PPE_Lec 1

BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

ME C314 Power Plant Engineering

Dr. Morapakala Srinivas Associate Professor, Mechanical

BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Lecture 1: Indian Power Sector Scenario and basics of Power plants

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

India has the fifth largest generation capacity in the world. The top four countries, viz., US, Japan, China and

Russia together consume about 49 per cent of the total

power generated globally.

The average per capita consumption of electricity in India is estimated to be 704 kWh during 2008-09,

compared to the US (~15,000 kWh) and China (~1,800

kWh).

The world average stands at 2,300 kWh.

Electricity in the World and India

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

17th Electric Power Survey

Year Annual Peak Electrical Load at Power Station Bus Bars

(MW)

2011-12 152746

2016-17 218209

2021-22 298253

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Thermal power station

Hydro power station

Gas turbine power station

Nuclear power station

Diesel engine power station

Renewable power station

Types of Power Plants

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Indian Fuel Mix (as on 28.02.11)

Fuel MW % share

Total Thermal 111324.48 64.75

Coal 92418.38 53.76

Gas 17706.35 10.30

Oil 1199.75 0.70

Hydro (Renewable) 37367.40 21.73

Nuclear 4780.00 2.78

Renewable Energy 18454.52 10.73

TOTAL 171926.40 100.00

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Typical Layout of a Thermal Power Plant

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Cycle of operation

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

The Ministry of Power has set a goal - Mission 2012: Power for All.

A comprehensive Blueprint for Power Sector development has been prepared encompassing an integrated strategy for the sector development with following objectives:- - Sufficient power to achieve GDP growth rate of 8% - Reliability of power - Quality power - Optimum power cost - Commercial viability of power industry - Power for all

Power for All by 2012

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Power for All by 2012 (as on 28.02.11)

Power Sector at a Glance "ALL INDIA"

Sector MW % share

State Sector 82,452.58 47.96

Central Sector 52,712.63 30.66

Private Sector 36,791.19 21.38

Total 1,71,926.40 100.00

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal currently fuels 40% of the world electricity and this proportion is set to

remain static over the next 30 years.

About 70% of the world's steel production is based on coal.

Coal The World

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Reserves in India (as on 01.04.2009 - in billion tonnes)

Type of coal Proved Indicated Inferred Total

All India : Total 105.72 123.57 37.92 267.21

Prime-coking 4.61 0.70 0.00 5.31

Medium-coking 12.45 12.06 1.88 26.39

Semi-coking 0.48 1.00 0.22 1.70

Non-coking 87.70 109.71 35.31 232.72

High sulphur 0.48 0.09 0.51 1.08

Lignite 5.36 25.54 8.18 39.08

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

The coal that can be extractedtaking into account geological, technical, and economic aspects - is only a small fraction of our total coal inventories, without taking into account the no-go areas.

The extremely high figure of 267.21 billion tonnes has created a false and risky notion that India is quite comfortably placed with over 100 years of domestic coal supply at its disposal.

Extractable Coal Reserves 1

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

In India, about 77% of the total

coal output is consumed in the

power sector.

Coal Power Sector

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Chhattisgarh is the largest coal producing state with a share of

about 20.7%, followed closely by

Orissa and Jharkhand having

contribution of 20.0% and 19.5%.

Coal Indian States 1

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Next in order of share in the total production were, Madhya Pradesh (14.5%), Andhra Pradesh (9.0%), Maharashtra (7.9%), West Bengal (4.6%) and Uttar Pradesh (2.4%).

The remaining 1.40% of coal production accrued from the states of Assam, Jammu & Kashmir and Meghalaya.

Coal Indian States 2

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

In 2008-09, share of production of raw coal from opencast (OC) mines

was 88% against 12% from

underground (UG) mines.

Coal Mining Profile 1

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Opencast mines damage a large land surface area, displace people from their ancestral

homesteads and cause agricultural losses.

But the method is cost effective, recovery is high, comparatively better in safety aspects

and is considered to be a modern method.

Surface mining requires large areas of land to be temporarily disturbed.

Coal Mining Profile 2

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

As on 31.3.2009, there were 561 operating mines for coal in the country, out of which

197 were opencast while 332 were

underground mines. The remaining 32

were mixed collieries.

There were 537 public sector mines and 24 mines in private sector.

Coal Mining Profile 3

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Location of Coal and Lignite Resources

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

LIMITED RESERVES OF COKING COAL

HIGH ASH AND LOW CALORIFIC VALUES ( 40% & ABOVE & AVERAGE 4000 K.CAL./KG-UHV)

MISMATCH IN LOCATION OF DEPOSITS AND

MAJOR CONSUMPTION CENTRES

HIGH COST OF TRANSPORT

PIT HEAD PRICE 43%

ROYALTY/CESS/SALES TAX 13%

TRANSPORTATION 44%

Characteristics of Indian Coal Deposits

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Bulk of coal is transported by rail 47 %

Road transportation 27 %.

Pit-head consumer by dedicated merry-go-round (MGR) rail link 19 %.

Coastal consumers in southern part of India by rail and sea route 2 % (extrapolated).

Limited aerial ropeway and cross country belt conveyors 5 %

Coal Movement in India

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

It is estimated that 47.33% amounting to 514 million tonnes of beneficiated coal + superior

grade coal is likely to be transported through

national rail network / rail-cum-sea network for

consumers located beyond coal field areas.

The transportation of huge volume of the countries production of about 1061 million

tonnes by the end of 2024-25 will be a gigantic

task as bulk of the coal has to be transported to

power utility and other industries.

Constraints in Transportation 1

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

In order to enable the vast movement of coal, the Central Electricity Authority has identified through a study by NRSA, 90 potential sites in four states.

Of these, 31 are in six districts of Gujarat, 23 in two districts of Maharashtra, 27 in eight districts of Tamil Nadu and 9 in three districts of Andhra Pradesh for development of coastal power projects.

Constraints in Transportation 2

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Demand Projection @ 8% GDP growth

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Demand Supply Gap

334 354 363 381

404 446

474 493

550 598

828

1,079

1,267

314 326 336 354

375 397

421 454

490

533

778

942

1,086

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 09 FY 10 FY 16 FY 22 FY 25

Millio

n t

on

nes

Demand Supply

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

XIth Plan Coal Demand Projections

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

XIth Plan Coal Supply Projections

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Coal Demand Supply Gap 2011-12 at 142 MT

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Huge coal demand.

Massive investments.

Significant technological up-gradation.

Large scale mining operations.

Increased productivity from underground mines.

Increase in captive coal mining.

Increased coal imports.

Shortage of skilled manpower.

Decade Ahead for Coal Industry