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Chapter 01
*Lecture and
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Anatomy & Physiology Revealed Images
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1.1: Introduction
2
• Questions and observations that have led to
knowledge.
• Knowledge about structure and function of the
human body.
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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
3
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”
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1.3: Levels of Organization
4
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, adipose tissue, etc.
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
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Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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1.1 Clinical Application
6
• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Ultrasound and MRI
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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
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• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;
releasing energy from foods
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
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Characteristics of Life Continued
9
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are
largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an
organism that support life).
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1.5: Maintenance of Life
10
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
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Requirements of Organisms
11
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
12
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis*
13
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
14
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.) Response
(Change is corrected.)
Receptors Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
too high
too low
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
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16
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation,
pH of Blood, O2 & CO2 levels
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
18
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Short-lived
• Do not require continuous adjustments
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth
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1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
20
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
(a)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Right pleural
cavityMediastinum
Left pleural cavityPericardial
cavityDiaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(b)
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1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Canal
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1.6: Organization of the Human BodyThoracic Cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity Pelvic CavityMediastinum Pulmonary Cavity
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Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
23
Thoracic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
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Serous Membranes
24
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Vertebra
Azygos v.
Aorta
Esophagus
Right lung
Right atrium
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Sternum
Anterior
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Mediastinum
Left lung
Rib
Left ventricle
of heart
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Vertebra
Right kidney
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas
Large
intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Parietal peritoneumAnterior
Stomach
Costal cartilage
Rib
Large intestine
Small intestine
Spleen
Left
kidney
Spinal cordPlane of
section
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Pleural Membranes
Visceral pleura Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
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Pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
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Peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
Peritonealcavity
Lesseromentum
Mesenteryof small intestine
Greateromentum
Peritoneum
Page 28
Organ Systems
28Skeletal system Muscular system
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Integumentary system
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Integumentary System
Page 32
Organ Systems
32Nervous system Endocrine system
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Page 35
Organ Systems
35Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
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Page 36
Cardiovascular System
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Organ Systems
38
Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
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Respiratory System
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Organ Systems
42
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
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Page 43
Reproductive System
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1.7: Lifespan Changes
44
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the
whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?
Page 45
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
45
Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out
Integumentary system
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Page 46
Anatomical Position
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Relative Positions (1)add to your list
• Supine = on back
• Prone = on belly
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Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms
48
• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
Superior (above)/Inferior (below)
Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal ( toward
the back)
Medial (toward the midline)/Lateral (to the sides)
Bilateral (paired structures)
Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)
Proximal (close to point of attachment)/Distal (farther from poin of
attachment)
Superficial (close to body surface)/Deep (more internal)
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Superior Inferior
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Anterior Posterior(Ventral) (Dorsal)
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Human / Cat Clarifications• Anterior = front, Ventral = belly
– mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is forward and ventral faces the ground
• Posterior = rear/behind, Dorsal = back– mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is rear and dorsal faces up
• Cranial = toward the head– which is Superior in humans, but superior is dorsal in cats
• Caudal = towards the tail– which is Inferior in humans, but inferior is ventral in cats
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Body Sections or Planes
55
• Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal/Median – divides body into equal left and
right portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior
portions
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Body Sections
56
A section along a frontal
plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along the
median plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
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Midsagittal Plane
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Body Sections
63
(a) (b) (c)
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Other Body Sections
64
(a) (b) (c)
Cross-section
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
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Abdominal Subdivisions
65
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left
iliac
region
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
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Rt. HypochondriacEpigastric
Lt. Hypochondriac
Rt. Lumbar Lt.Lumbar
Umbilical
Rt. Iliac Lt. IliacPelvic
Body
Regions
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Nine Abdominal Regions
Rt. Hypochondriac Lt. Hypochondriac
Rt. LumbarLt. Lumbar
Rt. Iliac Lt. Iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical
Pelvic
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Abdominal Quadrants
Upper Right Lower Right Upper Left Lower Left
Page 69
Abdominal Quadrants
Upper Right
Lower Right
Upper Left
Lower Left
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Body Regions
70
Otic (ear)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Cephalic (head)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Pectoral
(chest)
Inguinal
(groin)
Coxal
(hip)
Umbilical
(navel)
Pedal (foot)
Occipital
(back of head)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Plantar (sole)(a) (b)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Sacral (between hips)
Lumbar
(lower back)Abdominal
(abdomen)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Frontal (forehead)
Buccal (cheek)
Tarsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Axillary (armpit)
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
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Page 71
Abdominopelvic Region
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Back
Back Scapular region
Triangle of auscultation
Vertebral region
Sacral region
Lumbar region
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Frontal
Mental
Nasal
Oral
Orbital
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Otic Facial
Cephalic
Head
Regions
Page 74
Lower Limb RegionFemoral
Patellar
Crural
Tarsal PedalDorsum of foot Digits
Calcaneal
Popliteal
Gluteal
Coxal
Popliteal
Sural
Page 75
Neck (Cervical) Region Anterior cervical
Lateralcervical
Posterior cervical
Sternocleidomastoid
Page 76
Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed
76
1.1: Introduction
Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding
of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of
each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
List and describe the major characteristics of life.
Give examples of metabolism.
Page 77
Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
77
1.5: Maintenance of Life
List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival.
Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they
function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Page 78
Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
78
Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Identify changes related to aging, from the microscopic to the whole-body
level.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions.