-
Know-Want-Learn Study Foldable Make this foldable to determine
what youalready know, what you want to know, and what you learn
about the executivebranch of government.
Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper intothirds from top to bottom.
Reading andWriting Before youread, write down whatyou already
know andwhat you want toknow under eachheading. As you readthe
chapter, recordwhat you learn.
Step 2 Turn the paperhorizontally, unfold, and label thethree
columns as shown.
164President George W. Bush and Vice President DickCheney get
ready to go to a government ceremony. ▲
ForeignPolicy
Job Staff &Advisers
President
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Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS
The Constitution says very little about what a president
isexpected to do.The nation’s first president, GeorgeWashington,
established many traditions that shaped thepresidency. Contact a
federal information center to learnabout the various divisions of
the Executive Office of thePresident. Create a brochure to present
what you find.
To learn more about the presidency, view the Democracyin Action
video lesson 8: The Presidency.
-
Chapter Overview Visit the CivicsToday Web site at
civ.glencoe.comand click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 7 to preview
chapterinformation.
164-170 U2 Ch07 S1 CT-860970 11/28/03 10:24 AM Page 165
http://civ.glencoe.com
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GUIDE TO READING
Main IdeaEvery four years, electorsselected by popular votecast
their ballots for pres-ident and vice president,whose terms of
office areestablished in the UnitedStates Constitution.
Key TermsElectoral College, elector
Reading StrategyCategorizing InformationAs you read,
categorizeinformation by complet-ing a chart like the onebelow with
informationabout the U.S. presidency.
Read to Learn• What qualifications
are needed to be president?
• How are presidentselected?
• What are the rules of presidential succession?
The President andVice President
SECTION
President Truman
Qualifi-cations
U.S. PresidencyBack-ground
Term ofOffice
Election Salary &Benefits
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166 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive BranchAP/Wide
World Photos
“The presidency of the United Statescarries with it a
responsibility so personal as to bewithout parallel. . . . No one
can make decisionsfor him. . . . Even those closest to him . . .
neverknow all the reasons why he does certain thingsand why he
comes to certain conclusions. To bePresident of the United States
is to be lonely, verylonely at times of great decisions.”
—Harry S Truman
Qualifications for PresidentHarry S Truman was the thirty-third
president of the
United States, serving from 1945 to 1953.The president headsthe
executive branch of the United States government. Thepresidency is
the top political job in the country. Because of thepower and
global influence of the United States, the presidentis generally
considered to hold the most important job in theworld. Our
country’s first president was George Washington.Just as the nation
has grown tremendously since that time, sohas the office of the
presidency.
The constitutional requirements for the presidency remainthe
same as they did when George Washington was president.The U.S.
Constitution lists only three rules about who canbecome president
of the United States. A person must be (1) atleast 35 years old,
(2) a native-born American citizen, and (3) a resident of the
United States for at least 14 years. By law,anyone who meets these
qualifications can become president.Of course, someone who hopes to
become president must havemany more qualifications than those
three.
So far, every American president has been a white male. Allbut
one have been Protestant Christians. Most have won elec-tions
before. Most have had a college education. Many havebeen lawyers.
Most came from states with large populations.
Only in the past few decades has the presidency become
apossibility for a wider group of Americans. John F. Kennedybecame
the first Catholic president in 1960. In 1984 the
-
Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 167David J.
& Janice L. Frent Collection/CORBIS
Democratic Party nominated GeraldineFerraro as its first female
vice-presidentialcandidate. Four years later Jesse Jackson,an
African American, ran a close second inthe race to become the
Democratic candi-date for president. In 2000 the Democratsnominated
Connecticut senator JosephLieberman as the first Jewish candidate
forvice president.
Electing a PresidentPresidential elections take place every
four years in years evenly divisible by thenumber 4—for example,
2000, 2004, and2008. The Constitution does not providefor direct
popular election of the president.Instead, it set up an indirect
method ofelection called the Electoral College. TheConstitution
says that each state “shallappoint” electors, who then vote for
oneof the major candidates. Although the bal-lot will show the
names of the presidentialcandidates, when you vote for a
candidate,you are actually voting for a list of presi-dential
electors pledged to that candidate.
Each state has as many electoral votesas the total of its U.S.
senators and repre-sentatives. The Electoral College includes538
electors. (Washington, D.C., has threeelectoral votes.) This means
that the stateswith large populations have many moreelectoral votes
than less populated states. Inalmost every state, the Electoral
College isa “winner-take-all” system. Even if a candi-date wins the
popular vote by just a tinymajority, that candidateusually gets all
of thestate’s electoral votes.Candidates thus paymuch more
atten-tion to these states
during election campaigns. Even so, theelectoral votes of a few
small states candecide the outcome of a close election.
To be elected president or vice presi-dent, a candidate must win
at least 270 ofthe 538 electoral votes.The winner-take-allsystem
makes it difficult for third-partycandidates—candidates not from
the twomajor parties—to win electoral votes.
Although the winning presidential can-didate is usually
announced on the sameevening as the popular election, the
formalelection by the Electoral College doesn’ttake place until
December, when the elec-tors meet in each state capital to cast
theirballots. Congress counts the electoral votesand declares the
winner as the next presi-dent. You will read more about
theElectoral College system in Chapter 10.
Defining What is apresidential elector?
Term of OfficePresidents serve four-year terms.
Originally the Constitution placed no limitson how many terms a
president couldserve. The nation’s first president,
GeorgeWashington, served for eight years, thenrefused to run for a
third term. Presidentsfollowed Washington’s example and nopresident
served more than two terms until1940, when Franklin D. Roosevelt
ran forand won a third term. In 1944 Rooseveltwon a fourth term.
The Twenty-secondAmendment, ratified in 1951, limits each president
to two elected terms in office, ora maximum of 10 years if the
presidencybegan during another president’s term.
Salary and BenefitsThe president receives a salary of
$400,000 per year, plus money for expensesand travel. The
president lives and works
John F. Kennedy won the presidency in 1960.
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in the White House, which contains a pri-vate movie theater, a
small gym, a bowlingalley, and a heated pool. A White Housedomestic
staff of more than 80 peopletakes care of the president’s
family.
In addition, the president has the use ofCamp David, a beautiful
estate in theCatoctin Mountains of Maryland, about60 miles north of
Washington, D.C. It servesas a retreat and as a place to host
foreignleaders.When presidents need to travel, theycommand a fleet
of special cars, helicopters,
and airplanes. For long trips, the presidentuses Air Force One,
a specially equipped jet.
Identifying What is themaximum number of years that a
U.S.president can serve in office?
The Vice PresidentThe vice president is elected with the
president through the Electoral Collegesystem. The
qualifications for the office arethe same as those for the
presidency. TheConstitution gives little authority to thevice
president. Article I states that the vicepresident shall preside
over the Senate andvote in that body in case of a tie.
Vice presidents are usually not very vis-ible to the public.
Their activities rarelyreceive front-page newspaper coverage.Yet,if
the president dies, is removed from office,becomes seriously ill,
or resigns, the vicepresident becomes president. Nine
vicepresidents have become president due tothe death or resignation
of a president. JohnAdams, our nation's first vice
president,described the situation well. He said,
“I am Vice President. In this I amnothing, but I may
becomeeverything.”
Presidential SuccessionEight presidents have died while in
office. The original wording of the Consti-tution states that if
the president dies orleaves office during his term, the vice
pres-ident takes on the “powers and duties” ofthe presidency. Early
government officialswere not sure what that meant. Should thevice
president become president, or shouldhe remain vice president while
doing thepresident’s job?
168 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch
PresidentialSuccession
In 1947 Congress passed a law on the orderof succession to the
presidency. Who followsthe Speaker of the House in succession?
Vice President
Speaker of the House
President Pro Temporeof the Senate
Secretary of State
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of Defense
Attorney General
Secretary of Homeland Security
Secretary of the Interior
Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of Commerce
Secretary of Labor
Secretary of Healthand Human Services
Secretary of Housing andUrban Development
Secretary of Transportation
Secretary of Energy
Secretary of Education
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Source: Nelson, Ed. The Presidency A to Z, 3rd ed. (Washington,
D.C.: CQ Press, 2003).
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�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Research In the library or on the
Internet, research the gubernato-rial succession in your state.
Whatis the line of succession if thegovernor dies or leaves
office?
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write complete sen-
tences about the United Statespresidency using each of the
fol-lowing terms: Electoral College,elector.
Reviewing Main Ideas2. Describe What three qualifica-
tions for the U.S. presidency arelisted in the Constitution of
theUnited States?
3. Identify What are the constitu-tional duties of the vice
presi-dent of the United States?
Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences What did
John Adams mean by saying, “I may become everything”?
5. Sequencing Information In agraphic organizer like the
onebelow, explain the order of presi-dential succession.
Analyzing Visuals 6. Identify Examine the chart—
Presidential Succession—on page168. Who is fifth in line
tobecome president of the UnitedStates?
PresidentDies orLeaves Office
Who replaces the president inorder of succession?
SECTION ASSESSMENT
In 1841 VicePresident JohnTyler settled thequestion whenWilliam
HenryHarrison becamethe first presidentto die in office.Tyler
declared
himself president, took the oath of office,moved into the White
House, and served outthe remainder of Harrison’s term.
In 1947 Congress passed the Presiden-tial Succession Act, which
indicates the lineof succession after the vice president.According
to this law, if both the presidentand vice president die or leave
office, theSpeaker of the House becomes president.Next in line is
the president pro tempore ofthe Senate, then the secretary of state
andother members of the cabinet.
Twenty-Fifth Amendment Twenty years later, remaining
questions
about presidential succession were answeredwith the adoption of
a constitutional amend-ment. The Twenty-fifth Amendment saysthat if
the president dies or leaves office, the
vice president becomes president. The newpresident then chooses
another vice presi-dent. Both the Senate and House
ofRepresentatives must approve the choice.This amendment also gives
the vice presi-dent a role in determining whether a presi-dent is
disabled and unable to do the job.Should that occur, the vice
president wouldserve as acting president until the presidentis able
to go back to work.
The Twenty-fifth Amendment has beenused only three times. In
1973 VicePresident Spiro Agnew resigned, andPresident Richard Nixon
replaced him withGerald Ford, a representative fromMichigan. When
Nixon resigned from thepresidency in 1974, Ford became the
newpresident and chose Nelson A. Rockefellerto be his vice
president. In 1985 PresidentRonald Reagan informed Congress that
hewould need to undergo surgery and beunable to carry out his
presidential duties.As a result, Vice President George H.W.Bush
served as acting president for abouteight hours.
Defining What was thepurpose of the Twenty-fifth Amendment?
Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 169
Student Web Activity Visitciv.glencoe.com and click onStudent
Web Activities—Chapter 7 to learn moreabout the president
andforeign policy.
Study Central TM To review this section, go toand click on Study
CentralTM.civ.glencoe.com
164-170 U2 Ch07 S1 CT-874574 9/27/05 9:58 PM Page 169
http://civ.glencoe.comciv.glencoe.com
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Citizenship
Why Learn This Skill?Knowing how to read and understand an
election map helps you understand an electionclearly. It can also
help you understand pastelections.
Learning the SkillTo read an election map, follow these steps:•
Check the year of the election, most likely
noted in the title or the key.• Study the key. See how the
different candi-
dates are represented on the map. • Note the number of electoral
votes each
state has. Remember that each state’stotal number of senators
and representa-tives determines its electoral votes. Its pop-ular
vote count is the number of actualvoters.
• Study the entire map. Determine voting pat-terns and
trends.
Practicing the SkillOn a separate sheet of paper, answer the
fol-lowing questions about the map on this page.
How many electoral votes did the state ofCalifornia have? The
state of Texas?Which candidate won the election? Howmany total
electoral votes did he win?Which candidate won the popular
vote?3
2
1
170 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch
Practice key skills with Glencoe’sSkillbuilder Interactive
WorkbookCD-ROM, Level 1.
Reading an Election Map
In a history book or encyclopedia, find an elec-tion map for the
election of 1860. Compare itto the map for the election of 2000.
Describetwo ways in which the elections were alike andone way in
which they were different.
Applying the Skill
10
TX32
NM5
AZ8
NV4
CA54
OR7
WA11
MT3
ID4 WY
3
UT5 CO8 KS6
NE5
SD3
ND3 MN
10
IA7
MO11
AR6
OK8
LA 9
MS7
AL9
GA13
FL 25
SC8
NC 14
VA13
TN 11KY 8
OH21IN
12IL22
MI18
WI 11
AK3
HI4
DC2
NJ 15DE 3
MD10
CT 8RI 4
MA12
VT 3
NH4
PA 23
NY33
ME
WV
*
4
5
Al GoreGeorge W. BushNumber of state electoral votes
Electoral Vote(270 to win)
PopularVote
50,996,16450,456,169
266271
*1 elector from Washington, D.C., abstained.
Presidential Election, 2000
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GUIDE TO READING
Main IdeaIn addition to the powersof the office described inthe
Constitution, the pres-ident fills other roles thatare important to
the func-tioning of the UnitedStates government.
Key Termsexecutive order, pardon,reprieve, amnesty
Reading StrategySummarizing InformationAs you read, in a
graphicorganizer like the onebelow, list the powers ofthe president
and give anexample of each.
Read to Learn• What are the powers
assigned to the president by theConstitution?
• What are the variousroles filled by the president?
The President’sJob
SECTION
Fewer than 50 men have been able to say what it feelslike to be
president of the United States. Some former presidents’ thoughts
are revealing.
“Frankly, being President is rather an unattractivebusiness
unless one relishes the exercise ofpower. That is a thing which has
never greatlyappealed to me.”
—Warren Harding, 1921
“You know, the President of the UnitedStates is not a magician
who can wave awand or sign a paper that will instantly enda war,
cure a recession, or make abureaucracy disappear.”
—Gerald Ford, 1976
Constitutional Powers The president is the most powerful public
official in the
United States. The U.S. Constitution is the basis of the
presi-dent’s power. Article II says “Executive Power shall be
investedin a President . . .”Thus, the president’s main job is to
execute,or carry out, the laws passed by Congress.
The Constitution also gives the president the power to
• veto, or reject, bills passed in Congress.• call Congress into
special session.• serve as commander in chief of the armed forces.•
receive leaders and other officials of foreign countries.• make
treaties with other countries (with Senate approval).• appoint
heads of executive agencies, federal court judges,
ambassadors, and other top government officials (alsosubject to
Senate approval).
• pardon or reduce the penalties against people convictedof
federal crimes.
Because the Constitution requires the president to giveCongress
information about the “state of the union,” the pres-ident gives
several speeches to Congress each year. The most
Powers ofPresident
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President WarrenHarding shakes hands
with Babe Ruth.
Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 171Hulton
Archive/Getty Images
-
Powers and Duties ofthe President
These symbols show the many roles ofthe president of the United
States. Whichis the president’s most important role?
Chief Executive
Legislative Leader
VOTE
Party Leader
Head of State
Chief Diplomat
Commander in Chief
Economic Leader
171-174 U2 Ch07 S2 CT-860970 11/28/03 11:14 AM Page 172
172 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch
important is the State of the Union addressevery year. In this
speech the presidentcomes before a gathering of all members
ofCongress to discuss the most importantissues facing the nation
and describe thenew program of legislation he would likeCongress to
take up.
Roles of the President The president fills a number of
different
roles. Some of these roles come directlyfrom the Constitution;
others are not estab-lished in the Constitution but have devel-oped
over the years.
Chief Executive The most important role of the presi-
dent is carrying out the laws passed byCongress. To do this, the
president is in
charge of 15 cabinet departments and theapproximately 3 million
civilians who workfor the federal government. The presidentappoints
the heads of the cabinet depart-ments and of other large government
agen-cies, with the Senate’s approval.
One of the president’s most importanttools for carrying out the
laws is the powerto issue executive orders. An executiveorder is a
rule or command that has theforce of law. Only Congress has
theauthority to make laws. Issuing executiveorders, however, is
generally considered tofall under the president’s
constitutionalduty to “take care that the laws are faith-fully
executed.”
Many executive orders deal with simpleadministrative problems.
Some, however,have had a great impact. President Harry STruman, for
instance, used an executiveorder in 1948 to integrate the armed
forces. This gave Americans of allraces the opportunity to serve
in thearmed forces equally.
The Constitution gives the presi-dent the power to appoint
judges to theSupreme Court and other federalcourts. This is an
important powerbecause the Supreme Court has thefinal authority to
determine whether alaw is acceptable under the Consti-tution. This
power to interpret lawsgreatly influences life in the UnitedStates.
Most presidents try to appointSupreme Court justices who shareviews
similar to their own.
The Constitution also gives thepresident the power to grant
pardons. Apardon is a declaration of forgivenessand freedom from
punishment. Thepresident may also issue a reprieve, anorder to
delay a person’s punishmentuntil a higher court can hear the case,
orgrant amnesty, a pardon toward agroup of people.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
-
Chief Diplomat The president directs the foreign policy
of the United States, making key decisionsabout how the United
States acts towardother countries in the world.
Commander in Chief The Constitution makes the president
commander in chief of the nation’s armedforces. This role gives
presidents the abilityto back up their foreign policy decisionswith
force, if necessary. The president is incharge of the army, navy,
air force, marines,and coast guard. The top commanders ofall these
branches of service are subordi-nate to the president.
Congress and the president share thepower to make war. The
Constitution givesCongress the power to declare war, but onlythe
president can order American soldiersinto battle. Congress has
declared war onlyfive times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War,the
Spanish-American War, World War I,and World War II. Presidents,
however, havesent troops into action overseas more than150 times
since 1789. These situations maythreaten the system of checks and
balances.For example, although Congress neverdeclared war in Korea
or in Vietnam,American troops were involved in conflicts inthose
countries because they were sent thereby U.S. presidents. In 1973,
after theVietnam War, Congress passed the WarPowers Resolution.
According to this law, thepresident must notify Congress within 48
hours when troops are sent into battle.These troops must be brought
home after 60 days unless Congress gives its approval forthem to
remain longer or it declares war.
Legislative Leader Most of the bills Congress considers
each year come from the executive branch.Only members of
Congress have the powerto introduce bills for consideration, but
in
practice Congress expects the executivebranch to propose the
legislation it would liketo see enacted.
Every president has a legislative program.These are new laws
that he wants Congressto pass. The president makes speeches tobuild
support for this program and meetswith key senators and
representatives to tryto persuade them to support the proposedlaws.
In addition, the president appoints sev-eral staff members to work
closely with mem-bers of Congress on new laws.The presidentmay also
influence legislation by appealingdirectly to the American
people.
The president and Congress have oftendisagreed over what new
laws Congressshould adopt. One reason for this is thatpresidents
represent the entire UnitedStates, while members of Congress
repre-sent only the people of their state or district.
The difference in the length of time thatpresidents and members
of Congress canhold office also contributes to this conflict.While
presidents can serve no more thantwo elected terms, members of
Congresscan be elected over and over again fordecades. Therefore,
many members ofCongress may not want to move as quicklyon programs
as the president does.
Head of State The president is the living symbol of the
nation. In this role, the president aids diplo-macy by greeting
visiting kings and queens,prime ministers, and other foreign
leaders.The president also carries out ceremonialfunctions for
Americans, such as lightingthe national Christmas tree and
givingmedals to the country’s heroes.
Economic Leader Every president tries to help the coun-
try’s economy prosper. Voters expect thepresident to deal with
such problems asunemployment, rising prices, or high taxes.
Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 173
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Analyzing Visuals Duringthe Great Depression,President Franklin
D.Roosevelt transformed therole of the federal govern-ment by
spending money onnew programs to improvethe lives of ordinary
people.What does the rabbit sym-bolize in this cartoon? Whatcomment
is the cartoonistmaking about the impact ofgovernment spending?
174 Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Define the following
terms and use them in completesentences related to the
presi-dency: executive order, pardon,reprieve, amnesty.
Reviewing Main Ideas2. Identify What duties does the
president carry out as com-mander in chief?
3. Describe What power does thepresident have that carries
theforce of law and assists thepresident in enforcing lawspassed by
Congress?
Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions Which of
the roles of the president do youthink is the most
important?Least important? Why?
5. Organizing Information In a web diagram like the one
below,classify the roles filled by thepresident and give an
exampleof each.
Analyzing Visuals 6. Identify Review the chart on
page 172. Under which role of thepresident does a new
educationbill fall? Tax reform?
SECTION ASSESSMENT
One key task the president must accom-plish each year as
economic leader is toplan the federal government’s budget.
Party Leader The president is generally regarded as the
leader of his or her political party. Membersof the president’s
party work hard to elect the
president. In turn, the president givesspeeches to help fellow
party members whoare running for office as members ofCongress,
governors, and mayors.The presi-dent also helps the party raise
money.
Defining What is apresident’s legislative program?
The Library of Congress
�BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN�7. Use Primary Sources Just as
the president delivers a State ofthe Union address, most
gover-nors give a state of the statespeech. Read a copy of your
gov-ernor’s last address and list theroles your governor carries
out.
Roles of President
Study Central TM To review this section, go toand click on Study
CentralTM.civ.glencoe.com
171-174 U2 Ch07 S2 CT-874574 9/27/05 10:12 PM Page 174
civ.glencoe.com
-
GUIDE TO READING
Main IdeaIn attempting to achievethe nation’s foreign
policygoals, both the presidentand Congress have impor-tant roles
to play.
Key Termsforeign policy, nationalsecurity, treaty, execu-tive
agreement, ambas-sador, trade sanction,embargo
Reading StrategyComparing andContrasting As you read,complete a
chart like theone below to comparethe role of Congress inforeign
policy to that ofthe president.
Read to Learn• What are the goals of
U.S. foreign policy?• What are the roles of
Congress and the presi-dent in conducting for-eign policy?
Making ForeignPolicy
SECTION
World events sometimes dictate the nature of the UnitedStates’s
foreign policies. At the same time, the president’s views play
arole in shaping his administration’s approach to foreign affairs.
In 1946,President Harry S Truman summed up hisforeign policy with
these words: “We musthave a policy to guide our relations withevery
country in every part of the world.No country is so remote from us
that itmay not someday be involved in a matterthat threatens the
peace. . . . Who knowswhat may happen in the future? Ourforeign
policy must be universal.”
The President and Foreign PolicyA nation’s overall plan for
dealing with other nations is called
its foreign policy. The basic goal of American foreign policy
isnational security, the ability to keep the country safe
fromattack or harm.This goal is essential. No government can
effec-tively meet other important goals, such as better health care
orcleaning up the environment, if the nation is under attack.
Another key goal is international trade. In today’s
globaleconomy, trade with other nations is vital to economic
pros-perity. Trade can create markets for American products andjobs
for American workers.
A third goal is promoting world peace. Even a war far fromthe
United States can disrupt trade and endanger U.S. nationalsecurity.
When other nations are at peace, the United Statesruns no risk of
being drawn into a foreign war.
A fourth goal of foreign policy is to promote democracyaround
the world. Promoting democracy and basic humanrights in other
countries encourages peace and thus helps pro-tect our own national
security.
“I make American foreign policy,” President Harry STruman
declared in 1948. The president is indeed a veryimportant
foreign-policy decision maker. Americans and oth-ers in the world
look to the president to strongly represent ourcountry in foreign
affairs.
U.S. Foreign Policy
Congress President
175-178 U2 Ch07 S3 CT-860970 11/28/03 11:20 AM Page 175
Protecting Americaninterests abroad
Chapter 7 The President and the Executive Branch 175John Elk
III/Stock Boston
-
The President in Action President Bush comforted a New York City
Fire Department member (at right) in September 2001 after a
terrorist attack on the World Trade Center.The president greeted
military troops at the West Virginia National Headquarters
inCharleston. What executive agencies help President Bush carry out
foreign policy?
175-178 U2 Ch07 S3 CT-860970 11/28/03 11:20 AM Page 176
The president and various White Houseassistants work with a
large foreign-policybureaucracy in the executive branch.
Thisbureaucracy includes the State Department,the Defense
Department, the CentralIntelligence Agency, and the
NationalSecurity Council. These agencies havehelped make the
president very powerful inforeign affairs. They give the president
valu-able information. They can carry out presi-dential decisions
around the world. At thesame time, presidents must often
chooseamong conflicting advice from these agen-cies. President
Lyndon Johnson complained,
“The State Department wants tosolve everything with words,
andthe generals, with guns.”
The Constitution divides the power toconduct foreign and
military affairsbetween the president and Congress. Thepresident is
chief diplomat and commander
in chief, but Congress has the power todeclare war, to prohibit
certain militaryactions, and to spend—or withhold—money for
defense. The Constitution doesnot clearly spell out how the
legislative andthe executive branches can use their powers.As a
result, there has always been competi-tion between Congress and the
presidentover who controls foreign policy.
In this struggle, one branch or the otherhas dominated at
various times. After WorldWar II, Congress lost much of its
controlover foreign policy to the president.Then, inthe late 1960s
and early 1970s, widespread dislike of the Vietnam War led Congress
totry to regain some of its war powers. In start-ing the American
war on global terrorism in2001, President George W. Bush tipped
thebalance back toward the presidency.
Tools of Foreign PolicyThe president and Congress have sev-
eral methods they can use to influence othernations and carry
out American foreign
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Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, & YouTable of
ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntNational Geographic
Reference AtlasUnited States: PoliticalWorld: PoliticalUnited
States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment
Reading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building
VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What You ReadThinking
About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text StructureReading for
Research
Be an Active ReaderBe an Active CitizenWhy Study Civics?Unit 1:
Foundations of American CitizenshipChapter 1: Citizenship and
Government in a DemocracySection 1: Government of the People, by
the People, for the PeopleSection 2: The Path to Citizenship
Chapter 2: Roots of American DemocracySection 1: Our English
HeritageSection 2: The Birth of a Democratic Nation
Chapter 3: The ConstitutionSection 1: The Road to the
ConstitutionSection 2: Creating and Ratifying the ConstitutionThe
Constitution of the United States
Chapter 4: The Bill of RightsSection 1: The First
AmendmentSection 2: Other Guarantees in the Bill of Rights
Chapter 5: The Citizen and the CommunitySection 1: The Duties
and Responsibilities of CitizenshipSection 2: Volunteering in Your
Community
Unit 2: The National GovernmentChapter 6: CongressSection 1: How
Congress Is OrganizedSection 2: The Powers of Congress
Chapter 7: The President and the Executive BranchSection 1: The
President and Vice PresidentSection 2: The President's JobSection
3: Making Foreign Policy
Chapter 8: The Judicial BranchSection 1: The Federal Court
SystemSection 2: How Federal Courts Are OrganizedSection 3: The
United States Supreme Court
Unit 3: Political Parties and Interest GroupsChapter 9:
Political Parties and PoliticsSection 1: Development of American
Political PartiesSection 2: Organization of American Political
Parties
Chapter 10: Voting and ElectionsSection 1: Who Can Vote?Section
2: Election CampaignsSection 3: Paying for Election Campaigns
Chapter 11: Influencing GovernmentSection 1: Public
OpinionSection 2: The Mass Media
Unit 4: State and Local GovernmentChapter 12: State
GovernmentSection 1: The Federal SystemSection 2: The State
Legislative Branch
Chapter 13: Local GovernmentSection 1: City GovernmentSection 2:
County GovernmentsSection 3: Towns, Townships, and Villages
Chapter 14: Dealing With Community IssuesSection 1: How a
Community Handles IssuesSection 2: Education and Social
IssuesSection 3: Environmental Issues
Unit 5: The Individual, the Law, and the InternetChapter 15:
Legal Rights and ResponsibilitiesSection 1: The Sources of Our
LawsSection 2: Types of LawsSection 3: The American Legal
System
Chapter 16: Civil and Criminal LawSection 1: Civil CasesSection
2: Criminal Cases
Chapter 17: Citizenship and the InternetSection 1: Civic
ParticipationSection 2: Challenges for Democracy
Unit 6: The Economy and the IndividualChapter 18: What Is
Economics?Section 1: The Fundamental Economic ProblemSection 2:
Making Economic Decisions
Chapter 19: The American EconomySection 1: Economic
ResourcesSection 2: Economic Activity and ProductivitySection 3:
Capitalism and Free Enterprise
Chapter 20: DemandSection 1: What Is Demand?Section 2: Factors
Affecting DemandChapter 20 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 21: SupplySection 1: What Is Supply?Section 2: Factors
Affecting SupplySection 3: Markets and Prices
Chapter 22: Business and LaborSection 1: Types of
BusinessesSection 2: Labor Unions
Unit 7: The Free Enterprise SystemChapter 23: Government and the
EconomySection 1: The Role of GovernmentSection 2: Measuring the
Economy
Chapter 24: Money and BankingSection 1: What Is Money?Section 2:
The Federal Reserve SystemSection 3: How Banks Operate
Chapter 25: Government FinancesSection 1: The Federal
GovernmentSection 2: State and Local Governments
Unit 8: The United States and the WorldChapter 26: Comparing
Economic SystemsSection 1: International Trade and Its
BenefitsSection 2: Economic Systems
Chapter 27: Comparing Systems of GovernmentSection 1: Types of
GovernmentSection 2: A Profile of Great Britain
Chapter 28: An Interdependent WorldSection 1: Global
DevelopmentsSection 2: The United Nations
AppendixWhat Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?Honoring
AmericaCareers HandbookGovernment and Economics Data BankUnited
States FactsPresidents of the United StatesDocuments of American
HistorySupreme Court Case SummariesGlossarySpanish
GlossaryIndexAcknowledgments
Feature ContentsTIMETIME Political CartoonsTIME Teens in
ActionTIME An Inside Look At...
Fact Fiction FolkloreStreet Law™: The Law and YouAmerican
BiographiesSkillbuilderCritical ThinkingCitizenshipTechnology
Issues to DebateEconomics and YouDocuments of American
HistoryLandmark Supreme Court Case StudiesCharts, Graphs, and
MapsCharts and GraphsMaps
Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student
EditionChapter 1: Citizenship and Government in a DemocracySection
1: Government of the People, by the People, for the People
Haitian Creole SummariesChapit 1: Sitwayènte ak Gouvènman nan
yon DemokrasiChapit 2: Rasin Demokrasi Ameriken anChapit 3:
Konstitisyon anChapit 4: "Bill of Rights" laChapit 5: Sitwayen an
ak Kominote aChapit 6: Kongrè aChapit 7: Prezidan an ak Branch
Egzekitif laChapit 8: Branch Jidisyè aChapit 9: Pati Politik ak
PolitikChapit 10: Vòt ak EleksyonChapit 11: Enfliyans Gouvènman
an
Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1:
Citizenship and Government in a DemocracySection 1: Government of
the People, by the People, for the PeopleSection 2: The Path to
Citizenship
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student
EditionCapítulo 1: La ciudadanía y el gobierno en una
democraciaSección 1: Gobierno del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el
puebloSección 2: El camino a la ciudadanía
Spanish SummariesCapítulo 1: La ciudadanía y el gobierno en una
democraciaCapítulo 2: Las raíces de la democracia
estadounidensesCapítulo 3: La ConstituciónCapítulo 4: La
Declaración de DerechosCapítulo 5: El ciudadano y la comunidad
Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student
EditionActivity 1: Interpreting Charts and Tables Activity 2: Using
Time LinesActivity 3: Interpreting Diagrams
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