Ppt on Agriculture

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Douglas-fir in US

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hat is

hat is

agriculture?griculture?

Agriculture(also called farmingor husbandry) is the cultivation of animals, plants,fungiand other life forms for food, ber, and other products used to sustain life.[1]Agriculture was the ke implement in the rise of sedentar humancivili!ation, wherebfarming of domesticatedspecies created food surplusesthat nurtured the developmentof civili!ation. "he stud of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture isalso observed in certain species of ant and termite,[#][$]but generall speaking refers to

human activities.The history of agriculturedates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and definedby greatly different climates,cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniues

to e!pand and maintain the lands suitable for raising domesticated species. "or plants, this usually reuires

some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming# pastoralherding on rangelandis still

the most common means of raising livestock. $n the developed world, industrial agriculturebased on large-

scale monoculturehas become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support

for sustainable agriculture%e.g. permacultureor organic agriculture&.

%odern agronom, plant breeding, pesticidesand fertili!ers, and technologicalimprovements have sharpl increased ields from cultivation, but at the same timehave caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health e&ects.[']elective breedingand modern practices in animal husbandr such asintensive pig farminghave similarl increased the output of meat, but have raisedconcerns about animal crueltand the health e&ects of the antibiotics,

growth hormones, and other chemicals commonl used in industrial meat production.[]

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'griculture of rice

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Agriculture Sector is changing theAgriculture Sector is changing thesocio-economicsocio-economic environments of theenvironments of thepopulation due topopulation due to liberalization andliberalization andglobalizationglobalization

About 75% peopleAbout 75% peopleare living in rural areas andare living in rural areas andare stillare still dependent on Agriculture. About 43%dependent on Agriculture. About 43%of Indias geographical areaof Indias geographical area is used foris used foragricultural activit!agricultural activit!

Agriculture continues to pla! a ma"or role inAgriculture continues to pla! a ma"or role in

Indian #conom!Indian #conom!

Indian Agriculture

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(rganic agriculture

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Indian Agriculture

Provides about 65% of the livelihood

Accounts for 27% of GDP

Contributes 21% of Total Exorts! and "ulies#a$ aterials to &ndustries

Gro$th #ate in roduction ' 5(7%

)ood *rains roduction + 211(17tt

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Indias position in $orld AgricultureIndias position in $orld Agriculture

an&an&

'otal Area Seventh'otal Area Seventh Irrigated Area (irstIrrigated Area (irst )opulation Second)opulation Second #conomicall! Active population Second#conomicall! Active population Second 'otal *ereals 'hird'otal *ereals 'hird +heat Second+heat Second ice Secondice Second *oarse grains (ourth*oarse grains (ourth 'otal )ulses (irst'otal )ulses (irst ,il Seeds Second,il Seeds Second (ruits and egetables Second(ruits and egetables Second Implements 'ractors/ 'hirdImplements 'ractors/ 'hird 0il& (irst0il& (irst

1ive Stoc& castles2 uffaloes/ (irst1ive Stoc& castles2 uffaloes/ (irst

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Agricultural Resources

'otal eographical Area 'A/ - 36 0.

)otential for iological )roduction - 85 0.

9et So$n Area 9SA/ - :43 0.

9et Irrigated Area - 58 0.

Area threatened b! land degradation - 5;% of 'A

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Mile Stones in AgriculturalMile Stones in Agricultural

DevelopmentDevelopment

)reen *evolution %+&)reen *evolution %+&

/ver-)reen *evolution %+&/ver-)reen *evolution %+&

0lue *evolution %water, fish&0lue *evolution %water, fish& 1hite *evolution %2ilk&1hite *evolution %2ilk&

3ellow *evolution %flower, edible&3ellow *evolution %flower, edible&

0io-Technology *evolution0io-Technology *evolution $4T *evolution$4T *evolution

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Symbol of agriculture department of US'

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Development of Indian Agriculture :

Basic Issues

evitalization of *ooperative Institutions

Improving ural *redits

esearch2 #ducation = #>tension

uman esources

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The thrust areasThe thrust areas55

Diversification of 'griculture

$nter-cropping

2icro 2anagement

1ater 2anagement

(rganic "arming

'gri-4linics and 'gri-business 4entres

0io-Technology

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Efforts on Policies, strategies andEfforts on Policies, strategies and

FrameworsFramewors 9ational Agriculture )olic! ;;;/

9ational Seeds polic! ;;/

*ooperative )olic!

Agricultural )rice polic!

Agricultural #>tension (rame$or& ;;:/

+',?A'' agreement :664/

In addition to2 various $or&ing groups2 tas&forces2In addition to2 various $or&ing groups2 tas&forces2mid-term appraisalsmid-term appraisalsandandplan schemes (~68)plan schemes (~68)

(for further details www.agricoop.nic.in)(for further details www.agricoop.nic.in)

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ReportsReports

A*riculture Credit! Cooeration and Cro

,orticulture Develoent includin* "ices Aroatic and-edicinal Plants and Plantation Cros

A*riculture &nfrastructure./arehousin*.#uralGodo$ns.-ar0etin*.Post ,arvest -ana*eent! Processin* andCold "tora*e! Trade and Exort Prootion(

Cro ,usbandr! Deand and "ul Proections andA*ricultural &nuts A*riculture #esearch and Education

Anial ,usbandr 3 Dairin* A*riculture "tatistics /atershed Develoent! #ainfed )arin* and 4atural

#esources -ana*eent A*riculture Develoent in Eastern and 4orth'Eastern &ndia A*riculture and Allied "ectors r*anic and iodnaic )arin*

8for further details $$$(lannin*coission(nic(in9

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hat is subsistence

hat is subsistence

farming?arming?

Subsistence agriculture is self*su+cienc farming in which the farmers

focus on growing enough food to feed their families. "he tpical subsistencefarm has a range of crops and animals needed b the famil to eat andclothe themselves during the ear. lanting decisions are made with an eetoward what the famil will need during the coming ear, rather thanmarket prices."on -aters[1]writes /ubsistence peasants are people whogrow what the eat, build their own houses, and live without regularlmaking purchases in the marketplace.ubsistence grain*growing agriculture (predominantl wheat and barle) rstemerged during the 0eolithic evolution when humans began to settle in the 0ile,2uphrates, and 3ndus iver 4alles. ubsistence agriculture also emergedindependentl in %e5ico where it was based on mai!e cultivation, and the Andeswhere it was based on the domestication of the potato. ubsistence agriculture wasthe dominant mode of production in the world until recentl, when market*basedcapitalism became widespread. ubsistence horticulture ma have developedindependentl in outh 2ast Asia and apua 0ew 6uinea.ubsistence farming continues toda in large parts of up*countr Africa, [#]and othercountries of Asia and 7atin America. ubsistence agriculture had b and largedisappeared in 2urope b the beginning of -orld -ar 3, and in 0orth America withthe movement of sharecroppersand tenant farmers out of the American outh and%idwest during the 18$9s and 18'9s.[1] 3n :entral and 2astern 2urope subsistenceand semi*subsistence agriculture reappeared within the transition econom since

about 1889.[$]

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!ec"nologies for Sustaina#le Agricultural!ec"nologies for Sustaina#le Agricultural

DevelopmentDevelopment

0iotechnology0iotechnology

6re 7 post harvesting technology6re 7 post harvesting technology

/nergy saving technology/nergy saving technology /nvironment protection technology/nvironment protection technology

$nformation and 4ommunication technology$nformation and 4ommunication technology

)$S 7 *S technology)$S 7 *S technology $nternet8$ntranet Technology$nternet8$ntranet Technology

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hat is commercial

hat is commercial

farming?arming?

:ommercial Agriculture refers to a process of large*scale production of cropsfor sale, intended

for widespread distribution to wholesalersor retail outlets. 3n commercial farming crops such aswheat, mai!e, tea, co&ee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana, cottonare harvested and soldinto world markets. :ommercial agriculture includes livestockproduction and livestock gra!ing.;ue to the e5pensive nature of capital formation and implementation of technologicalprocesses, the landowners of such farms are often large agricultural corporations (especiall indeveloping countries). 7arge*scale commercial farming, in terms of some of its processes, mabe conceptuall not ver di&erent from large industrial enterprises< =nited >ruit :ompan (now

:hi?uita @rands 3nternational) is an e5ample. :ommercial farming is most commonl found inadvanced industriali!ed nations. "he harvested crop ma be processed on*site (or shipped to aprocessing facilit belonging to the farm owners) and then sold to a wholesaler as a completeproduct, or it ma be sold as*is for further processing elsewhere. :ommercial Agriculture di&erssignicantl from subsistence agriculture, as the main obective of commercial agriculture isachieving higher prots through economies of scale, speciali!ation, introduction of capital*intensive farming techni?ues, labour*saving technologies, and ma5imi!ation of crop ields perhectare through snthetic and natural resources (fertili!ers, hbrid seeds, irrigation, etc.).

:ommercial Agriculture refers to a process of large*scale production of cropsfor sale, intendedfor widespread distribution to wholesalersor retail outlets. 3n commercial farming crops such aswheat, mai!e, tea, co&ee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana, cottonare harvested and soldinto world markets. :ommercial agriculture includes livestockproduction and livestock gra!ing.;ue to the e5pensive nature of capital formation and implementation of technologicalprocesses, the landowners of such farms are often large agricultural corporations (especiall indeveloping countries). 7arge*scale commercial farming, in terms of some of its processes, ma

be conceptuall not ver di&erent from large industrial enterprises< =nited >ruit :ompan (now:hi?uita @rands 3nternational) is an e5ample. :ommercial farming is most commonl found inadvanced industriali!ed nations. "he harvested cro ma be rocessed on*site or shi ed to a

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4ommercial farming on flowers

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hat is plantations?

hat is plantations?

' plantationis a large artificially established forest, farmor estate, where cropsare

grown for sale, often in distant marketsrather than for local on-site consumption. The

term plantationis informal and not precisely defined.

4rops grown on plantations include fast-growing trees%often conifers&, cotton, coffee, tobacco,

sugar cane, sisal, some oil seeds%notably oil palms& and rubber trees. "arms that produce alfalfa,

9espede:a, clover, and other foragecrops are usually not called plantations. The term ;plantation;

has usually not included large orchards%e!cept for banana plantations&, but does include the

planting of trees for lumber. ' plantation is always a monocultureover a large area and does not

include e!tensive naturally occurring stands of plants that have economic value. 0ecause of its

large si:e, a plantation takes advantage of economies of scale. 6rotectionistpolicies and natural

comparative advantagehave contributed to determining where plantations have been located.

'mong the earliest e!amples of plantations were the latifundiaof the *oman /mpire, which

produced large uantities of wineand olive oilfor e!port. 6lantation agriculture grew rapidly withthe increase in international trade and the development of a worldwide economy that followed the

e!pansion of /uropean colonial empires. 9ike every economic activity, it has changed over time.

/arlier forms of plantation agriculture were associated with large disparities of wealth and

income, foreign ownership and political influence, and e!ploitative social systems such as

indentured labor and slavery. The history of the environmental, social and economic issues

relating to plantation agriculture are covered in articles that focus on those sub

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