PPT Slides For History Lesson 1

7/29/2019 PPT Slides For History Lesson 1

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What factors led to the rise of the

authoritarian regimes?


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Political factors

Redistribution of land and resources after World War I

caused political shifts and discontentment

New nations felt threatened by the larger nations anduncertain that the League of Nations would be able to

protect them

New nations had to set up a government, and establish an

economy

Several countries had a democratic government that was

ineffective

Authoritarian regimes promised a strong government


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Social factors

War had caused social upheaval

During the war, rigid gender and class divisions were

blurred

After the war, tensions arose between those who wanted

to return to the old ways and those who wanted to keep

their new-found status

Authoritarian regimes tended to offer order in society


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Economic factors

Economies of many countries suffered badly during and

after the war

War damage was great; costs of rebuilding were extremelyhigh

Trade was disrupted; various currencies were hit by

inflation

Unemployment was high

Authoritarian regimes offered stability and hope


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Effects of the Wall Street Crash

US stock market collapsed in the Wall Street Crash in 1929

Rest of the world was affected, except USSR and countries

that were too poor to trade

Authoritarian regimes used the discontent arising from

economic problems to seize power

They offered stability and security with confidence


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Communist Russia:

How did Stalin come to power and

what was life like under the

Stalinist regime?


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How did Stalin come to power and what was

life like under the Stalinist regime?

February 1917 revolution overthrew the Tsar and threw

Russia into chaos

A Provisional Government took over, but was very weak:

Faced tough opposition from Soviets (those who organised

the revolution) and those who wanted to put the Tsar back

in power

Did not solve critical issues like food and fuel shortages thathad sparked the revolution

Instead, it made liberal reforms (freeing political

prisoners, allowing free speech), allowing critics the

chance to attack


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The Bolsheviks, one of the most popular opposing parties,

campaigned against the government

Led a second revolution in October 1917, seizing powerfrom the government

Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, taking Russia

out of the war

Renamed themselves the Communist Party (CP) and Russia

became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)




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Russia was out of World War I but was swept into a Civil

War

Red Army (Bolsheviks) had to fight off many opponentsbefore winning the Civil War in 1921

War communism imposed during the Civil War everything

owned by the state

After the war, people allowed more freedom they could

own land and small businesses




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The Russian economy

gradually improved

However, Lenins

health worsened and

he died in 1924

Main contenders to

take over: Trotsky

and Stalin




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Why did Stalin win the leadership contest?

Stalin focused on consolidating his power more than the

running of the country

His post as General Secretary helped it was a sign of

Lenins favour


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Five-Year Plans introduced to make USSR an autarky self

sufficient, not relying on trade with other countries

Stalins economic committee, GOSPLAN

Drew up the plans

Set targets for industrial and agricultural growth

Created a command economy the state told factories

what to produce and farmers what to grow

How did the Five-Year Plans build up USSRsindustry?


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Three Five-Year Plans

First plan (1928 to 1932)

Concentrated on expanding industry, transport and the

power supply

Second plan (1933 to 1938)

Focused on more manufactured goods, in addition to first

plan

Third plan (began in 1939 but interrupted by outbreak of

war)

Production of luxuries like bicycles and radios


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Controlling the workers

Local party workers set up committees and supervised all

levels of industry

Food was rationed by the state. Ration cards, wages andhousing were allocated by committee

Workers who met targets were rewarded in the form of

extra rations. Those who were thought to not be working

hard enough had their rations cut

Food was in very short supply an effective way to control

workers


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Problems with the Five-Year Plans

Problem 1: the quality of goods suffered

Rapid production led to poor quality of goods

Workers were not trained properly

Stalin desperately sought help from Western experts

Problem 2: human cost

People were crowded into new industrial towns to live

and work in appalling conditions Living conditions were cramped with little running water or

sanitation


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How did collectivisation change farming life?

Collectivisation

Stalin took all farmland and set up huge state-run farms

called collectives (kolkhozy)

Peasants kept enough for themselves and sold the rest to

the state

Could not own land or sell food privately

Had fixed hours and wages

State provided homes, food, fuel, and clothing for the

peasants


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Resistance

Many peasants resisted collectivisation

As a result, food production went down, leading to another

famine in 1932.

Stalin sent soldiers to force collectivisation on the people

Land was taken from the kulaks (people with the biggest

farms) and millions were sent to labour camps.

By 1930, the kolkhozy had been changed

No longer huge state-run farms, but smaller collectives run

by the local CP.


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Did collectivisation work?

By 1940,almost all farms were collectives

Some collectives had good production figures and were

used as model examples

However, some peasants reverted to traditional,

inefficient farming methods when their tractors broke

down.

On the whole, collectives were producing enough food to

feed peasants and workers in the industrial towns

Thus, Stalins main aim of keeping the industry going was

met


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How did Stalin use propaganda to control

people?

Propaganda: the deliberate spreading of ideas and

information for the purpose of promoting a specific cause

The Bolsheviks used propaganda to start the Revolution

Stalin used propaganda to convince people he was a

closer friend of Lenin than he really was

Stalin increasingly used extreme propaganda andcensorship to control the people


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False information

In his rise to power, Stalin lied to make Trotsky look like a

bad person

During the Five-Year Plans, published statistics were made

up to make the economic situation look good

Newspapers, radios and posters gave out state-controlled

information

There was state censorship of everything Writing, art, music and plays were censored

School textbooks were changed on a regular basis


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How did propaganda increase industrial production?

The Five-Year Plans encouraged everyone to exceed their

targets

Alexei Stakhanov A coalminer who mined 102 tons of coal with his work gang

in one shift in 1935

Posters, newspapers and radio reports presented him as a

hero, urging Russians to follow his example

Later, Stalin admitted that Stakhanov had been working

on an easy seam of coal with the best equipment


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How did Stalin use fear to control people?

Stalins policies were hard on the people

Despite state propaganda convincing people to makesacrifices, opposition grew in the 1930s

Hardships due to his policies were worsened by the 1932

famine, increasing opposition

Stalin stamped out opposition ruthlessly through the use

of fear


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Finding the opposition

Opponents of Stalin

Arrested, tried, sent off to labour camps (gulags) or just

disappeared

Stalin used the secret police to hunt down his opposition

Arrested, questioned and shot people to order

People were encouraged to inform against friends,

neighbours and family.

People were arrested for even trivial examples of

opposition.

E.g. telling anti-Stalin jokes warranted an arrest


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Show trials

Stalin put his political rivals in public show trials

Many, including former allies Kaminev and Zinoviev) were

accused of plotting against Trotsky

Many of those on trial confessed to crimes they had not

committed, often after torture or threats to their families


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Purges

Stalins purges were supposed to clean out enemies of

communism in USSR

However, Stalin used them to get rid of his opponents

People were arrested and sent to labour camps without

anyone knowing what had happened to them

Many arrested were members of the CP some were even

loyal supporters of Stalin


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Effects of Stalins purges


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Nazi Germany:

How did Hitler come to power and

what was life like under the Nazi

regime?


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The rise of Hitler and the Nazis

Hitler

Leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party

Tried to take over Germany by force in the Munich putsch in

1923 but failed

Arrested, tried and sent to prison for five years

Released only nine months later


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Hitlers ideas about empire and race


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Political takeover


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How did the Nazis rebuild the German

economy?

To build the Third Reichs empire, Hitler needed a large,

well-provisioned army

He also wanted Germany to be as self-sufficient in raw

materials and food as possible

A radical Four-Year Plan was drawn up by Hermann

Goering to meet Hitlers objectives


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The Four-Year Plan

Geared towards being ready for war in four years, but

presented instead as a way of revitalising the economy

Most important aims: Rearmament

Autarky

Provided work for the unemployed by hiring them in

factories

Introduced agricultural reforms to increase production to

meet the needs of a growing population


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Working for Germany

The Nazis took control of the workforce

Unemployed had little choice about the work provided

Factories were told what to produce

Banned trade unions as they were seen as threats to Nazi

control

Everyone had to join the German Labour Front (DAF)

DAFs aim:

To indoctrinate the Germans in the Nazi state mentality so

they would support the state


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Children and Schooldays

The Nazis wanted hardworking, obedient, healthy Aryan

citizens for their empire

They controlled childrens lives from the moment theywere born so they would grow up believing in Nazi ideals

Nazi control tightened in school

Curriculum was determined by Nazis

When not in school, children were expected to join a

youth group and to spend as little time as possible on

their own


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How did the Nazis use propaganda to control

the people?


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The Nazis act against Jewish people

Used propaganda against Jewish people and also acted

against them

Laws were passed to increasingly isolate them and makethem less part of the community this made them easier

targets

The SA attacked Jewish people, broke up their shops and

arrested them for no reason

All people were encouraged to do the same


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How did the Nazis use fear to control the

people?

Hitler used fear through:

The SA (Sturmabteilungor stormtroopers)

The SS (Schutzstaffelor protective squadron) Gestapo (secret police force)

Night of the Long Knives

By 1934, SA had three million members

SA seen as a threat to the regular army

Hitler needed the armys support

Ernst Rohm, leader of SA criticised Hitlers policies

Hitler had Rohm and other SA leaders arrested and shot


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How did the Nazis use fear to control the

people?

The Nazis used party officials to watch and report on the

people

Neighbours, even family members, were encouraged to

report on suspicious behaviour

Prison camps were used to re-educate prisoners to

accept Nazi ideas


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Effects of Nazism


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Fascist Japan:

How did the fascists come to

power in Japan and what was life

like under their regime?


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How did the fascists come to power in Japan

and what was life like under their regime?

Japan

Small country with little land and no raw materials

To expand, it had to take over land elsewhere

Government that took power in 1868 focused on economic

and territorial expansion

Determined not to become part of Western colonisation

Looked to the West for trade and ideas for modernisation

Went to war with China (1894) and Russia (1904) and won

both wars


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World War I

Japans alliance with Britain meant that it was pulled into

World War I

Japanese industries took over trade from Europe asEurope was preoccupied with war

However, wartime economic growth benefitted only the

rich industrialists

Rapid industralisation led to growing towns

Demand for food rose but fewer people in agricultural to

grow the food


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Widespread discontentment due to:

Food shortages

Rising prices

Bad working conditions and wages

Workers formed unions and went on strike on a large scale

Ordinary people formed political groups to express their

discontentment with the government


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Japan and the Treaty of Versailles

Japan was allowed to keep German possessions it had

captured during the war

However, the League of Nations did not have a clause

about racial equality 1921 Washington Naval Conference limited size of Japanese

fleet to no more than 60% of the smallest US or British

fleets

Japanese felt they were unfairly treated

However, Japan still traded with Western powers which

enabled its industries to flourish


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The Japanese economy

Japanese industry worked on a two-tier system

Top-level industrial firms called zaibatsu: favoured by the

government and had connections with banks

Smaller firms: survived by providing services for zaibatsu ontheir terms

Most trade with the West, and therefore the greatest

profits, went to the zaibatsu


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Japanese control of trade gave Japan a large income:

Controlled trade routes in Pacific and Indian Oceans

Controlled much trade in and out of China

This made USA uneasy of Japans intentions in China

USA hoped that the threat of losing valuable imports from

them would make Japan reluctant to do anything to upset

them


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Economic disaster

Japan was deeply affected by the Wall Street Crash in

1929


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Economic depression meant other countries could nolonger afford Japanese goods

The silk industry was badly hit

By 1932, silk prices fell to less than 20% of their 1923 prices

Many businesses collapsed; unemployment rose

Contact with the West was no longer seen as a good thing Nationalist politicians argued that dependence on the West

for trade and an adoption of their ways had damaged Japan

economically and culturally


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Why did nationalism become so powerful in

Japan?

Since 1868, Japan had been governed by a constitutional

monarchy

However, the government was very disorganised and

unstable:

Many different parties meant the government changed often

Emperor only a figurehead

Real power held by a cabinet of ministers

Politicians more interested in building power than

governing


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A single powerful party did not emerge, unlike in USSRand Germany

However, the most influential groups had a similar

nationalistic outlook

Most important party:

The Seiyukai, a militaristic and nationalistic party


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Nationalist ideas in Japan


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Anti-imperialism

The Nationalists believed that

Anglo-American values and needs dominated the world

Capitalist ways were decadent and morally wrong

Japans policy of keeping peace with the West was weak

Japan needed to become an autarky by trading with strong

nation-states such as Germany and Italy

Japan needed to take over land that had raw materials


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What were the effects of militarism on the

Japanese people?

Militarism in Japan brought both benefits and problems

similar to those in USSR and Germany

Providing work

Cut unemployment by providing jobs through building

projects

Encouraged women to work in the industries

Provided housing for women in the towns and cities


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Controlling the workers

Government did not ban trade unions

But, the government implemented various worker groups,

all of which stressed the need for self-sacrifice,

traditional values, etc.


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Controlling the opposition

The Peace Preservation Law (1925) allowed the

government to arrest and imprison anyone they thought

was a danger to the government

At first, it was to be used only as an emergency measure

against communists or groups about to take violent action

From 1928, it was increasingly used to suppress politicalopposition

People who criticized the government lost their jobs


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Controlling education

Government provided children six years of free

compulsory education since 1907

Schools were seen as a good place to spread governmentvalues

Time was spent teaching traditional skills and values

Boys had to begin military training exercises in school

Government also broadened military training to include

university and college students


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Why did the military develop such a hold on

Japan?

Military leaders had strong links with nationalist parties

thus the growth of power of the military was tied tightly

to the growth of nationalism

Policy of a co-prosperity sphere evolved

Involved Japan extending control over neighbouring

countries Sounded as if Japan wanted to strengthen trade links

In actual fact, it aimed at taking over land and resources to

benefit Japan


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The Manchurian Incident (18 September 1931)

What happened?

Japanese soldiers patrolling the Japanese-owned railway

line near Mukden heard an explosion and gunfire

Believing they were under attack by Chinese, they called forbackup and began firing back

Large scale fighting broke out

Many people believed that the explosion in the

Manchurian Incident was deliberately set by theJapanese to give them an excuse to fight back and seize

control of Manchuria


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Manchukuo

By end of January 1932, Japan was in control of south

Manchuria and large parts of northern China renamed

Manchukuo

Announced as an independent state

Not belonging to China, USSR or Japan

However, its leader Pu Yi was chosen by the Japanese

Only Italy and Germany recognised Japans control of

Manchukuo

Pushed Japan into closer ties with these fascist countries


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Political power

In 1932, Prime Minister Inukai was assassinated for openly

disagreeing with the army

From this point on, the military was more open in itscontrol of the government

More assassinations took place to remove undesirable

threats to military power

The army, with the emperor at the head as a puppet, was

in charge


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Effects of Japanese Fascism


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Summary

PPT Slides For History Lesson 1

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