Ppt af linux

• 1.
  • WHAT IS LINUX?

2. Linux

• LINUX is referring to Unix-like computer Operating System based on the Linux kernel. Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source ware collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as theGNU General Public License .

• Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computerhardware , ranging fromembedded devicessuch as mobile phones, smartphones and wristwatches tomainframesandsupercomputers .Linux is predominantly known for its use inservers ; in 2007 Linux's overall share of the server market was estimated at 12.7%, while a 2008 estimate suggested that 60% of allweb serversran Linux. Mostdesktop computersrun eitherMac OS XorMicrosoft Windows , with Linux having only 12% of the desktop market. However, desktop use of Linux has become increasingly popular in recent years, partly owing to the popularMandriva Linux ,Fedora ,DebianorUbuntudistributions and the emergence ofnetbooksandsmartbooks .

3.

• History of Linux

4.

• The History of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by aFinnishstudent,Linus Torvalds , to create a new operating system kernel.

• Since then the resultingLinux kernelhas been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of itssource codein 1991, it has grown from a small number ofCfiles under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2009 of over 370 megabytesof source under theGNU General Public License

5.

• The creation of Linux

6.

• In 1991, inHelsinki , Linus Torvalds began a project that later became theLinux kernel . It was initially aterminal emulator , which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done onMINIXusing theGNU C compiler , which is still the main choice for compiling Linux today (although the code can be built with other compilers, such as theIntel C Compiler )

Linus Torvalds 7.

• As Torvalds wrote in his bookJust for Funhe eventually realized that he had written an operating system kernel. On 25 August 1991, he announced this system in aUsenetposting to thenewsgroup"comp.os.minix."

• Hello everybody out there using minix -

• I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).

• I've currently portedbash(1.08)andgcc(1.40) , and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them:-)

• PS. Yes it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have:-(.

• --- Linus Torvalds

8.

• The name

9.

• Lines Torvalds had wanted to call his invention Freax, aportmanteauof "freak", "free", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name "Freax" for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux," but initially dismissed it as too egotistical.

• In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to theFTP server(ftp.funet.fi) of theHelsinki University of Technology(HUT) in September 1991.Ari Lemmke , Torvald's coworker at the HUT who was responsible for the servers at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name. So, he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".

• To demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, Torvalds included an audio guide with the kernel source code.

Floppy discsholding a very early version of Linux 10.

• Linux

• under the GNU GPL

11.

• Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.

• The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of theGNU projectlicensed under theGNU General Public License , afree softwarelicense. The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU'sBash shell .

• In the "Notes for linux release 0.01", Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. These are separate parts and may be under a stricter (or even looser) copyright. Most of the tools used with linux areGNU softwareand are under the GNUcopyleft . These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info.

• In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under theGNU General Public License . He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL.

• Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully-functional and free operating system.

• Torvalds has stated, making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did.

12.

• GNU/Linux

• naming controversy

13.

• The designation "Linux" was initially used by Torvalds only for the Linux kernel. The kernel was, however, frequently used together with other software, especially that of the GNU project. This quickly became the most popular adoption of GNU software. In June 1994 in GNU's bulletin, Linux was referred to as a "free UNIX clone", and theDebianproject began calling its productDebian GNU/Linux . In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the editorEmacs19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of "GNU/Linux".

• This name garnered varying reactions. The GNU and Debian projects use the name, although most developers simply use the term "Linux" to refer to the combination

14.

• Torvalds announced in 1996 that there would be a mascot for Linux, a penguin.Larry Ewingprovided the original draft of today's well known mascot based on this description. The nameTuxwas suggested by James Hughes as derivative ofTorvalds' UniX .

Official mascot TUX 15.

• Development

16.

• The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that theLinux kerneland other components arefreeandopen source software . Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used Somefreeandopen sourcesoftware licenses are based on the principle ofcopyleft , a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, theGNU GPL , is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from theGNU project .

• Linux based distributions are intended by developers forinteroperabilitywith other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere toPOSIX ,SUS , ISO , andANSIstandards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT. Free software projects, although developed in acollaborativefashion, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of aLinux distribution .

• ALinux distribution , commonly called a "distro", is a project that manages a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows the user to adapt the operating system to his/her specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use apackage managersuch asSynaptic ,YAST , orPortageto install, remove and update all of a system's software from one central location.

17.

• Community

18.

• The largest part of the work on Linux is performed by the community: the thousands of programmers around the world that use Linux and send their suggested improvements to the maintainers. Various companies have also helped not only with the development of the Kernels, but also with the writing of the body of auxiliary software, which is distributed with Linux.

• It is released both by organized projects such asDebian , and by projects connected directly with companies such asFedoraandopenSUSE . The members of the respective projects meet at various conferences and fairs, in order to exchange ideas. One of the largest of these fairs is theLinuxTaginGermany(currently inBerlin ), where about 10,000 people assemble annually, in order to discuss Linux and the projects associated with it.

19.

• Design

20.

• A Linux-based system is a modularUnix-likeoperating system. It derives much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses amonolithic kernel , theLinux kernel , which handles process control, networking, andperipheralandfile systemaccess.Device driversare either integrated directly with the kernel or added as modules loaded while the system is running.

• Separate projects that interface with the kernel provide much of the system's higher-level functionality. The GNUuserlandis an important part of most Linux-based systems, providing the most common implementation of theC library , a popularshell , and many of the commonUnix toolswhich carry out many basic operating system tasks. Thegraphical user interface(or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of theX Window System

21.

• Linux desktop

22.

• The popularity of Linux on standard desktops (and laptops) has been increasing over the years. Currently most distributions include a graphical user environment. The two most popular such environments areGNOMEandKDE , both of which are mature and support a wide variety of langua ges.

KDE The popularity of Linux on standard desktops (and laptops) has been increasing over the years. Currently most distributions include a graphical user environment. The two most popular such environments areGNOMEandKDE , both of which are mature and support a wide variety of languages. GNOME 23.

• Many types of applications available forMicrosoft WindowsandMac OS Xare also available for Linux. Commonly, either afree softwareapplication will exist which does the functions of an application found on another operating systems, or that application will have a version that works on Linux (such asSkype ). Furthermore, theWineproject provides a Windows compatibility layer to run unmodified Windows applications on Linux.CrossOveris a proprietary solution based on the open sourceWineproject that supports running Windows versions ofMicrosoft Office ,Intuitapplications such asQuickenandQuickBooks ,Adobe Photoshopversions through CS2, and many popular games such asWorld of WarcraftandTeam Fortress 2 . In other cases, where there is no Linux port of some software in areas such asdesktop publishingandprofessional audio ,there is equivalentsoftware available on Linux.

XFCE LXDE 24.

• Companies

25.

• Despite being open-source, a few companies profit from Linux. These companies, most of which are also members of the Open Source Development Lab, invest substantial resources into the advancement and development of Linux, in order to make it suited for various application areas. This includes hardware donations for driver developers, cash donations for people who develop Linux software, and the employment of Linux programmers at the company. Some examples are IBM and HP, which use Linux on their own servers, and Red Hat, which maintains its own distribution. LikewiseNokiasupports Linux by the development and LGPL licensing of Qt, which makes the development ofKDEpossible, and by employing some of the X and KDE developers.

26.

• Trademarks rights

27.

• In 1994 and 1995, several people from different countries attempted to register the name "Linux" as a trademark. Thereupon requests for royalty payments were issued to several Linux companies, a step with which many developers and users of Linux did not agree. Linus Torvalds clamped down on these companies with help fromLinux Internationaland was granted thetrademarkto the name, which he transferred to Linux International. Protection of the trademark was later administered by a dedicated foundation, the non-profitLinux Mark Institute . In 2000, Linus Torvalds specified the basic rules for the assignment of the licenses. This means that anyone who offers a product or a service with the name Linux must possess a license for it, which can be obtained through a unique purchase.

• In June 2005, a new controversy developed over the use of royalties generated from the use of the Linux trademark. The Linux Mark Institute, which represents Linus Torvalds' rights, announced a price increase from 500 to 5,000 dollars for the use of the name. This step was justified as being needed to cover the rising costs of trademark protection.

28.

• [...] And lets repeat: somebody who doesnt want to _protect_ that name would never do this. You can call anything "MyLinux", but the downside is that you may have somebody else who _did_ protect himself come along and send you a cease-and-desist letter. Or, if the name ends up showing up in a trademark search that LMI needs to do every once in a while just to protect the trademark (another legal requirement for trademarks), LMI itself might have to send you a cease-and-desist-or-sublicense it letter.

• At which point you either rename it to something else, or you sublicense it. See? Its all about whether _you_ need the protection or not, not about whether LMI wants the money or not.

• [...] Finally, just to make it clear: not only do I not get a cent of the trademark money, but even LMI (who actually administers the mark) has so far historically always lost money on it. Thats not a way to sustain a trademark, so theyre trying to at least become self-sufficient, but so far I can tell that lawyers fees to _give_ that protection that commercial companies want have been higher than the license fees. Even pro bono lawyers charge for the time of their costs and paralegals etc.

• Linus Torvalds

• The Linux Mark Institute has since begun to offer a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense.

29.

• SUBMITTED TO :

• Mr. FOR- IAN SANDOVAL

• INTSRUCTOR

• SUBMITTED BY :

• MARY GRACE M. ROCAFORT

• MARIFEL BALUTAN

• SHIENNA VALDRES

• JINA INOCENO

• RHEA CABAGO