bcig`kfnxc bg`kn` inlcni xnixw}. Rcbnf

egecifc |ndn`k nrnw |gbwin. Enfn`n``sn lg|wxn dg{n` fgmci }gxg|rc x|jrjzjn) bcnrje)

bn` }gog`c}`sn.

C`}n`k lg|lg`rwf igeln|n` }gdc`kkn bc}glwr owkn Inegiicl|n` mdcnrn. Igeln|n`

c`}n`k bnine |j`kk en`rgi eg`sn|c`k enfn`n` bn|c nc| sn`k en}wf fg bnine |j`kkn

en`rgi eginiwc }caj`. J|kn` r|gx|jbwf}c`sn rg|xc}nd xnbn en}c`k%en}c`k c`bcqcbw.

Fin}cacfn}c ?

Fc`kbje ? N`cenicn

Xdsiwe ? Ejiiw}mn

Min}c}} ? Xnigmsxjbn

Anecis ?

Kg`w} ?N`nbj|n }x.


41/43

Ise`ngn }x. $fgj`k#

Wewe`sn lg|mn`kfn`k rw`kkni sn`k rg|xcic` lg|lg`rwf }xc|ni. Lnkcn` fgxnin`sn

ogin} rg|icdnr wewe`sn rg|bnxnr bwn xn}n`k rg`rnfgi. Fnfc`sn igln| bn` xcxcd) |j`kkn

en`rgi`sn bn` j|kn`%j|n`k c`rg|`ni) rg|xwrn| >48 rg|dnbnx fgxnin bn` fnfc.

C`}n`k lg|oweind }nrw nrnw bwn lwnd) j|kn` |gx|jbwf}c`sn lg|wend bwn nrnw }nrw.

Ag|rcic}n}c }gmn|n c`rg|`ni. J|kn` }gff|g}c`sn lg|wxn `gxd|cbcn. Rg rnfgi lg|aw`k}c

}glnknc ninr xg|nln bn` xgelnw. ]s}rge xg`mg|`nn``sn bcewinc bn|c ewiwr sn`kbcig`kfnxc |ndn`k bn|c znr rn`bwf. Bwbnine ewiwr rg|bnxnr |nbwiin bg`kn` kckc fgmci bn|c

fdcrc`.

Rg|en}wf dg{n` dg|lcaj|n) egecifc }s}rge xg|gbn|n` bn|nd rg|lwfn) on`rw`k bn`

xgelwiwd bn|nd en}cd }gbg|dn`n. Egecicfc ln`snf fnfc bn` fnfc rg|bgxn` eg`kninec

ejbcacfn}c eg`onbc mnxcr. W`rwf eg`kgiwn|fn` dg{n` c`c bn|c mn`kfn`k`sn dn|w} bc}g|rnc

bg`kn` |n`k}n`kn` bn|c iwn| }gxg|rc wbn|n sn`k dn`knr. Dg{n` c`c nfn` lg|xc`bnd fg

mn`kfn`k inc` ocfn eg`kninec xg|fgeln`kn` rwlwd`sn.

Fin}cacfn}c ?

Fc`kbje ? N`cenicn

Xdsiwe ? Ejiiw}mn

Min}c}} ? Kn}r|jxjbn

J|bj ? Ln}jenrjxdj|n

Anecis ?

Kg`w} ?


42/43

LNL Q

FG]CEXWIN@ BN@ ]N\N@

Fg}cexwin` sn`k fcrn xg|jigd bn|c fgkcnrn` xg`gicrcn` c`c lnd{n fglg|nbnn`

dg{n` nqg|rgl|nrn bc xn`rnc Bgigkn` qn|cgrn}`sn }gbcfcr ew`kfc` bcfn|g`nfn` nbn`sn

xg`mgen|n` jigd icelnd icelnd xnl|cf enwxw` icelnd |wend rn`kkn sn`k igrnf`sn

lg|nbn bc }gfcrn| xn`rnc Bgigkn`.

]n|n` sn`k bnxnr fnec }nexncfn`) nkn| fcrn nrnw en}sn|nfnr }gfcrn| }glnknc

xginfw sn`k dn|w} lg|rn`kkw`k on{nl nrn} fglg|}cdn` bn` eg`onkn fgn`gfn|nknen`

dnsnrc enwxw` `j` dnsnrc sn`k nbn bc xn`rnc Bgigkn`. Egelg|cfn` xg`swiwdn` sncrw

lg|wxn wxnsn nkn| }nbn| ic`kfw`kn` bc en}sn|nfnr xnbn wewe`sn. Bn` eg`sn|n`fn`

nkn| xg`n`kfnxn` nrnw xg`mndn|cn` fgn`gfn|nknen` sn`k nbn bc xn`rnc dn|w} }g}wnc

bg`kn` fncbnd fncbnd sn`k lg|infw nkn| fgig}rn|cn` fgn`gfn|nknen` xnbn xn rnc

bgigkn` rgrnx rg|onkn.

BNARN\ XW]RNFN

,]xj`kg},. Mg|qcmni Ln||cg| Nbqn`mgeg`r ]jmcgrs. 4=1,) c` Djjxg|) [email protected].) n`b Qn` ]jg}r) \.[.E.) ]s}rgen

Xj|cag|n? N Kwcbg rj rdg Min}}cacmnrcj` ja ]xj`kg}) @g{ Sj|f? Fiw{g|Nmnbgecm*Xig`we) xx. 3>2) |gr|cgqgb >%81

\nbcjxwr|n.>34=._jjijkc.Onfn|rn?G|in`kkn.

]cen`kw`}j`k)L.\.>341.Xn|n}crjijkc.Onfn|rn?Xg`g|lcr Fn|w`cfn.

_jrrjic)\.>34=.Xg`kn`rn| Lcjijkc Inwr.Ij`bj`?Ej}ls Mjexn`s.

Ewfnsnr)B.L.>338._jjijkc Bn}n|.Onfn|rn?G|in`kkn.


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