PowerPoint-Präsentation - Zenergy Power 2009

Zenergy Power

The Superconductor Energy Technology Company

Supraleiter and Seltene Erden – Rohstoffversorgung und Perspektiven

Dr. Michael Bäcker

German Environmental prize 2009

Outlook

- High Temperature Superconductivity (HTS)

- Excursus – Rare-Earth elements

- HTS materials and wires

- Renewable Power Generation – a new generation of rotating machines

- Rare Earth Elements – availability and sustainability

- Rotating machines – Permanent Magnets vs. High Temperature Superconductors

- Summary

- 100% Efficiency : No losses – resulting in a dramatic reduction on CO2

- 100x Capacity : Dramatic reduction in material use

Breaking paradigms in electro technology

Rare earth elements in High Temperature Superconductors (HTS)

YBa2Cu3Ox – Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide

Yttrium (rare earth elements, RE)

…is there a supply risk?

Excursus – Rare-Earth Elements

The rare earth elements (REE) are fifteen elements with atomic

numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium

(“lanthanides”), plus yttrium (39).

REE are essential for a diverse and expanding array of

high-technology applications.

REE-containing permanent magnets, metal alloys for

batteries and light-weight structures, and phosphors

are essential for many current and emerging alternative

energy technologies, such as electric vehicles, energy-

efficient lighting, and wind power.Source: USGS; Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220; The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States

High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) wire

Thin film coating technology

Layer architecture of (2G) HTS tape

Optional protective metal layer:

silver, gold, copper

Superconductor layer:

YBa2Cu3Ox ,REBa2Cu3Ox

Buffer layer:

MgO, ZrO, GZO, YSZ, Y2O3, CeO2, LZO, STO

Metal alloy substrate:

Hastelloy, NiCroFer, Ni-alloy

Layer architecture of (2G) HTS wire

Superconductor layer

Buffer layer

Metal alloy substrate

Layer architecture of (2G) HTS wire

Superconductor layer

Buffer layer

Metal alloy substrate

Fraction of HTS material per HTS wire << 5%

low fraction of RE per HTS wire

High Temperature Superconductivity – Renewable Power Generation

Hydro Power Generation Wind Power Generation



Operating time of European hydroelectric power stations



Old generator data:Power: 1,25 MW

Voltage: 5,25 kV

Poles: 28

Rotation speed: 214 rpm

Runaway speed: 450 rpm

Efficiency: 86%

New generator data:Power: 1,79 MW

Voltage: 5,25 kV

Poles: 28

Rotation speed: 214 rpm

Runaway speed: 450 rpm

Efficiency: 98,5%



Prototype to be installed in spring 2011



Prototype to be installed in spring 2011 Demonstrator to be tested in 2012










High Temperature Superconductors enable a new generation of rotating machines

Excursus - Construction of a Copper Synchronous Generator

Advantage:

Conventional proven technology

Disadvantage:

Low flux in the air gap results in

huge weight and size

Copper winding

Copper winding

Iron teeth

Rotor

Stator

Back iron

Excursus - Construction of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

Permanent

magnets

Copper winding

Iron teeth

Back iron

Rotor

StatorAdvantage:

Smaller than Copper generator

Disadvantage:

Always excited

Flux in the air gap is limited but

higher than for conventional

design

Excursus - Construction of a Superconducting Generator with Air Gap Winding

Advantage:

Smallest and most efficient machine because

of highest flux in the air gap (up to 4T)

Enables the 10 MW class

Disadvantage:

New technology risk

Copper air gap winding

Nonmagnetic support structure

Back iron

Stator

Superconducting

Coil

Cryostat

Rotor

Reduction of Weight is the Challenge in Wind Power Generation

8 MW Superconductor 4 MW Permanent Magnet

8 MW Copper

- Lightweight generators lead to significant reduction in material usage and lower production costs

- Superconductors enable practical removal of gearbox: Biggest cost of failure for offshore wind

- Majority of industry already moving to simpler gearbox and permanent magnet generator

- Overall impact of superconductors: a 25% reduction in the total cost of energy production from offshore wind power

Conventional

6MW

Superconductor

6MW

General diameter 9m 3m

Generator weight 450t 80t

For illustrative purposes only. These numbers are approximate and will vary

depending on the nature of the wind turbine in question

…but supply is seen critical

Reduction of Weight is the Challenge in Wind Power Generation

Permanet magnets are the fastest growing application for rare-earth elements- All high-performance permanent magnets contain high amounts of rare-earth elements:

Nd2Fe14B:

Neodymium (Nd): ~ 30% by weight

Dysprosium (Dy): ~ 1 – 10% by weight

Terbium (Tb): ~ 0 – 1% by weight

Rare Earth (RE): ~ 30 – 33% by weight

Sm2Co17:

Samarium (Sm): ~ 23 – 25% by weight

Rare Earth (RE): ~ 23 – 25% by weight

SmCo5:

Samarium (Sm): ~ 23 – 25% by weight

Rare Earth (RE): ~ 34% by weight

Source: Roskill Information Services and Industrial Minerals Company of Australia 2010,

Lynas Corporation Ltd. 2010, SRI Consulting: Bloomberg; Kaiser Bottom-Fish

Most magnetic RE`s are used in Electric Machines- Applications of permanent magnets 2010

- Share of Electric Machines is expected to strongly increase

- Major drivers: electro-mobility, rotating machines (generators, motors)

40%

20%

15%

10%

5%

5%5%

Electric Machines

Data storaging

Acoustic Devises

Magnetomechanics (holding dev., seperators, bearing etc.)

Beam control systems

Tomography

Miscellaneous



Strong growth of magnetic RE`s in Electro-Mobility - Applications of permanent magnets – strong growth of demand for electro-mobility expected

t

year

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Sources: Toyota, Zenergy Power

Nd consumption in E-Cars (t)

Prius, Toyota

Demand/supply forecast for selected RE`s

kt35

30

25

20

15

10

5

-10 %

-20 %

-30 %

-40 %

2010 Roskill 2015 Roskill

Other

Terbium

Neodym

Dysprosium

Shortage of elements in 2015

year

%



Nd-Fe- und Dy-Barren, Foto: Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co. KG, Hanau

Increased prices for selected RE raw materials- Strong demand already led to drastic increase in price for relevant Rare-Earth elements

Increased prices for selected RE raw materials- Strong demand already led to drastic increase in price for relevant Rare-Earth elements

Preisentwicklung für ausgewählte schwere Seltene Erden zwischen Januar 2004 und Anfang April 2011 (Quelle: ASIAN METALS).

Supply and Political risk are large for RE- Shortage of elements already in 2015 leads to strong concerns

- Criticality matrix for selected imported metals (National Research Council, 2008)

Source: USGS; Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 ; The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States

The impact and the supply risk for rare earth

elements is seen to be comparable to Platinum….

… but why is the supply risk (besides the general

shortage) considered to be so high?

Possible Rare-Earth ban for political pressure

proprietary & confidential

Only 1/3 of the resources are located in China- Rare-Earth elements – worldwide resources


Ressources of all other countries

~22 Mio tons

(US Geological Survey 2008)

Source: USGS 2010;

Lynas Corporation Ltd, 2010;

SRI Consulting; Blomberg;

Kaiser-Bottom-Fish

China took the market with cheap raw material supply- Mining and supply of Rare-Earth elements

Source: Angerer, Rohstoffe für

Zukunftstechnologien, 2009

China took the market with cheap raw material supply- Mining and supply of Rare-Earth elements



125000 t REE (total supply) 185000 t REE (total supply)

2010

RoW supply

China supply

2015

All 200 REE mining

projects identified in

2010 in full operation

Today and tomorrow – mining projects worldwide



REO mining – sustainability and environmental impact

REO mining – environmental impact- The Sedimentary Carbonate-Hosted Giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb Ore Deposit


Mining activity at the Bayan Obo Deposit (Google)

REO mining – environmental impact- Carbonatites: The Mountain Pass Deposit in California

- average concentration of 8,24% REO (USGS).


REO mining – environmental impact- Laterite (ionic absorption) clay deposits

- This abandoned mine in Guyun Village in south eastern China exhausted the local deposit of heavy rare-earth

elements in three years.


http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/26/business/global/26rare.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1&hp

REO mining – environmental impactThe Mount Weld REE deposit in Western

Australia is in the laterized cap over a large

carbonatite.

Although LREE/HREE ratios are

generally high, the laterite is locally

enriched in HREEs and Yttrium.

Published reserve figures by Lynas are

15.0 Mt with 11.2% REOs + Y2O3, and

2.1 Mt with 15.5% REOs (USGS)


Rotating machines – Permanent Magnet vs. High Temperature Superconductors

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator HTS Generator with Air Gap Winding

High Temperature Superconductors overcome Rare-Earth element shortage


>100 times

less

Rare-Earth

consumption

High Temperature Superconductors overcome Rare-Earth element shortage


>100 times

less

Rare-Earth

consumption

750 kg Permanent Magnets / MW

250 kg Rare-Earth elements / MW

10.7 kAm / MW

107 km HTS wire / MW

2,15 kg Rare-Earth elements / MW

Source: Converteam for DDPM and DD Superconductor

consumption, Zenergy Power internal data for REO in HTS;

Wind power data from AMSC, EWEA and

HTS generators: Power and Materials Efficiency

Source: Converteam SA

Generator type Copper PM HTS

Power rating 8 MW 8 MW 8 MW

Speed 11.5 rpm 11.5 rpm 11.5 rpm

Efficiency 93 % 95 % 98 %

Size

Diameter 11 m 7 m 3.8 m

Length 2.8 m 2.6 m 2.3 m

Materials

Copper 80 t 15.5 t 8 t

Electric steel 330 t 150 t 70 t

Rare earth 0 t 2 t (Nd, Dy) 0.02 t (Y, La, Ce, Gd)

- Rare earth element supply

- General element shortage expected for selected RE

- Strong geographic concentration of supply

- Mining causes strong environmental impact

- High Temperature Superconductors

- Contain only small fraction of rare earth elements

- Enable new generation of rotating machines

- Renewable Power Generation / rotating machines

- Permanent magnet based generators with strong supply risk for RE

- HTS overcomes RE restrictions and relieves strain on RE markets

- HTS offers sustainable renewable power generation with highest energy and materials efficiency

Summary

- Rare earth element supply

- General element shortage expected for selected RE

- Strong geographic concentration of supply

- Mining causes strong environmental impact

- High Temperature Superconductors

- Contain only small fraction of rare earth elements

- Enable new generation of rotating machines

- Renewable Power Generation / rotating machines

- Permanent magnet based generators with strong supply risk for RE

- HTS overcomes RE restrictions and relieves strain on RE markets

- HTS offers sustainable renewable power generation with highest energy and materials efficiency

Summary

"We believe that the extraordinary electrical efficiency and power density enjoyed

by superconductor wind generators represent the most viable solution"

Pierre Bastid, CEO & President Converteam

We keep the lights on

Zenergy Power

PowerPoint-Präsentation - Zenergy Power 2009

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