Pragmatism Phlos

7/31/2019 Pragmatism Phlos

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PHILOSOPHY OF

PHYSICALEDUCATION,

EXERCISESCIENCE, AND

SPORTA love of wisdom and

the pursuit of truthCopyright 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


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Five Traditional Philosophies Idealism

a philosophical theory advocating

Realismthe philosophical system stressing that the lawsand order of the world as revealed by science areindependent from human experiences

Pragmatisman American movement in philosophy

Naturalisma belief that the scientific laws of nature

govern life and that individual goals are more importantthan societal goals

Existentialisma twentieth-century philosophy


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IDEALISMTruth is universal

and absolute

The mind is critical to allunderstanding since only

through reasoning and mentalprocesses can truth emerge.

Never-changing idealscomprise the ultimate reality.

Ideals, virtues, and truths areuniversal and remain the sameregardless of how individuals

may interpret them.


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IDEALISM

The mind and the body are

optimally to be developed

simultaneously, as a whole,

although physical activity issecondary to the

development of the mind and

thought processes.The idealist believes that

there is one correct way to

perform sports skills.


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REALISM

The physical education

curriculum includes activities

and experiences that enablestudents to understand the laws

of the physical world.

Learning is subject-centeredand includes progressions,

drills, and objective evaluation.


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PRAGMATISMReality is a

total of individual experiencesUltimate reality must be experienced and is

ever-changing rather than absolute.

Truth and values are functions of the

consequences of the time and the context areconsidered good if successful.

Social responsibilities are essential as every

individual functions with and contributes tosociety.


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PRAGMATISM

Students develop social efficiency as they

experience solving the problems of life and

learn how to become better functioning

members of society.

A student-centered curriculum encourages

students to develop their social and

interpersonal skills and to set and achieve

personal goals.


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NATURALISMLaws of

nature govern life and

individual goals

Truth and things valued exist within the

physical realm of nature. Everything according to nature means

that students learn and develop in and

through nature. Physical well-being enhances a readiness to

learn mental, moral, and social skills.


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NATURALISM

Individualized learning occurs through

self-discovery and exploration of ones

capabilities and interests.

Through problem-solving, students

progress in skill development at their ownrates.


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EXISTENTIALISMTruth and

values are based on ones

experiencesHuman experiences and individual

determinism construct reality.Each persons experiences determine truth,

which is uniquely personal.

An individuals value system, which istotally controlled by choice, is tempered by

an understanding of social responsibility.


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EXISTENTIALISM

The desired educational outcome is the self-

actualizing person, who must accept the

consequences of actions taken. Individualized activities in physical

education and sport encourage creativity,

self-awareness and personal responsibilityfor learning.


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IMPORTANCE OF THE

BODY Idealism

Realism

Pragmatism

Naturalism

Existentialism


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CURRICULAR FOCUS

Idealism

Realism

Pragmatism

Naturalism

Existentialism


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IMPORTANCE OF THE

TEACHER

Idealism

Realism

PragmatismNaturalism

Existentialism


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OBJECTIVES

Idealismdevelopment of personalityand mind

Realismtraining students to meet therealities of life

Pragmatismhelping students to becomebetter functioning members of society

Naturalismdevelopment of the whole

personExistentialismassisting students to

become self-actualizing, independent

beings


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METHODOLOGY

Idealismlecture; question-answerdiscussions

Realismuse of real world, drills,

lectures, and projects Pragmatismproblem solving

Naturalisminformal; problem solving

Existentialismquestions raised,thoughts provoked, and freedom of actionencouraged by the teacher


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WEAKNESSES

Idealismresistance to change; development ofthe body is secondary to the mind

Realismtoo narrow a view; everything mustconform to natural laws or it is wrong

Pragmatismlack of fixed aims to give studentsstability and direction

Naturalismtoo simple an education for acomplex world

Existentialismoveremphasis on individuality

precludes preparation for social life


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PHILOSOPHY QUIZ1. The __________advocates that students must indicate

their readiness to attempt to learn a cartwheel.2. The __________ models or provides demonstrations of

exactly how to serve a volleyball.

3. The __________ encourages students to use theirreasoning powers to decide how to align defensiveplayers to stop an opposing team that fast breaks.

4. Since a curriculum based on this philosophy focuses onthe individual, the __________ focuses on teachingthe acceptance of responsibility for self-discipline,cooperation, and fair play.

5. The __________ emphasizes learning team sportsthrough which social skills are developed.


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PHILOSOPHY QUIZ6. A physical education and sport researcher is sometimes

called a/an __________ because he or she utilizes thescientific method of inquiry.

7. The __________ encourages students to select theirown movement activities and to be creative, such as

through designing a new cooperative game orexploring playground apparatus.

8. The wholeness rather than duality (mind versus body)of people is stressed by the __________ and the

__________ by their seeking to achieve psychomotor,cognitive, and affective outcomes in all classes.

9. Since to the __________ experience is critical forlearning, students are encouraged to experiment with

their own techniques in executing body movements.


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SAMPLE OF THE PHILOSOPHY

OF A PERSONAL TRAINER

I believe that every person should have theknowledge and skills to lead a healthy life. As apersonal trainer, I am committed to helping

each client learn how to eat right, exerciseregularly, and practice healthy behaviors. Theseare the top seven areas in which I can help:

Individualized instruction in exercise

programs-Teach and guide through fundamentaland advanced techniques and activities for thedevelopment of cardiovascular endurance,muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility


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OF A PERSONAL TRAINER

Nutritional counseling-Guide clients in the selection,preparation, and consumption of nutritious foodsthat will lead to the maintenance of good health

Motivation and positive reinforcement-Help clientsdevelop an intrinsic motivation to enjoy healthybehaviors by providing positive comments abouttheir effort, commitment, responsible actions, andpersistence as well as their progress in achievingnutritional and fitness goals

Safety-Ensure that clients complete each exercise,activity, and lifestyle change in a safe environment

with appropriate supervision



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OF A PERSONAL TRAINER Specificity of training-Direct prescribed exercises

and programs in congruence with personal goals,physical limitations, and physicians' directions

Injury or disease rehabilitation-Assist clients in

regaining levels of mobility and fitnesscommensurate with individual circumstances andwithin guidelines provided by physicians

Education-Provide information and resources to help

clients incorporate healthy behaviors into all aspectsof their lives

Living this philosophy gives me great satisfaction inknowing that I have made a significant difference in

the well-being of clients.


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Sport Ethics

THE INELIGIBLE PLAYER


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THE INELIGIBLE PLAYERTomorrow, your schools girls basketball team will play inthe state championship game. Everyone in the school and in

your small town is excited. A telephone call you just receivedfrom the new athletic director (Stacy Miller) suddenlythreatens to change everything. Miller tells you that Jody, the24-points per game star, is too old. In completing some

required paperwork for the state athletic association, sherealized what the previous athletic director had notdetermined, which is that Jody is 19 years old, thus makingher ineligible for high school sports. You are distraught

because you know that Jody is from a single-parent home andhas had past academic and behavioral problems in school butthat she has overcome these and changed since she joined thebasketball team. Miller is willing to keep this matter quiet, butsays that as coach you will have to decide whether to play thegame or not.


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DEFINITIONS

Moral values are the relative worth that is

placed on virtuous behaviors.

Principles are universal rules of conduct

that identify what kinds of actions,

intentions, and motives are valued.


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A PLAN FOR FAIR PLAY

Moral reasoning is the systematicprocess of evaluating personal values

and developing a consistent and an

impartial set of moral principles bywhich to live.


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A PLAN FOR FAIR PLAY

Moral knowing is the cognitive phaseof learning about moral issues and howto resolve them.

Moral valuing is the basis of what webelieve about ourselves, society, andtheories around us.

Moral acting is how we act based on

what we know and value.


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KOHLBERGS STAGES OF

MORAL DEVELOPMENT Stage One focuses on actions done to avoid

punishment.

Stage Two emphasizes following rules for self-interest.

Stage Three suggests that people react to theexpectations of parents, peers, and authority figures.

Stage Four assumes that people conform to the socialsystem and social order.

Stage Five expects people to fulfill contract andindividual rights.

Stage Six posits universal ethical principles as the basis

for all actions.


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FOUR MORAL VALUES

Justice (treating others with fairness) Do not violate the rules of the game

Honesty (being trustworthy)

Do not cheat or lie Responsibility (fulfilling duty)

Do not act irresponsibly

Beneficence (fair play or doing good)

Do not harm an opponent


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RATIONALIZATIONS FOR

UNETHICAL BEHAVIORS

There is no rule against it.

Everyone else does it.

This action is not unethical because no one

will ever know about it.Circumstances require acting in this way.


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ETHICAL THEORIES

Teleological or consequential (utilitarianism)

theories focus on the end results or consequences

of processes or occurrences; the ultimate standard

of what is morally right is dependent on the

greatest amount of good for the greatest number of

people

Deontological or non-consequential (Kantian)

theories state that actions must conform to absolute

rules of moral behavior; there is an inherent

rightness apart from all consequences


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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES

Moral duties are prescriptive and

independent of consequences

Fair play means playing within the letter

and spirit of the the rules

Seeking to win is acceptable only if the

letter and spirit of the rules are followed

An opponent is not the enemy but a

worthy athlete deserving to be treatedexactly as everyone would wish to be

treated


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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES

Retribution is never acceptableregardless of the unfairness orviolence of the initial action

Games are not played tointimidate; the ideal purpose isa mutual quest for excellencethrough challenge

Sportsmanship requiresmodesty and humility invictory, praise for the winners,and self-respect in defeat


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IS THIS CONDUCT ETHICAL?

A lineman or a defensive back is beaten by theopposing lineman or wide receiver, resulting in

a big play for the offense. On a subsequent

play, the lineman or defensive back takes out

his opponent with a vicious blind side hit to the

knees meant to cause injury, even though

neither player is involved with action near the

ball. Is this hit ethical? If not, how should thisintimidation be punished? How should the

lineman or defensive back be educated about

ethical conduct?


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IS THIS CONDUCT ETHICAL?

In his first at-bat after his grand-slam home run,

Mike is prepared for a brush-back pitch. He is notready for the inside fast ball aimed straight at hishead. He attempts to bail out of the batters box but

is hit by the pitch on the arm. He jumps up andcharges the mound, bat in hand, as both benchesclear. The ensuing brawl results in the ejection ofseveral players from the game. Why is the brush

back pitch seemingly an acceptable form ofgamesmanship in baseball? Does a ball thrown at abatters head justify his charging the mound? Whyare teammates expected to join in the fray? Should

these behaviors be changed?


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SUCCESS

PTHE PYRAMID OF SUCCESS Success is peace of mind which is a direct


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COMPETITIVE GREATNESS

POISE CONFIDENCE

CONDITION SKILL TEAM SPIRIT

SELF-CONTROL ALERTNESS INITIATIVE INTENTNESS

INDUSTRIOUSNESS FRIENDSHIP LOYALTY COOPERATION ENTHUSIASM

FAIT

H

F

IGHT

RES

OURC

EFULN

ESS

ADAPTA

BILITY

AMBITIO

N

RELIABILITY

INTEG

RITY

HONESTY

SINCE

RITY

PATIENCE

When the going gets tough, thetough get going. Be at your bestwhen your best is needed. Reallove of a hard battle.

Just being yourself. Being atease in any situation. Neverfighting yourself.

Respect without fear. Confidentnot cocky. May come from faithin yourself in knowing that youare prepared.

Mental - Moral - Physical. Rest,exercise, and diet must beconsidered. Moderation must bepracticed. Dissipation must beeliminated.

A knowledge of and the ability toproperly execute thefundamentals. Be prepared.Cover every detail.

An eagerness to sacrifice personalinterests or glory for the welfareof all. The team comes first.

Emotions under control. Delicateadjustment between mind and

body. Keep judgment andcommon sense.

Be observing constantly. Bequick to spot a weakness and

correct it or use it as the casemay warrant.

Cultivate the ability to makedecisions and think alone. Desire

to excel.

Ability to resist temptation andstay with your course.

Concentrate on your objectiveand be determined to reach your

goal.

There is no substitute for work.Worth while things come from

hard work and careful planning.

Comes from mutual esteem,respect, and devotion. A sincere

liking for all.

To yourself and to all thosedependent upon you. Keep your

self-respect.

With all levels of your co-workers.Help others and see the other

side.

Your heart must be in your work.Stimulate others.

Throu

ghprayer

Goodthings

taketime

(effo

rt&hustle

)

(prope

r

judg

ment)

(toan

y

situa

tion)

(prope

rly

focu

sed)

(othersdepend

uponyou)

(speaksforitself)

(inallways)

(makesfriends)

THE PYRAMID OF SUCCESS

John R. Wooden

Head Basketball Coach

UCLA

Success is peace of mind which is a directresult of self-satisfaction in knowing you did yourbest to become the best that you are capable ofbecoming.

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