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An application of PLC- Remote Detection of illegal usage of ElectricityRemote Detection of illegal usage of ElectricityRemote Detection of illegal usage of ElectricityRemote Detection of illegal usage of Electricity

By :

Sujit Kr. NayakSujit Kr. NayakSujit Kr. NayakSujit Kr. Nayak

M.Tech ELDTRoll : ELD09006

14 November 2009

Presented By: Sujit K. Nayak

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Plan of the Talk…

� Introduction to PLC

� Idea about AMR� Methods of illegal usage of Electricity

� The detection system� System Review

� Conclusion� References

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Introduction to PLC

� Power Line Communication (PLC) is the technique in which the communication is takes place over the same line that deliver electricity.

� In this technique, a high frequency carrier is injected onto the power line.

� The data to be sent is modulated with the injected carrier.

� It has a wide range of application possibilities. Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) is an important among all.

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Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)

� AMR a very useful application of PLC.� This provides remote recording of usage of

electricity of an user.� The reading of the Meter is translated into

digital form in order to send the metering data from the user to a Base station.

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Contd…(AMR)

Incident Ray

Reflected Ray

Optical Sensor

Digital SignalOutput

Marker

Rotating Disc in Meter Housing

Fig: Electromechanical movements to Digital signal Converter

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Contd…(AMR)

� The Digital metering data is send to the Base station using PLC modems.

� The Base station unit consists of Modems, Receivers, Data Concentrators, Controller, Host upload link, and Host Computer.

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AMR system setup…

BASESTATION

MODEM MODEM METER

MODEM METER

Fig: AMR communication setup

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Methods of illegal usage of electricity

� Using Mechanical Objects� Using a fixed Magnet� Using external phase before the meter� Switching the energy cable at meter

connector box

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The Detection & Control System…

Fig: Schematic illustration of detection system of illegal electricity usage

Distribution Transformer

Host PLC

PLC

kWh

PLC

To Control Center

220v AC

EnergyMeter

Subscriber 1 Subscriber 2

Subscriber N

PLC

kWh

PLC

EnergyMeter

PLC EnergyMeter

PLC

kWh

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� In order to detect illegal usage of electricity, a PLC modem and an energy meter chip for every subscriber are added to an existing AMR system.

� The detector PLC s and energy meters is placed at the connection point between distribution main lines and subscriber’s line.

� The recorded data in kilowatt-hour meters for every subscriber are sent to host PLC modem via PLC modems, which is placed in subscriber’s locations.

� On the other hand, energy meter chips reads the energy in kilowatt-hours and also send the data to host PLC unit.

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� Hence, there are two recorded energy data in host PLC unit, one, which comes from the AMR-PLC, and the other, which comes from the PLC modem at the connection points.

� These two recorded energy data are compared in the host PLC. If there is any difference between two readings, an error signal is generated (i.e. There is an illegal usage ). Then the subscriber address and error signal are combined and sent to the central control unit.

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X Subscriber

PLCModem

Energy meter chip

PLC Modem

kWhMeter

HostPLC

ModemuP Logic

To control center

Connector Box for X Subscriber

Host PLC unit

Mai

n po

wer

line

220

V A

C

Fig: Illegal detector system for one subscriber

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Working of the System…

HOSTPLC

MODEM

L

PLC Optical Sensor

PLC Energy Meter

I.L

KWh Meter

S

Power Line

Disk

Fig: Modeling of the detection system

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� The energy value at the electromechanical kilowatt-hour meter is converted to digital data using by optical reflector sensor.

� An illegal load may be connected to the power line before the kilowatt-hour meter via an S switch.

� While only for a legal load in the system, two meters are accorded each other to compensate for any error readings. The host PLC unit reads two recorded data coming from metering PLC units.

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� If the S switch is closed, the illegal load is connected to the system, and therefore two recorded energy values are different from each other.

� The host PLC unit generate a error signal when it received two different records from the same subscriber. This is the detection of the illegal usage of that user.

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� Data signaling between PLC modems has a protocol, which includes a header, address, energy value data, error correction bits, and other serial communication bits such as parity and stop bits. The protocol may also be changed according to the properties of the required system

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Parameters on which the system depends

�The relations between frequency, length, and bit-error probability are given in these figures shown.

Fig: Effect of frequency on Bit Error rate Fig: Effe ct of line length (meters) on Bit-error probability

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System Review…

� Every user has two PLC modems; one is for AMR and the other is used to send the data from energy meter chip to host PLC modem.

� The energy meter must be installed in the connection box between a home line and main power lines.

� The host PLC unit must be placed after the distribution transformer.� Operating software must be designed for the information of every

subscriber in every sub power network (subscriber identificationnumber, billing address etc).

� The system has two values of the energy consumption for every user, if these two values are different, the user is an illegal one.

� The discussed system is for only one distributed power network and it should be repeated for all distribution power networks.

� All host units in each distribution transformer may be connected to only one main center station via phone lines, fiber-optic cable, or RF links.

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System Limitations….

� It can not be used at high voltage power lines.

� It is unable to detect any illegal load connected in between the distribution transformer and the energy meter.

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Conclusion…

� If AMR and detector system are used together illegal usage of electricity might be detected.

� Once this proposed detection systems are implemented in real power lines, the distribution losses in India can be reduced effectively.

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References…

� I. H. Cavdar, “A Solution to Remote Detection of Illegal Electrici ty Usage via Power Line Communications ”, IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 4, October 2004.

� Agustín Zaballos, Alex Vallejo, Marta Majoral, and Josep M. Selga,“Survey and Performance Comparison of AMR Over PLC Standards”, IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 2 , April 2009.

� I. H. Cavdar,“Performance analysis of FSK power line communications systems over the time-varying channe ls: Measurements and modeling ”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 19, pp. 111–117, J an. 2004.

� N. Miura, H. Sato, H. Narita, and M. Takaki, “Automatic meter reading system by power line carrier communications ”, IEE Proceedings, Vol. 137, Pt. C, No. I , January 1990.

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Thank U…

ppt_5

Documents

host plc unit

automatic meter reading

energy meter chip

host plc modem

recorded energy data

host plc

plc modem

power line