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PL/SQLOracle Day 3

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

O()ecti*es

o e+plain PL/SQL s (progra-s nits

. Proce! res

. nctions

. Pac ages

. Data(ase riggers

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O*er*ie1 of S (progra-s

s (progra-. Is a na-e! PL/SQL (loc that can accept para-eters an! (e

in*o e! fro- a calling en*iron-ent. Is of t1o types

4 proce! re that perfor-s an action 4 f nction that co-p tes a *al e

. Is (ase! on stan!ar! PL/SQL (loc str ct re

. Pro*i!es -o! larity, re sa(ility, e+tensi(ility,an! -aintaina(ility

. Pro*i!es easy -aintenance, i-pro*e! !ata sec rity an!integrity, i-pro*e! perfor-ance, an! i-pro*e! co!e clarity

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$loc Str ct re for nony-o sPL/SQL $loc s

D"CL #" 6optional7Declare PL/SQL o()ects to (e se!1ithin this (loc

$"8I& 6-an!atory7Define the e+ec ta(le state-ents

"9C"P IO& 6optional7Define the actions that ta e place if an error or e+ception arises

"&D: 6-an!atory7

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$loc Str ct re for PL/SQL S (progra-s

IS ; SDeclaration section

$"8I&"+ec ta(le section

"9C"P IO&"+ception section

"&D:

Subprogram Specification

Subprogram Body

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$enefits of S (progra-s

. "asy -aintenance

. I-pro*e! !ata sec rity an! integrity

. I-pro*e! perfor-ance

. I-pro*e! co!e clarity

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@hat Is a Proce! reA

. proce! re is a type of s (progra- that perfor-s an action'

. proce! re can (e store! in the !ata(ase, as a sche-a o()ect, for repeate!e+ec tion'

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Synta+ for Creating Proce! res

C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& P!%C"'(!" procedurename ) parameter1 $mode & datatype1, parameter2 $mode & datatype2, . . . *+S ASPL/SQL B ock-

. #he !"PLAC" option indicates that if the procedure e.ists, itwi be dropped and rep aced with the new version created bythe statement

. PL/SQL b ock starts with either B"0+1 or the dec aration ofoca variab es and ends with either "1' or "1'

procedurename.

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De*eloping Proce! res

2"ditor

Code to create

procedure

filename.sql

SQL3P us

4 Load and e.ecute file.sql

Source code

Compi e

P code

(se S5%6 "!!%!Sto view

compi ation errorsProcedure

created

".ecute 7

%rac e

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or-al %ers s ct al Para-eters

. or-al para-eters *aria(les !eclare! in the para-eter list of

a s (progra- specification"+a-ple

C#" " P#OC"D #" inEsalary6pEi! & F$"#, pEa-o nt& F$"#7

'''"&D incEsalary:

. ct al para-eters *aria(les or e+pressions reference! in thepara-eter list of a s (progra- call

"+a-ple

inEsalary6*Ei!, 20007

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Proce! ral Para-eter Fo!es

Ca ingenvironment

Procedure

)'"CLA!"*

B"0+1

"8C"P#+%1

"1'-

+1 parameter

%(# parameter

+1 %(# parameter

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Creating Proce! res 1ith Para-eters

Can be assigned adefau t va ue

Actua parameter can bea itera , e.pression,constant, or initia i9ed

variab e

+nitia i9ed variab e(ninitia i9edvariab e

:orma parameter acts asa constant

Passed intosubprogram-returned to ca ingenvironment

!eturned toca ingenvironment

;a ue is passed intosubprogram

'efau t mode

+1 %(#%(#+1

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I& Para-eters "+a-ple

p=id2>?

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" inc=sa ary )p=id +1 emp emp=id@# P"*

+SB"0+1 (P'A#" emp S"# sa ary sa ary 3 2 2 65"!" emp=id p=id-"1' inc=sa ary-

/

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O Para-eters "+a-ple

Ca ing environment QUERY_EMP procedure

p_id

p_name

p_salary

p_incentives

2DE

!am

DD

7

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%ie1ing O Para-eters

. Load and run the emp=Fuery sF script fi e to create theQ("! 2 procedure

. 'ec are host variab es, e.ecute the Q("! 2 procedure, andprint the va ue of the g oba 0=1A

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%ie1ing I& O Para-eters

;A!+ABL" g=phone ;A!C5A!4)2G*B"0+1

Hg=phone H IE2EDDG4? 7GDJ-"1'-

/P!+1# g=phone"8"C(#" Phone=proc )Hg=phone*P!+1# g=phone

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Fetho!s for Passing Para-eters

. Positional List act al para-eters in the sa-e or!er asfor-al para-eters'

. &a-e! List act al para-eters in ar(itrary or!er (yassociating each 1ith its correspon!ing for-al para-eter'

. Co-(ination List so-e of the act al para-eters as

positional an! so-e as na-e!'

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D" L Option for Para-eters

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" add=department )p=name +1 dep dep=name@# P" '":A(L# IabcJ, p= oc +1 dep oc=id@# P" '":A(L# 2E *+SB"0+1 +1S"!# +1#% dep)dep=id, dep=name, oc=id* ;AL("S )seF2 1"8#;AL, p=name, p= oc*-"1' add=department-

/

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"+a-ples of Passing Para-eters

B"0+1 add=department- add=department )J#!10J, 7G *- add=department ) p= oc K 7 , p=name KJ"'(J*- add=department ) p= oc K 74 * -"1'-

/

S"L"C# dep=id, dep=name, oc=id:!%< dep-

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C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" emp = eave )p=id +1 emp emp=id@# P"*+S P!%C"'(!" og=e.ec2 +S B"0+1 +1S"!# +1#% og=tab e2 )user=id, og=date* ;AL("S )(S"!, S S'A#"*- "1' og=e.ec2-B"0+1 '"L"#" :!%< emp 65"!" emp=id p=id- og=e.ec2-"1' emp= eave-

/

'ec aring Subprograms

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In*o ing a Proce! re fro- an nony-o s PL/SQL$loc

'"CLA!" v=id 1(

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In*o ing a Proce! re fro- nother Proce! re

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" emp=process+S C(!S%! c2 +S S"L"C# emp=id :!%< emp -

B"0+1 :%! i +1 c2L%%P

inc=sa ary)emp=rec emp oyee=id*- "1' L%%P-

C%

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#e-o*ing Proce! res

Synta+

"+a-ple

'!%P P!%C"'(!" procedurename

'!%P P!%C"'(!" inc=sa ary-

Drop a proce! re store! in the !ata(ase'

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2

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& :(1C#+%1 functionname ) parameter1 $mode & datatype1, parameter2 $mode & datatype2, . . . *

!"#(!1 datatype+S ASPL/SQL B ock-

#he PL/SQL b ock must have at east one !"#(!1 statement

Synta+ for Creating nctions

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2?Copyright 2005, Infosysechnologies Lt!

"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

Creating a nction

+nvoke 7

2"ditor

Code to create

function

i SQL3P us

4 Load and e.ecute filename.sql

Source code

Compi e

P code :unctioncreated

%rac e

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2BCopyright 2005, Infosysechnologies Lt!

"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

"+ec ting nctions

. In*o e a f nction as part of a PL/SQL e+pression'

. Create a *aria(le to hol! the ret rne! *al e'

. "+ec te the f nction' he *aria(le 1ill (e pop late! (y the *al e ret rne!thro gh a RETURN state-ent'

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!*antages of ser=Define! nctions in SQL"+pressions

. "+ten! SQL 1here acti*ities are too co-ple+, too a1 1ar!,or na*aila(le 1ith SQL

. Can increase efficiency 1hen se! in the WHERE cla se tofilter !ata, as oppose! to filtering the !ata in the application

. Can -anip late character strings

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C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" :(1C#+%1 ta.ca c)p=va +1 1(

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Locations to Call ser=Define! nctions

. Select list of a SELECT co--an!

. Con!ition of the WHERE an! HAVING cla ses CONNECT BY , START WITH , ORDER BY, an! GROUP BY

cla ses VALUES cla se of the INSERT co--an!

SET cla se of the UPDATE co--an!

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#estrictions on Calling nctions fro- SQL"+pressions GG''

o (e calla(le fro- SQL e+pressions, a ser=!efine!f nction - st. $e a store! f nction. ccept only IN para-eters. ccept only *ali! SQL !ata types, not PL/SQL specific types,

as para-eters. #et rn !ata types that are *ali! SQL !ata types, not PL/SQL

specific types

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#estrictions on Calling nctions fro- SQL"+pressions

. nctions calle! fro- SQL e+pressions cannot contain DFLstate-ents'

. nctions calle! fro- UPDATE/DELETE state-ents on a ta(le cannot contain DFL on the sa-e ta(le '

. nctions calle! fro- an UPDATE or a DELETE state-ent on a

ta(le cannot H ery the sa-e ta(le'. nctions calle! fro- SQL state-ents cannot contain

state-ents that en! the transactions'. Calls to s (progra-s that (rea the pre*io s restriction are

not allo1e! in the f nction'

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#estrictions on Calling fro- SQL

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" :(1C#+%1 f2 )p=sa ary 1(

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o1 Proce! res an! nctions Differ

Procedure

)'"CLA!"*

B"0+1

"8C"P#+%1

"1'-

+1 parameter

%(# parameter

+1 %(# parameter

Ca ingenvironment

Ca ingenvironment

:unction

)'"CLA!"*

B"0+1

"8C"P#+%1

"1'-

+1 parameter

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Procedures

".ecute as a PL/SQLstatement

'o not contain !"#(!1

c ause in the header

Can return none, one, ormany va ues

Can contain a !"#(!1statement

:unctions

+nvoke as part of ane.pression

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$enefits of Store!Proce! res an! nctions

. I-pro*e! perfor-ance

. "asy -aintenance

. I-pro*e! !ata sec rity an! integrity

. I-pro*e! co!e clarity

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

List ll Proce! res an! nctions

S"L"C# obNect=name, obNect=type:!%< user=obNects65"!" obNect=type in )JP!%C"'(!"J,J:(1C#+%1J*%!'"! B obNect=name-

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Co umn

1A

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List the Co!e of Proce! resan! nctions

S"L"C# te.t:!%< user=source65"!" name IP2J%!'"! B ine-

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List Co-pilation "rrors (y singS O@ "##O#S

S5%6 "!!%!S P!%C"'(!" p2

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De( gging PL/SQL Progra- nits

. he DBMS_OUTPUT pac age 4 cc - lates infor-ation into a ( ffer 4 llo1s retrie*al of the infor-ation fro- the ( ffer

. tono-o s proce! re calls 6for e+a-ple, 1riting the o tp tto a log ta(le7

. Soft1are that ses DBMS_DEBUG 4 Proce! re $ il!er 4 hir!=party !e( gging soft1are

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O*er*ie1 of Pac ages

Pac ages. 8ro p logically relate! PL/SQL types, ite-s, an!

s (progra-s. Consist of t1o parts

4 Specification

4 $o!y. Cannot (e in*o e!, para-eteriJe!, or neste!. llo1 the Oracle ser*er to rea! - ltiple o()ects into -e-ory

at once

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De*eloping a Pac age

. Sa*ing the te+t of the CREATE PACKAGE state-ent in t1o!ifferent SQL files facilitates later -o!ifications to thepac age'

. pac age specification can e+ist 1itho t a pac age (o!y,( t a pac age (o!y cannot e+ist 1itho t a pac age

specification'

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C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& PAC A0" package_name+S AS public type and item declarations subprogram specifications

"1' package_name;

Creating the Pac age Specification

. he #"PL C" option !rops an! recreates the pac agespecification'

. %aria(les !eclare! in the pac age specification are initialiJe! to& LL (y !efa lt'

. ll the constr cts !eclare! in a pac age specification are *isi(le tosers 1ho are grante! pri*ileges on the pac age'

Synta.H

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COMM_P"C#"$E package

$_COM

Packagespecification

2

Declaring P (lic Constr cts

RE%ET_COM proceduredec aration

4

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Creating a Pac age Specification "+a-ple

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" PAC A0" com=pack +S g=com 1(

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Creating the Pac age $o!y

Synta+

C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& PAC A0" B%' package_name+S AS private type and item declarations subprogram bodies

"1' package_name;

. #he !"PLAC" option drops and recreates the package body

. +dentifiers defined on y in the package body are privateconstructs #hese are not visib e outside the package body

.A private constructs must be dec ared before they are usedin the pub ic constructs

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RE%ET_COM procedure dec aration

&"'ID"TE_COM function definition

Packagespecification

Packagebody

2

7

4RE%ET_COM procedure definition

COMM_P"C#"$E package

P (lic an! Pri*ate Constr cts

$_COM

4

$ l

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Creating a Pac age $o!y "+a-ple

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" PAC A0" B%' com=pack+S :(1C#+%1 va idate=comm )p=com +1 1(

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P!%C"'(!" reset=com )p=com +1 1(

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

In*o ing Pac age Constr cts

"+a-ple In*o e a f nction fro- a proce! re 1ithinthe sa-e pac age'

CRE"TE OR REP'"CE P"C#"$E (ODY c)m_pac* I%+ + +

PROCEDURE reset_c)m ,p_c)m IN NUM(ER- I% (E$IN IF validate_c)m,p_c)m- T.EN /_c)m 01 p_c)m! E'%E

R"I%E_"PP'IC"TION_ERROR,2343335 6C)mmissi)n Invalid 7-! END IF! END reset_c)m!END c)m_pac*!

# *i P

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8 i!elines for De*eloping Pac ages

. Constr ct pac ages for general se'

. Define the pac age specification (efore the (o!y'

. he pac age specification sho l! contain only thoseconstr cts that yo 1ant to (e p (lic'

. Place ite-s in the !eclaration part of the pac age (o!y 1henyo - st -aintain the- thro gho ta session or across transactions'

. Changes to the pac age specification reH irereco-pilation of each referencing s (progra-'

. he pac age specification sho l! contain as fe1 constr ctsas possi(le'

!* t f P

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!*antages of Pac ages

. Fo! larity "ncaps late relate! constr cts'

. "asier application !esign Co!e an! co-pile specificationan! (o!y separately'

. i!ing infor-ation 4 Only the !eclarations in the pac age specification are

*isi(le an! accessi(le to applications'

4 Pri*ate constr cts in the pac age (o!y are hi!!en an!inaccessi(le'

4 ll co!ing is hi!!en in the pac age (o!y'

!* t f P

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!*antages of Pac ages

. !!e! f nctionality Persistency of *aria(lesan! c rsors

. $etter perfor-ance 4 he entire pac age is loa!e! into -e-ory 1hen the

pac age is first reference!' 4 here is only one copy in -e-ory for all sers'

4 he !epen!ency hierarchy is si-plifie!'. O*erloa!ing F ltiple s (progra-s of the

sa-e na-e

O* l !i g

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sing &ati*e Dyna-ic SQL

Dyna-ic SQL. Is a SQL state-ent that contains *aria(les that can change

! ring r nti-e. Is a SQL state-ent 1ith placehol!ers an! is store! as a

character string. "na(les general=p rpose co!e to (e 1ritten

. "na(les !ata=!efinition, !ata=control, or session=controlstate-ents to (e 1ritten an! e+ec te! fro- PL/SQL

. Is 1ritten sing either DBMS_SQL or nati*e !yna-ic SQL

"+ec tion lo1

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>0Copyright 2005, Infosysechnologies Lt! "#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

sing the D$FSEDDL Pac age

he D$FSEDDL Pac age. Pro*i!es access to so-e SQL DDL state-ents fro- store!

proce! res. Incl !es so-e proce! res

4 L "#ECOFPIL" 6o()ectEtype, o1ner, o()ectEna-e7

4 & LK "EO$M"C 6o()ectEtype, o1ner, na-e, -etho!7

&ote his pac age r ns 1ith the pri*ileges of callingser, rather than the pac age o1ner SKS'

'B

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>Copyright 2005, Infosysechnologies Lt! "#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

he DBMS_OUTPUT pac age ena(les yo to o tp t

-essages fro- PL/SQL (loc s' *aila(leproce! res

incl !e

PUT

NEW_LINE

PUT_LINE

GET_LINE

GET_LINES

ENABLE/DISABLE

(sing the 'B

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trigger

. Is a PL/SQL (loc or a PL/SQL proce! re associate! 1ith ata(le, *ie1, sche-a, or the !ata(ase

. "+ec tes i-plicitly 1hene*er a partic lar e*ent ta es place

. Can (e either

4 pplication trigger ires 1hene*er an e*ent occ rs 1ith apartic lar application

4 Data(ase trigger ires 1hene*er a !ata e*ent 6s ch as DFL7 orsyste- e*ent 6s ch as logon or sh t!o1n7 occ rs on a sche-a or!ata(ase

'atabase #riggers

0 id i f ' i i # i

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.Design triggers to

4Perfor- relate! actions

4CentraliJe glo(al operations

.Do not !esign triggers

4@here f nctionality is alrea!y ( ilt into the Oracle

ser*er 4 hat ! plicate other triggers

.Create store! proce! res an! in*o e the- in a trigger, if thePL/SQL co!e is *ery lengthy'

. he e+cessi*e se of triggers can res lt in co-ple+inter!epen!encies, 1hich -ay (e !iffic lt to -aintain in largeapplications'

0uide ines for 'esigning #riggers

Data(ase rigger "+a-ple

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App ication

+1S"!# +1#% "

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triggering state-ent contains. rigger ti-ing

4 or ta(le $" O#", "#

4 or *ie1 I&S " D O

. riggering e*ent I&S"# , PD ", or D"L" "

. a(le na-e On ta(le, *ie1

. rigger type #o1 or state-ent

.@ "& cla se #estricting con!ition

. rigger (o!y PL/SQL (loc

Creating '

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>

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DFL rigger Co ponents

riggering ser e*ent @hich DFL state-ent ca sesthe trigger to e+ec teA Ko can se any of thefollo1ing. I&S"#. PD ". D"L" "

DFL rigger Co-ponents

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rigger type Sho l! the trigger (o!y e+ec te for eachro1 the state-ent affects or only onceA. State-ent he trigger (o!y e+ec tes once for the triggering

e*ent' his is the !efa lt' state-ent trigger fires once, e*enif no ro1s are affecte! at all'

. #o1 he trigger (o!y e+ec tes once for each ro1 affecte! (ythe triggering e*ent' ro1 trigger is not e+ec te! if thetriggering e*ent affects no ro1s'

DFL rigger Co-ponents

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rigger (o!y @hat action sho l! the trigger perfor-Ahe trigger (o!y is a PL/SQL (loc or a call to aproce! re'

iring SeH ence

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g

#riggering action

B":%!"statement trigger

B":%!" row trigger A:#"! row trigger

A:#"! statement trigger

'

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(P'A#" emp S"# sa ary sa ary 3 2 4G 65"!" dep=id D -

g

(se the fo owing firing seFuence for a trigger on a tab e, whenmany rows are manipu atedH

B":%!" statement trigger B":%!" statement trigger

B":%!" row trigger B":%!" row trigger A:#"! row trigger A:#"! row trigger

B":%!" row trigger B":%!" row trigger A:#"! row trigger A:#"! row trigger

A:#"! statement trigger A:#"! statement trigger

S f C i

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C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& #!+00"! trigger_name timing

event1 %! event2 %!

%1 tablenameTrigger body

1oteH #rigger names must be uniFue with respect to othertriggers in the same schema

Synta.H

Synta. for Creating'

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C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" #!+00"! trig2 B":%!" +1S"!# %1 emp B"0+1 +: )#%=C5A!)S S'A#",J' J* +1 )JSA#J,JS(1J** %!

)#%=C5A!)S S'A#",J554 J*1%# B"#6""1 J EJ A1' J2>J* #5"1 !A+S"=APPL+CA#+%1="!!%! )M4 222,J ou are nota owed to operate beyond officehours J*- "1' +:-"1'-

/

".amp eH

Creating '

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C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& #!+00"! trigger_name timing

event1 %! event2 %! %1 tablename

$!":"!"1C+10 %L' AS old | 1"6 AS ne &:%! "AC5 !%6 65"1 ) condition *trigger_body

Synta.H

Creating a '

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C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" #!+00"! prevent=sa B":%!" +1S"!# %! (P'A#" %: sa ary %1 emp :%! "AC5 !%6 B"0+1 +: 1%# )H1"6 Nob=id +1 )I"'(CA#%!J, I

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?

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?>Copyright 2005, Infosysechnologies Lt! "#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

+1S"!# +1#% emp)emp=id, name, Nob=id, sa ary, *

;AL("S )EEE, J#empJ, IC%1S(L#A1#J, 4 , *-

(P'A#" emp

S"# sa ary 4 , name JSukumarJ 65"!" emp=id EEE-

S"L"C# user=name, :!%< audit=emp=tab

(sing %L and 1 6 Qua ifiersH".amp e (sing Audit="mp=#ab e

!estricting a !ow #rigger

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C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" #!+00"! get=commission B":%!" +1S"!# %! (P'A#" %: sa ary %1 emp :%! "AC5 !%6 65"1 )1"6 Nob=id I"'(CA#%!J*B"0+1 +: +1S"!#+10 #5"1 H1"6 commission H - "LS+: H%L' commission +S 1(LL #5"1 H1"6 commission H - "LS"

H1"6 commission H H%L' commission 24- "1' +:-"1'-

/

!estricting a !ow #rigger

I&S " D O riggers

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App ication

+1S"!# +1#% my=view -

< =;+"6

+1S#"A' %: #rigger

+1S"!#

#ABL"2

(P'A#"#ABL"4

Creating an +1S#"A' %: #rigger

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C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& #!+00"! trigger_name +1S#"A' %: event1 %! event2 %! %1 vie _name

$!":"!"1C+10 %L' AS old | 1"6 AS ne &$:%! "AC5 !%6&trigger_body

Synta.H

Creating an 1S# A %: #rigger

Creating an I&S " D O rigger

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

g gg

+1S"!# +1#% emp=view)emp=id, *;AL("S)222,I!A

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B2Copyright 2005, Infosysechnologies Lt!

"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

#riggers

'efined with C!"A#"#!+00"!

'ata dictionary containssource code in(S"!=#!+00"!S

+mp icit y invoked

C%

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

'!%P #!+00"! triggername -

'!%P #!+00"! trig2-

!% ! ! y .

o re-o*e a trigger fro- the !ata(ase, se the DROP

TRIGGER synta+

".amp eH

A triggers on a tab e are dropped when the

tab e is dropped

$enefits of Data(ase riggers

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

. I-pro*e! !ata sec rity 4 Pro*i!e enhance! an! co-ple+ sec rity chec s 4 Pro*i!e enhance! an! co-ple+ a !iting

. I-pro*e! !ata integrity 4 "nforce !yna-ic !ata integrity constraints

4 "nforce co-ple+ referential integrity constraints 4 "ns re that relate! operations are perfor-e! together

i-plicitly

%ie1ing rigger Infor-ation

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

Ko can *ie1 the follo1ing trigger infor-ation. S"#EO$M"C S !ata !ictionary *ie1 o()ect infor-ation. S"#E #I88"#S !ata !ictionary *ie1 the te+t of the

trigger . S"#E"##O#S !ata !ictionary *ie1 PL/SQL synta+ errors

6co-pilation errors7 of the trigger

Listing the Code of #riggers

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B

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B>Copyright 2005, Infosysechnologies Lt!

"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003%ersion &o' 2'0

@e ha*e e+plaine! the follo1ing PL/SQL s (progra-s nits

. Proce! res

. nctions

. Pac ages

. Data(ase riggers

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Thank You!

Ppt Db25 Oracle 03

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